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Thursday, January 10, 2019

Why are there many different types of fuel (87, 93, diesel) and why can certain machines take only one type?

Why are there many different types of fuel (87, 93, diesel) and why can certain machines take only one type?


Why are there many different types of fuel (87, 93, diesel) and why can certain machines take only one type?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 02:34 AM PST

How do we designate stellar areas?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 04:21 AM PST

Just some curiosity about the correct terms.

If you're speaking about a planet it's: Earth in the Sol system.

How do we differentiate locations on moons of planets?

Is it "Moon base 6 on Luna near Earth?"

Or "Moon base 6 in the Earth neighborhood?"

submitted by /u/JDMoontreader
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Why inbreeding animals causes so much harm to offspring, but it is not the case in case of plants?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 08:38 AM PST

I am curious what are the reasons that inbreeding animals leads to the higher probability of many genetics disorders, but it seems not to affect well-being of plants? Or am I wrong here and inbreeding plants also damages DNA of next generations, but maybe less, than these of animals? Also as far as I know number of chromosomes in plants can vary with no or little effect on them. Why is it like that? Would that be on of the reasons why inbreeding is not dangerous to plants?

submitted by /u/Swiatek7
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Since dolphins are mammals, is it possible to milk them?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 06:00 AM PST

Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) prevents muscle atrophy by causing muscles to contract. Why aren't we using this in hospitals and homes if immobility is such a problem for the older generation, disabled, or bedridden?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 07:42 AM PST

How can a GPS receiver manage to pick up on a signal that's 10 orders of magnitude weaker than background noise?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 08:51 PM PST

How does viewing an image or flash trigger a seizure?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 08:37 AM PST

How do headphones change volume, whether plugged in or with Bluetooth? If the electrical energy is changed into sound, does the amplitude and strength of the electricity determine the volume?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 07:48 AM PST

How soon into a chess game could a computer calculate that you’re destined to lose?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 06:23 PM PST

Tobacco plants have been genetically altered and are now 40% more productive. How can such an old evolutionary process as photosynthesis be inefficient?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 02:27 AM PST

If I understand this paper* correctly, it is said that photosynthesis in C3 plants is really inefficient. Specifically the photorespiration part where carbon is transformed in CO2 again. Scientists see this as a waste of energy, and it has now been improved by constructing "a metabolic pathway in transgenic tobacco plants that more efficiently recaptures the unproductive by-products of photosynthesis with less energy lost [...]. In field trials, these transgenic tobacco plants were ∼40% more productive than wild-type tobacco plants."

How can we be so sure photorespiration is an inefficient process? Isn't it more logical that we don't fully grasp the complexity of the process yet? I mean it had billions year to evolve, it must have a benefit to do it this way right?

(This is not my field of expertise, so if I'm saying things wrong, please correct / teach me.)

*http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6422/eaat9077

submitted by /u/Quadricarus
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What if two oppositely spinning black hole ergospheres came into contact?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 08:36 PM PST

Is there a precise cut-off point for the edge of the ergospheres, and would it destroy whatever was directly between them at point of contact?

And what if the rotating black holes moved closer together so the ergospheres overlapped, leaving a venn diagram shape ? Assuming the rotational speed and mass are the same, would the ergospheres cancel out and create a normal region of space-time?

submitted by /u/Mordred19
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When the Earth's equilibrium temperature increases, do the amounts of radiation absorbed and emitted by the Earth also change?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 07:08 AM PST

I'm pretty terrible at science, but am trying to learn a little bit about climate change. Something that I've been struggling to understand is the concept of equilibrium temperature.

I know that the Earth's equilibrium temperature is the temperature at which the Earth is absorbing and emitting the same amounts of radiation. And I know that the equilibrium temperature increases, as the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases.

What I'm curious about is this - do the amounts of radiation absorbed and emitted by the Earth also increase, when the equilibrium temperature increases? Or do both of those values remain constant?

