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Sunday, January 13, 2019

Can Three of the Four Types of Volcanic Eruptions Happen Underwater?

Can Three of the Four Types of Volcanic Eruptions Happen Underwater?


Can Three of the Four Types of Volcanic Eruptions Happen Underwater?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 04:48 PM PST

A volcanic eruption is measured in two constants--gas and viscosity. For clearance, low viscosity is like squirting water off a nozzle, whereas high viscosity is like squirting caramel off a nozzle, which takes more effort to do, which ultimately makes it more dangerous.

In geology, there are four different kinds of volcanic eruptions:

  1. Low Gas + Low Viscosity = A quiet lava flow.
  2. High Gas + Low Viscosity = A fire fountain eruption.
  3. Low Gas + High Viscosity = A dome-building eruption. (This sort of eruption doesn't reach critical right away.)
  4. High Gas + High Viscosity = A Ring of Fire explosion.

These sorts of eruption are impressive enough on land, but in the event of someone doing some serious worldbuilding, this question puts three of the four types underwater. Type #1 has long been confirmed to happen underwater, but the oceanic differences in temperature and pressure have produced a different result called "pillow lava".

Is it possible for eruption types numbers 2, 3 and 4 to occur underwater? If yes, then would the oceanic differences in temperature and pressure make them look and act differently from how they have acted above sea level?

submitted by /u/JohnWarrenDailey
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At the heat death of the universe, will most black holes eventually merge due to the incredibly long timescale before they evaporate from Hawking radiation, or will most black holes not merge due to the sheer vastness of space between them?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 07:16 AM PST

Why did the matter that formed our solar system form 8 planets instead of clumping into a bigger star?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 03:33 AM PST

How to determine the melting point of a mixture, which is composed of substances having different-different melting points?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 01:51 AM PST

We know that introducing forests into dry/hot climates has the potential of changing local climates into something much more habitable. What would be the effect on local climate of artificial afforestation in barren but wet/cold places?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 07:59 AM PST

I live in Scotland which is super barren as a result of human activity some few hundred years ago. I was wondering what, if any, effects on the local climate would have an extensive afforestation of the region? Making the place less windy would be probably one of the effects, but would it be also likely to alter the temperature much? What about precipitation? How extensive would the afforestation be for the effects to be measurable?

submitted by /u/Sanuuu
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Why does this wrench with 50,000 amps current running through it appear to heat up from the edges inward?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 06:09 AM PST

I would expect since roughly the same amount of electricity is flowing through the whole thing that it would heat more evenly. What's going on?

https://i.imgur.com/Um00Qdr.gifv

submitted by /u/ILikeLeptons
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How is it possible to measures very high temperatures?

Posted: 13 Jan 2019 03:18 AM PST

I've just read an article about nuclear fusion reactors and the article said something about plasma temperatures of many million degree Celsius. How is it possible to measure these high temperatures?

submitted by /u/SuperPenguin1701
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What does an Atom actually look like?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 07:07 PM PST

In school, were always taught that an atom looks like a bunch of electrons orbiting the nucleus in a circular motion.

However, quantum mechanics tells a completely different story of probability.

What does an atom actually look like?

submitted by /u/secretspace2060
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Is it possible for a star to have a low mass yet have a large volume?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 10:47 PM PST

Similar to how neutron stars have a high mass and low volume, does the opposite exist?

submitted by /u/Alphecho015
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Do different gasses have different drag coefficients? Do they generate different amounts of resistance based on their molecular structure?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 08:48 AM PST

Occasionally we see plans to “bring back” extinct mammals like Mammoths, but in reality they would be Mammoth-Elephant hybrids. Would this method work with non-mammals like bringing back the Moa using other ratites like the Emu or Ostrich?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 04:47 AM PST

As noted in the title often when talking about bringing back an extinct species it's usually in regards to a mammal that went extinct fairly recently due to (from my understanding) the fact species exist today that are closely related enough that it may be possible to produce a hybrid offspring.

However I never see any talks about being back extinct birds or reptiles or other egg-laying creatures. Is there some biological reason why it would be harder to produce hybrids using egg-laying creatures. Is artificially inseminating egg-layers not a thing?