It seems to me like the amount of radiation absorbed by the Earth would increase, because the increased amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere means that more IR is being absorbed. But I'd like to have someone confirm whether or not this is accurate.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/JFox93
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Is it possible to get two different colds at the same time?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 11:32 AM PST

How and why are teeth used to identify murder victims?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 06:46 AM PST

You hear from the media that sometimes the murderer(s) cuts/burns the fingers of the victim and remove their teeth to make them unidentifiable.

I understand that fingerprints (and also teeth) are unique and that the government has a database of fingerprints (I remember in primary school the policemen came to take our fingerprints but teeth...?

How does the government identify you through your teeth? Does the government have some sort of database? How do they get your teeth 'data'?

submitted by /u/onionlolz
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What are "non-reliable" vegan sources of B12?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 06:25 AM PST

Most articles on B12 suggests that the only reliable vegan sources of B12 are foods fortified with B12. E.g https://www.vegansociety.com/resources/nutrition-and-health/nutrients/vitamin-b12/what-every-vegan-should-know-about-vitamin-b12

This implies there may be unreliable sources. As B12 is only produced in nature by certain bacteria, and archaea, surely some fermented foods will contain B12?

Why is this unreliable?

submitted by /u/yeast_problem
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How do they calculate the 1.5B ly distance from the source of the recent fast radio bursts (FRB) received from space?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 02:21 AM PST

What is the significance of an 7 nm node and what happens when we can’t go any smaller?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 02:36 PM PST

I read that AMD announced a 7nm GPU. What does "7nm architecture" mean and why that over a larger number? Also, what happens when we can't go any smaller? I heard at one time people thought anything smaller than 10 was impossible.

submitted by /u/RiceKrispyPooHead
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How can this visual illusion be explained biologically? What is happening to the eyes?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 02:08 AM PST

The illusion.

Does this have to do with the brain filling in the colors while still focused on the dot? And why does the illusion cease to work once you look away from the dot? Does this have anything to do with the thresholds of the rods and cones in the eye?

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/DerpyBush
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How is sound, decibels, loudness, and intensity related?

Posted: 10 Jan 2019 05:33 AM PST

Sorry for the somewhat misleading title, but here's the jive. I'm a natural resource manager, not an acoustics expert and need help in writing a rebuttal to the following comment, which has been slightly edited:

Vehicle A produces 68 decibels and Vehicle B produces 78 decibels.

The decibel scale is logarithmic, therefore sound from Vehicle B at 78 decibels is 10 times louder than Vehicle A emitting 68 decibels.

Sound emissions from more than one source have an additive effect. Therefore, if there are 4 Vehicle Bs emitting 78 decibels the total sound impact on the listener is 84 decibels (6 more decibels than a single Vehicle B). 10 Vehicle Bs in a group will create 10 more decibels than a single Vehicle B.

10 Vehicle Bs, each emitting 78 decibels, will produce a combined sound impact of 88 decibels, or 100 times that produced by a car emitting 68 decibels.

Research on the mitigation of road noise indicates that a distance of 1000 feet is needed to reduce road noise by 10 decibels (further arguments will use this distance as a standard to reduce road noise for simplicities sake although it is a much more complicated matter).

The 1000-foot mitigation zone reduces the sound of one Vehicle B emitting 78 decibels to that of one Vehicle A emitting 68 decibels.


Here's what I essentially need help answering and gaining a basic understanding of:

1) Is 78 decibels 10 times louder than 68 decibels?

2) I know that sounds can have an additive effect, but only when all sound sources have the identical sound/similar frequencies. So, I'll assume that all Vehicle As emit the same frequency and that all Vehicle Bs emit the same frequency and that the two are distinctly different from one another. However, do 10 Vehicle Bs in a group produce 10 more decibels (88 decibels) than a single Vehicle B (78 decibels)?

3) Is 88 decibels 100 times louder than 68 decibels?