Or is it simply a case of mammoths and Tasmanian tigers etc are easier "first steps" on the path to bringing back extinct animals?

submitted by /u/---TheFierceDeity---
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Why is the entropy of a continuous random variable not infinite?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 06:41 PM PST

I understand entropy to be the "amount of randomness" involved in a random variable. In other words, the entropy of a random variable could be characterized as the number of bits of truly random information extractable from a variable. For example, if my variable is a coin flip, it makes sense that I would be able to extract one bit of entropy from that source. The Linux kernel makes use of this concept by "harvesting entropy" from various sources.

But let's say I sampled from a uniformly distributed continuous random variable on the interval [0,1]. Could I not use the digits of such a random number as an infinite source of random bits?

"Alright," you say, "you cannot truly sample from a continuous source." But even if we discritize this continuous random variable, allowing us to sample from it, we should always be able to get more random bits but simply slicing it more and more finely. Slicing it in half, gets 1 bit of entropy, slicing it into 128 sections gives 7 bits of entropy, etc.

Can someone please help me understand? Thanks!

submitted by /u/TubbyGb
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How do I calculate the force and collision time for an object which an impulse acts upon due to an inelastic collision?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 03:04 PM PST

I've been trying to work out the mechanics for this all afternoon but I'm stuck. I can show you my notes if that would help.

If I have two objects moving towards each other, and I know their masses, velocities and accelerations before impact and the coefficient of restitution between them, how do I calculate the force on each object as a result of the collision? Secondly, how do I calculate the length of time this force is applied for (collision time)? (Impulse = the force I need * the time I need)

Thanks

submitted by /u/DaCukiMonsta
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Why are photo files different sizes?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 06:19 PM PST

Digital cameras have sensors that detect a certain number of megapixels. Why are some photo files larger than others if each photo was taken using the same sensor recording the same number of pixels?

submitted by /u/Jglash1
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How does temperature work in space?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 04:01 PM PST

Im curious. Lets say a city sized rock is floating in space. Just an ordinary, mineral based rock. Not going anywhere really, just existing. What would its temperature be like, if lets say, it was the same distance from the sun, as earth is. Would its surface temperature hit 200C? What would its "core" temperature be like?

submitted by /u/Magyarharcos
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Deep-sea brine pools—how do they form, and do they make sounds?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 09:11 AM PST

Hey everyone, I have a couple of questions about deep-sea brine pools (briefly described here, and also in Blue Planet II, episode 3).

  1. Why/How do these pools form? Specifically, why does the extra salt stay in the pool instead of being diluted by the surrounding ocean?

  2. If I were standing at the edge of such a pool (without dying, etc.) and threw a rock into the pool, would it make a sound?

submitted by /u/Wonderful_Toes
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Can Radiation Kill on Contact or Cause Immediate Physical Damage?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 09:45 AM PST

Hello, I am writing a science fiction story and looking for a believable weapons system for the characters to use. I'm looking into radiation as an option, as it has the ability to delete cell functions and kill cells. Everywhere I look either says it takes a minimum of a week to die from radiation exposure or that, and to quote an answer to a similar question on this subreddit, "if you run at a nuclear reactor core right after pulling it out, you'll die before touching it".

So my question, in more detail is, if radiation could be shot from a gun in extremely high concentrations, could it damage the brain or heart enough to cause instant death, and could it damage the skin enough to cause visible physical trauma? What would this trauma look like?

submitted by /u/ellieisherenow
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How do telescopes “hold still” during the long exposure times needed for images like the Hubble deep field photos?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 10:30 AM PST

In long exposure photography, I know a camera must be held very still or be able to perfectly track the object to produce a clear image. Because Hubble is in orbit, how does it "hold still" for 11 day exposure times? Is it because the distance between Hubble and the area it's photographing is so great or is it compensated for by some computer wizardry? I've tried googling this, but I've never been able to find a reasonable answer.

submitted by /u/Nerfo2
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Why do we see from the front of our eyes if the retina is in the back? Why don’t we see the inside of our eyes?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 06:41 AM PST

If two planes fly by one another in opposite directions, each going Mach 0.5, would there be a sonic boom? Or one that only the pilots could hear?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 07:57 AM PST

From each pilot's point of view, the other plane is traveling at the speed of sound. So would this produce a sonic boom? And if not, are sonic booms only produced when an object is going Mach 1 relative to the Earth's surface?

submitted by /u/otterman_empire
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Regarding statistics, of what significance is the mode? Are there any useful applications?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 11:09 AM PST

If tick is attached to the host and put under water, can it take oxygen from host blood to stay alive?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 02:35 AM PST

Saturday, January 12, 2019

If elements in groups generally share similar properties (ie group 1 elements react violently) and carbon and silicon are in the same group, can silicon form compounds similar to how carbon can form organic compounds?