4) Assuming the 1000 foot mitigation zone is correct, if a person was standing 1000 feet away would the sound from Vehicle B be reduced to the sound of Vehicle A if you were standing next to it?

A scientific and basic response to each question would be appreciated. Thanks for all the help because this is way outside of my realm!

submitted by /u/ClassyCanids
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Is there a particular reason that we use virtualisation in computers and servers?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 08:22 PM PST

I know that there are benefits to security using virtualisation in such that the computers can`t infect each others and that it is easy maintenance.

But isn`t the fact that running computers inside a computer (multiple OS`s inside an OS) a big bottleneck when it comes to performance?

submitted by /u/vimsee
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What happens to an interferometer moving relativistically fast?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 09:41 PM PST

Say you have a Michelson interferometer with one leg in line with the motion of a spaceship and the other leg perpendicular to it. As the leg in line with direction of travel Lorentz transforms, would the fringes look different?

submitted by /u/OrganicBenzene
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What are the chances animal larger than blue whales ever existed ?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 09:43 AM PST

The blue whale is the largest animal to have ever lived, as far as we know. But how likely is it that there were some larger animals in the past we know nothing about ?

Considering how large some kinds of animals could get during some geologic periods (like amphibians during the Carboniferous, then dinosaurs during the Mesozoic, etc), do scientists assume that there was a period when it's likely that creatures larger than those of our time lived in the ocean ? Is there a limit as to how large an animal can get ?

submitted by /u/orcstew
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Wednesday, January 9, 2019

When and how did scientists figure out there is no land under the ice of the North Pole?

When and how did scientists figure out there is no land under the ice of the North Pole?


When and how did scientists figure out there is no land under the ice of the North Pole?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 04:43 AM PST

I was oddly unable to find the answer to this question. At some point sailors and scientists must have figured out there was no northern continent under the ice cap, but how did they do so? Sonar and radar are recent inventions, and because of the obviousness with which it is mentioned there is only water under the North Pole's ice, I'm guessing it means this has been common knowledge for centuries.

submitted by /u/amvoloshin
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Does thinking harder burn more calories?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 05:21 AM PST

I have always wondered if brain function burns calories. Does thinking harder burn more calories than not thinking at all? I understand that your brain is always working and running all of your body systems and such, but I'm more curious about conscious thought. For example, if you are reading a complicated manuscript or trying to decipher complex architectural drawings does that take more energy than mindlessly watching TV?

submitted by /u/mirdashewrote
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Why do large clouds form with flat bottoms but small ones are irregular shaped?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 11:50 AM PST

Here's an image of what I mean: https://imgur.com/gallery/qxfiN5u

submitted by /u/GoldenPandaMRW
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Why are train rails usually built on gravel?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 12:47 AM PST

Is there any particular reason for this or is it just cheaper than asphalt/concrete/whatever?

submitted by /u/RazomOmega
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How does the body obtain Vitamin D from Sunlight?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 04:23 AM PST

When two bubbles merge (sharing their surface area), how is the new bubble still "filled" and spherical?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 08:12 AM PST

If I am thinking about this correctly, when two bubbles merge, their surface areas are additive (since that is determined strictly by the number of detergent molecules present).

Due to the increased rate at which volume increases inside a sphere for a given surface area added, where does the "missing" volume come from to fill up the new, larger bubble so it is still spherical after merging?

Shouldn't it be slightly collapsed after merging?

submitted by /u/Natolx
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What’s the difference between the skin healing process of a cut wound and a scald?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 11:52 AM PST

Why is it whenever you see powerful lasers used in labs or other areas they are almost allways green? Is this due to how they are produced or is green light a better wavelength for sensors to pick up?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 02:25 PM PST

Why does Radiation sickness happen, and how does radiation affect your body?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 04:34 AM PST

So if the body is killed by cancer caused by Ionizing radiation damaging your genetic material. Then why does radiation sickness occur, in theory the radiation wouldn't have that quick of an effect? Another question, if the radiation changes our Genes, why don't we ever see any cool or helpful mutations that occur due to radiation?