If elements in groups generally share similar properties (ie group 1 elements react violently) and carbon and silicon are in the same group, can silicon form compounds similar to how carbon can form organic compounds?


If elements in groups generally share similar properties (ie group 1 elements react violently) and carbon and silicon are in the same group, can silicon form compounds similar to how carbon can form organic compounds?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 12:37 AM PST

What are virtual particles? How are they theoretically real yet undetectable?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 11:58 PM PST

Why can't we just use regular hydrogen for fusion instead deuterium and tritium?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 03:41 PM PST

Can the electric field in a dielectric inside a capacitor be opposite of the field of the capacitor?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 12:05 AM PST

I had trouble understanding dielectrics and so I tried modelling a capacitor with a dielectric inside and plotting the vector field. Doing this resulted in this image - blue is negative, red is positive and the yellow region is the dielectric. Darker arrows mean a stronger field at that point.

Each plane is a line of N point charges, each with charge of Q/N. I start with a Q for the capacitor, and then find the charge of the dielectric's "plates" with Qp = Q * (1 - 1/Er) where Er is the relative permittivity of the dielectric. Then I just plot the dielectric charges and finally calculate the total electric field for each point by adding up the fields from all the charges.

From what I've read, the field inside a dielectric should be weaker (which is the case when I make it cover the whole space between the plates, or lower the permittivity very close to that of vacuum), however I didn't find anything which says it can be in the opposite direction, i.e. the field from polarization being stronger than that of the plates.

I believe my model is correct, but I don't really have anyone else to ask, so I'd be very happy to hear your opinion.

submitted by /u/Madara1233
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How common are transuranics in the universe, and are they evenly distributed?

Posted: 12 Jan 2019 12:59 AM PST

Since elements up to iron produced by fission in a main sequence star, these are understandably very common in the universe. My question is how common are the higher numbered elements which are produced by fusion in a supernova, particularly the transuranics? Would it be reasonable to assume that the abundance of higher numbered elements has a linear relationship to the size of the supernova that produced them? Is there any way of detecting distant concentrations of transuranic elements, given their relative scarcity? Are we in an unusually rich area of space for these elements, the ashes of some massive supernova, or is the distribution of heavy elements reasonably constant throughout the galaxy? I think the answer has important implications for SETI, given that an argument can be made that complex life relies on the presence of transuranics in a variety of ways.

submitted by /u/ScruffyScirocco
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Astronomers. When does a "Dwarf Planet" become a "Planet?". What size and features must it have?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 05:10 PM PST

If a person with a certain communicable disease dies of it and is buried, do the said pathogens continue to live, multiply and spread in the soil?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 09:28 AM PST

By extension, like how vaccination improves herd health, shouldn't incineration be a preferred mode of disposal of the dead rather than burial?

submitted by /u/Saalieri
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At different temperatures, things are differently attracted or repelled magnetically?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 11:38 AM PST

I mean magnets attract or repeal the same way at different temperatures? Like 0°C or 20°c or -270°C or at 2000°C?

submitted by /u/Arthas93
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What does "sp. n." means in a taxon's description?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 09:32 AM PST

I am trying to create Wikipedia articles on some recently discovered animals. One has the name & authority written like " Neobuthus eritreaensis Lowe & Kovařík, 2016 " while the other one has it as "Neobuthus factorio sp. n. " what does that abbreviation mean? I think it means the species is being described in that same paper, so i should write it's authority like Lowe & Kovařík, 2018 but i would like confirmation from someone who understands taxonomy better than me.

submitted by /u/YuriNikolai
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In the concept of hybridization of atomic orbitals ,why is the dipole moment of a lone pair away from the nucleus?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 05:49 PM PST

In NH3 the bond pair of electrons between hydrogen and nitrogen has a dipole moment towards nitrogen but the dipole moment of lone pair of nitrogen atom is away from it. I want to know why this happens ,as the electron is attracted towards the nucleus shouldn't the dipole moment of lone pair be towards the nucleus as the nucleus attracts the electrons.