submitted by /u/Eta5678
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Is there any particular reason why taking successive derivatives of the sinusoidal functions has the same effect as left-shifting the graphs by pi/2?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 07:14 AM PST

Early in our studies of calculus, we are taught that the sinusoidal functions form a cycle of derivatives:

d/dx sin x = cos x d/dx cos x = -sin x d/dx (-sin x) = -cos x d/dx (-cos x) = sin x 

However, we also note that

sin(x + pi/2) = cos x cos(x + pi/2) = -sin x -sin(x+pi/2) = -cos x -cos(x+pi/2) = sin x 

So essentially, for any function f(x) in the set {sin x, cos x, -sin x, -cos x} we have

d/dx f(x) = f(x+pi/2) 

I'd like to know if there is any underlying reason for this, or if it's just coincidence.

submitted by /u/BactaTankVader
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I’ve read that in times of megafauna/flora the atmospheric O2,concentration was 35% instead of the 20% we have currently and that this elevated concentration enabled their large size. Why is increased O2 concentration associated with mega-life?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 03:51 AM PST

Is there a reason why negative data is rarely published?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 02:49 PM PST

This is particularly aimed towards people in the Neuroscience field (learning and memory, neurodegeneration, neuropsychiatric disorders, etc..)

submitted by /u/charismaticdug
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Does heat from a candle in space move gradually and spherically away from it?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 04:00 AM PST

So I saw this post about a candle in space which is round because there is no "up" in space. Does this mean that all the heat moves gradually and spherically? And what happens when the heat reaches a wall. Does it get reflected in some kind of way?

Bonus question: If so, does it mean that a candle in space burns out faster because the heat is staying closer to the candle/wax itself?

submitted by /u/Zino-Rino
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Why is gold so good at reflecting in the IR range?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 02:41 AM PST

Is there a point where its reflectance starts to deteriorate?

submitted by /u/danilon62
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 07:11 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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I just found out wild hamsters are rare. What's the story on how we tamed them?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 09:31 PM PST

How did early humans' sleeping habits change during the winter months?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 12:05 AM PST

How did the shorter days of winter affect the sleeping habits of humans before indoor lighting existed? Generally speaking, diurnal animals are active during daylight and settle down for sleep when the sun goes down, but if the average sleep cycle for a human is 6-9 hours, wouldn't strictly following the daylight schedule cause oversleeping? Did humans just sleep more during winter months, or did they remain active after sundown like most of us do today?

submitted by /u/Bad_Wulph
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Is there a preference between GWAS and QTL for gene mapping and if so why?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 03:30 AM PST

This is a pretty specific question so apologies for not being very 'exciting' or interesting for discussion like a lot of the posts here are.

submitted by /u/_jedallen
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Why hasn't the gas on Jupiter fully mixed together yet? Why is it covered in visibly distinct regions of gas rather than being a single color like Neptune or Uranus?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 05:53 PM PST

How can people endure so much heat while firewalking?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 03:33 AM PST

How does spin allow objects to fly straight? Bullets and frisbees for example.

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 02:14 PM PST

what makes soda flat?

Posted: 09 Jan 2019 01:38 AM PST

I was going to ask what makes soda fizzy, but more specifically, a soda fell out of the fridge. Knowing that it would likely erupt after being agitated, I left it for a day, and it was almost completely flat. Why was this? The gas was surely still in the can, but was it released from the liquid in some way?

submitted by /u/Serendiplodocus
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How do scientists know how much carbon there was originally in a sample when carbon dating? I understand that they take advantage of the half-life to the age of the object, but don’t they also need to know much was originally there? Also, what is the uncertainty on these measurements?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 02:43 PM PST

Tuesday, January 8, 2019

If the brain evolved in vertebrates as a part of the spinal cord, why do brains exist in animals without spinal cords, such as insects and other arthropods? Is this an example of convergent evolution, and how different really are vertebrate brains from invertebrate brains?