submitted by /u/NAYAN_SEES
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What is the theory behind the general trend of the seebeck coefficient vs temperature curve for thermoelectric materials?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 08:52 PM PST

For degenerate semiconductors, I have noticed that the general trend of seebeck coefficient (S) vs temperature curve are similar. It increases from room temperature to a particular temperature at which S saturates, and then it reduces on further increase of temperature. Can anyone help me to understand the theory behind this? I have gone through various published articles on thermoelectric materials, but I could not find any that explained it in layman's term.

submitted by /u/iaminredditforyou
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When you donate blood or let's say an organ to someone, what happens to your DNA in those cells?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 02:21 AM PST

Why do copper IUDs increase intensity or womens' periods?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 09:24 AM PST

What planets have we developed surface maps of?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 07:34 AM PST

Stellar nucleosynthesis and transuranic elements (in theory)?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 06:49 PM PST

Hi - this is chemistry, physics, cosmology

So this question is purely theoretical. When I ask if something is possible, I mean in the absolute sense, mathematically, in theory, not actually known or observed.

I've heard that under certain conditions, neutron stars (or even denser objects, if there are any) could produce all the elements. Even transuranic ones, ie element 118 and so on.

If this premise is true, does that mean that elements within the island of stability could also be produced?

The third tier is that if there are some super-stable transuranic elements, we might one day find them in the cosmos, even if it's just atoms of it.

Or am I all wrong? Thanks

submitted by /u/NullOfficer
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If the brain itself has no nerve endings, how do you feel a headache?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 05:16 AM PST

Do insects get an Adrenalin rush or similar when we try to swat them?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 02:18 AM PST

Why are complex logarithms NOT multi-valued for real integers?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 09:08 AM PST

In my lecture notes, there is a derivation for complex logarithms, which is:

ln(z) = ln( reiθ+2niπ ) = ln(r) + i(θ+2πn) , for integer values of n

I understand how this suggests that there are an infinite number of solutions to w = ln(z) (due to the periodic nature of complex numbers on an Argand plane), where z is a complex number.

There is a portion which describes the case of z1z2, where z1 and z2 are both complex numbers. However, the next line then explains that z1z2 will be multivalued, EXCEPT in the case where z2 is a REAL INTEGER.

The derivation (for a real number, k, and general complex number, z) is as follows:

zk = ek ln z = ek ln r + ikθ+2nkiπ = rkeikθ

My question is, how can we just suddenly ignore the periodicity (ie the "+2niπ" portion of the equation), if we know the exponent is a real integer? Is there something distinct about real integers that separate it from other complex numbers? Would real numbers not display the same periodicity on an Argand plane as any other complex number?

submitted by /u/ThatCosmicGuy
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What exactly is soil leeching ?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 06:55 AM PST

So I've lived in the Amazon region of Ecuador for the last 11 years, and I know that the soil is nutrient poor because of soil leeching , however, I've never really learned what this means. I know it has to do with heavy rainfall washing the nutrients out of the soil, but I don't really get what that means, conceptually. Can anyone help with a more thorough explanation of soil leeching? TIA

submitted by /u/misterjay26
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If energy output from the Sun is constant, why isn't every successive year a new "warmest year on record" due to climate change?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 04:54 AM PST

I often wonder why this is so, if the numbers are based on global temperature average.

submitted by /u/mistuhphipps
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Friday, January 11, 2019

Why is nuclear fusion 'stronger' than fission even though the energy released is lower?

Why is nuclear fusion 'stronger' than fission even though the energy released is lower?


Why is nuclear fusion 'stronger' than fission even though the energy released is lower?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 04:30 AM PST

So today I learned that splitting an uranium nucleus releases about 235MeV of energy, while the fusion of two hydrogen isotopes releases around 30MeV. I was quite sure that it would be the other way around knowing that hydrogen bombs for example are much stronger than uranium ones. Also scientists think if they can keep up a fusion power plant it would be (I thought) more effective than a fission plant. Can someone help me out?

submitted by /u/looonie
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How can Antiprotons annihilate with Neutrons?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 01:52 AM PST

I thought annihilation requires a particle and its specific anti-particle but I read in a book about antimatter that antiprotons annihilate with neutrons. How so?

submitted by /u/IgnorantAndApathetic
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How are astronomers able to determine the spin of a black hole?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 06:32 PM PST

I saw a post about a black hole 300 million l/y away spinning at 50% the speed of light, but how are they able to determine that? As far as I know we are barely able to see Sagittarius A*.

submitted by /u/RickyThePigeon
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Do all elements have isotopes and how many can there be?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 12:45 AM PST

Correct me if I am wrong, this is my understanding—an isotope is elementally the same except it has a different number of neutrons. So for instance, there is the carbon-12 atom which has 6 protons neutrons and electrons, now how many isotopes of this element can there be? When I search for carbon isotopes I only seem to find carbon-12 to carbon-14, so why is that? can there be a carbon-100? and do other elements have isotopes like this as well? do gases have isotopes? is there a helium-10 or something?

submitted by /u/PositiveWolverine
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How do charge and mass come from quarks and friends ?

Posted: 11 Jan 2019 08:37 AM PST

How can we deduce the (electromagnetic) charge and mass of protons/neutrons/electrons from the properties of quarks/muons/leptons ?

And where does the constants of forces come from ? (Like the gravity G) Are they purely experimental or can be computed from more basic concepts ?

submitted by /u/mederor
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Can you concentrate sound into a ‘laser’?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 11:50 AM PST

How does electronegativity affect the distribution of electrons in a molecule?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 05:51 PM PST

What are the curves in the bifurcation diagram of the logistic map?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 07:05 PM PST

In the bifurcation diagram for the logistic map, it appears that there are some long curves of high density in the chaotic region. What are these curves and how do they arise?

submitted by /u/theabc123man
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Why does getting a vaccine leave the point of injection so sore? Why do some vaccines hurt more than others?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 09:22 AM PST

What can the James Webb telescope see that hubble can't?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 09:00 AM PST

What determine the melting and boiling point of a material?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 04:56 PM PST

Why tungsten is heat resistant, and why is helium melting's point so low?

submitted by /u/Vindreddit
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What's the reason behind unpronounced letters?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 09:12 AM PST

Started to wonder when thinking about the word 'beaucoup' (french for 'much'). There's languages where words are very long for how much is actually being pronounced. Is it just speakers being too "lazy" over a long time? But why hasn't the written word followed along?

submitted by /u/narcoticcoma
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Is it possible to achieve a gun-type nuclear fission reaction on a small scale?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 04:24 PM PST

Hi all, I've been curious about nuclear physics for awhile, and was wondering if theoretically the conditions necessary to generate a supercritical mass for fission could be achieved on a very small scale through particle collision (i.e. inside a particle accelerator).

Essentially, would it be possible to shoot particles of U-235 and Pu-239 at each other inside a high-speed particle accelerator/cyclotron and produce nuclear fission akin to larger gun-type atom bombs, like Little Boy? Or is there a certain mass threshold or other characteristics that would prevent this from happening? I know the required ratio of Uranium to Plutonium for such a reaction is abnormally high, but is it even possible?

(P.S. I swear I'm not a terrorist)

submitted by /u/ARandomHelljumper
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Do people born without a limb still feel phantom pain?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 08:56 AM PST

Are there organisms better suited to recycling carbon dioxide into oxygen in a post-apocalyptic/off-planet scenario for human consumption than trees and if so what magnitude of efficiency do they provide?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 09:03 AM PST

I've been considering the implications of a post-oxygen humanity and I'm wondering if the best way to generate oxygen for an individual human (or society of humans) is to utilise trees, or if there are more viable sources of oxygen from natural sources in a world without oxygen or with drastically reduced available oxygen. Is there any current research to support the use of non-arboreal organisms and are there any drawbacks, specifically considering that over-oxygenation can lead to hyperventilation?

submitted by /u/Omegate
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What are deja-vu’s exactly and can they be scientifically explained?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 06:16 AM PST

How is the Power of Microwaves determined?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 06:08 PM PST

I understand how 'frequency' of waves increases it's strength. Microwaves have frequency of around 2.5 Ghz. So, how does the microwave oven power (in watts)? What's the difference between ta 700 watt oven and a 1000 watt oven, if they both emit 2.5 Ghz microwave?

submitted by /u/osmium192
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What's the name of the cloud formation occurring on top of a volcanic pillar?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 10:46 AM PST