If the brain evolved in vertebrates as a part of the spinal cord, why do brains exist in animals without spinal cords, such as insects and other arthropods? Is this an example of convergent evolution, and how different really are vertebrate brains from invertebrate brains?


If the brain evolved in vertebrates as a part of the spinal cord, why do brains exist in animals without spinal cords, such as insects and other arthropods? Is this an example of convergent evolution, and how different really are vertebrate brains from invertebrate brains?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 09:14 PM PST

How is the ISS insulated?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 08:06 AM PST

Why does a light bulb glow when electrons pass through it?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 03:32 AM PST

So I am a chemistry teacher in high school and I know a bit about physics here and there but my colleague was struggling with the question why a lightbulb glows when the electrons pass through it?

submitted by /u/Sjeetopotato1
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Scientists! Please discuss how the government shutdown will affect you and your work here.

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 08:16 AM PST

All discussion is welcome, but let's try to keep focus on how this shutdown will/could affect science specifically.

Also, let's try to keep the discussion on the potential impact and the role of federal funding in research - essentially as free from partisan politics as possible.

For reference to what happened during the shutdown last time, please see this thread.

submitted by /u/ren5311
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How do astronauts keep close to the ISS?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 07:44 AM PST

Hi guys, first of all sorry everyone for my bad English and for my lack of competence in the subject but I'm very curious about this question. I've seen a lot of pictures or footage of astronauts in the free space who move just by little air expulsion from their space suit. Buuut... Any object in the earth's orbit must be going at an elevate speed, how can they keep close to the space station when they just jump off of it? Once they they jump they keep moving at the same speed for the inertia force? And if yes, does the suit completely protect them from the consequences?

submitted by /u/Jeje99
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Is Gene editing possible on adult humans or can only be done on embryos ? Why ?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 02:15 AM PST

How do spin-orbit resonances work?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 05:17 AM PST

More specifically, why did the moon form a 1:1 spin-orbit resonance with the Earth but Mercury formed a 3:2 spin-orbit resonance with the Sun? What circumstances lead to different results?

submitted by /u/m0ser
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How is electricity actually consumed?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 11:52 PM PST

I've never understood what happens to an electron as it flows into and out of an electric motor, transistor, etc. What's happening at the electron level as they do their "work?"

submitted by /u/fandingo
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How does the earth's climate vary in an east-west direction rather than the usual polar direction?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 07:02 AM PST

This post shows the change in US' wet-dry boundary. Isn't climate varying based on how far north of south you are?

submitted by /u/saainte
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Can you have more then one intermolecular (attractive) force in a molecule. i.e (dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding or LDF and dipole-dipole etc.)?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 05:34 AM PST

What are antioxidants and what do they do?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 05:26 PM PST

[Optics] Do consumer plastics have unique visual properties that can be detected by a camera or sensors?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 10:24 PM PST

Since the tongue is a muscular organ, would it be possible to strengthen the muscles in it the same way you would, say, biceps? Would it actually get larger as it got stronger?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 11:01 AM PST

I know this is random, and maybe it belongs in shower thoughts, but I am actually really curious. Also, this isn't a sex thing.

To be clear, I'm not talking about therapeutic "tongue strengthening" exercises. I'm actually talking about exercises with the specific intention of building muscle.

submitted by /u/ImgurianAkom
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Why do cameras need to focus? Why can't everything be in focus at once?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 01:48 PM PST

Does the Fusiform Face Area have mnemonic applications?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 08:52 PM PST

Like the method of loci which employs our super-efficient spatial memory to create associations, is there potential for the Fusiform Face Area to help us encode non-face information?

Humans are insanely good at remembering faces, and there are even "super-recognizers" out there who can instantly and accurately identify a face they've only seen once, many many years ago. Many work in law enforcement.

So could it be possible to utilize this brain region's power to retrieve/encode things like, say, the exact details of a painting? Is its use limited to visual information only? As a side question, what are its limits as to what it considers a "face"? If I stared at an image of a face and watched as its features morphed into something else entirely, at what point would I stop being able to recognize that image with pinpoint accuracy?

submitted by /u/denz609
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Do super symmetrical particals have antimatter counterparts?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 03:26 PM PST

In the SS model, are anti-sleptons and anti-squarks a thing?

submitted by /u/Da_Gr8_M8
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What makes the myosin head in the muscle pop back?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 01:53 PM PST

I know when the myosin head connects with an actin filament it pops back which creates forward motion(muscle contraction), but why exactly does it pop back ?

submitted by /u/Daziboy99
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Pregnancy is often accompanied by morning sickness - is there any evolutionary reasoning or is it just a physical reaction to being pregnant?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 02:28 PM PST

With enough time, is every species capable of evolving to be on par with human intelligence?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 09:40 AM PST

I may be wording my question poorly but I want to know if it's possible for other species to reach the level of humans with enough time via evolution. Intelligence might not be the right word but could we have other species reaching the same level of control over their environment? Would this be exclusive to primates or would it be possible for other animals as well?

submitted by /u/ReddiRalph
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Why was there barely any volcamism on the far side of the moon?

Posted: 08 Jan 2019 12:55 AM PST

Now Chang'e 4 (with rover Yutu 2) have landed there is one big question to be resolved by scientists: Why there are so many maria (lunar mare) on the near side - those large black patches of basaltic rock which have been spit out by volcanoes billions of years ago? And why there are virtually none on the far side?

This article (in German, translation below) adresses this question, ruling out one explanation. It is not the thickness of the lunar crust:

Translation via Deepl:

Geologists hope that the mission on the back of the moon will enable them to solve previously unsolved mysteries about the development of the Earth's satellite: The researchers would like to understand why the volcanic processes on the front and back side were so different - and why the Mare are not equally widespread everywhere. For a long time they believed that this could be due to the fact that the crust on the lunar front is thinner and volcanic melts could therefore rise more easily in the first millions of years of lunar history. NASA's Grail mission, however, determined the lunar gravity field until the end of 2012 and could not detect any noticeably increased crust thickness on the side remote from the Earth (source: Wieczorek et al 2013). Why are there hardly any volcanic mare? - That's a big question," says Harald Hiesinger, planetary geologist and moon expert at the University of Münster.

Original:

Durch die Mission die Mondrückseite erhoffen sich Geologen, bislang ungelöste Rätsel der Entwicklung des Erdtrabanten klären zu können: Die Forscher würden gerne verstehen, warum die vulkanischen Prozesse auf Vorder-​ und Rückseite so unterschiedlich waren – und die Mare nicht überall gleich verbreitet sind. Lange Zeit glaubten sie, dies könnte daran liegen, dass die Kruste auf der Mondvorderseite dünner ist und vulkanische Schmelzen in den ersten Jahrmillionen der lunaren Geschichte somit leichter aufsteigen konnten. Die NASA-​Mission Grail bestimmte bis Ende 2012 allerdings das lunare Schwerefeld und konnte keine auffällig erhöhte Krustendicke auf der erdabgewandten Seite feststellen (Quelle: Wieczorek et al 2013). Warum gibt es dort dennoch kaum vulkanische Mare? - „Das ist eine große Frage", sagt Harald Hiesinger, Planetengeologe und Mondexperte an der Universität Münster.

submitted by /u/pikarl
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Why does gravitational time dilation exist around a black hole when it did not previously exist around the star it once was? (2 part question)

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 02:40 PM PST

Second question is if black holes exert no more gravity than it once did as a star, then why is gravity so strong that even light can't escape? It just seems contradictory, but I'm no physicist (obviously).

submitted by /u/WolfByTheEars07
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Do whales and other cetaceans sweat, or even have sweat glands?

Posted: 07 Jan 2019 09:20 AM PST

I am wondering.

submitted by /u/ppvvaa
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