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Friday, January 4, 2019

Do animals have a sense of humour?

Do animals have a sense of humour?


Do animals have a sense of humour?

Posted: 04 Jan 2019 06:18 AM PST

My parents told me phones and tech emit dangerous radiation, is it true?

Posted: 04 Jan 2019 04:52 AM PST

Why do physicists continue to treat gravity as a fundamental force when we know it's not a true force but rather the result of the curvature of space-time?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 07:56 AM PST

It seems that trying to unify gravity and incorporate it in The Standard Model will be impossible since it's not a true force and doesn't need a force carrying particle like a graviton or something. There is no rush to figure out what particle is responsible for water staying in the bucket when I spin it around. What am I missing?

Edit: Guys and gals thanks for all the great answers and the interest on this question. I'm glad there are people out there a lot smarter than I am working on this!

submitted by /u/nitrous729
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How are movies fipmed in 16:9 transformed into an old TV format without distortion?

Posted: 04 Jan 2019 01:31 AM PST

Not sure if this is right sub for this q, but if not please tell me where to post.

So I guess this now applies to like 10+ years ago when widescreen movies like Star Wars would be played on DVDs in a "standard" format. How does the entire picture still remain without distortion? I remember when I would hit the "widescreen" setting on a standard film, everyone looked stretched out, and vice versa. I get how black bars work because they don't actually change the recorded aspect ratio. I just don't get how to seamlessly change the ratio the other way, basically making the movie 'skinnier' instead of wider than your screen.

submitted by /u/Master_Vicen
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Could a fusion reactor use any element with an atomic number lower than Iron as a source of fuel?

Posted: 04 Jan 2019 02:18 AM PST

So I was reading about fusion reactions in stars. They can fuse elements up to iron and release energy. Iron and above can be fused but they absorb energy.

This got me wondering. We are experimenting with the development of fusion reactors and using different hydrogen isotopes to do this (hope I got this correct).

However, once these reactors are up, running and well understood could we use any element with an atomic number below iron as a source of fuel for these reactors?

submitted by /u/InSight89
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Why exactly do litmus change their color?

Posted: 04 Jan 2019 04:21 AM PST

I just want to know the actual answer and not that it is because litmus is a natural indicator. I know that red litmus reacts with bases to turn blue and blue react with acids to turn red but that's not how we answer things in chemistry, right? What reaction actually takes place when we touch a litmus to an acid? Which reaction is happening? Which chemicals are there which react with acid or base to form whichever color is formed? I am really confused and please excuse my ignorance because I don't know actually a lot about chemistry.

submitted by /u/yusufjamal1372
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Which body part cannot develop cancer?

Posted: 04 Jan 2019 05:17 AM PST

Why are births so painful? Are animal births painful too? Why we didn't evolve to have easy pregnancies? Maybe it's because this wouldn't really help us survive but I am not sure.

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 02:38 PM PST

Why does our body get weaker when we get old?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 04:12 PM PST

It probably very stupid, but why does our bodies change so drastically, when we age?

Why does our hair become grey? Do we get born with a limited amount of hair dye, and at some day its just all used? We still consume them same things when we get older, so does our body "forgets" to make our hair colourful?

Same with our skin. Why does it lose its flexibility? And why do we lose our reproductiveness with age and ultimately die?

Evolutionary thinking it does not make any sense, that we get weaker over time and eventually die.

As far as I know, our bodies "renew" themselves during a time of around seven years with old cells dying and new ones getting produced, so why are the new cells worse than the old ones?

I'm very sure that we don't get some life-spirit-power, when we get born, which we will inevitablely consume during our life until we eventually die.

For me it looks like we have a build-in self destruction, which does not make any sense for me.

submitted by /u/platonares
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What is the relationship between centrifugal force and arbitrary points of reference in space?

Posted: 04 Jan 2019 07:31 AM PST

This may be a nonsensical question, but the two concepts seem to clash with each other in my mind. Objects in space are often said to only indicate motion by referencing it's relative positioning in comparison with another object. If a single object existed alone in space with no frame of reference, we would say there is no means of determining movement because it is not relative to anything else, is that correct?

So given that, what about centrifugal force? If the object is spinning and creating this force from it's movement, would that prove that it was indeed moving without an outside point of reference to compare that movement to?

submitted by /u/Zorak6
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Can you explain me this weird Coriolis effect ?

Posted: 04 Jan 2019 06:44 AM PST

Hello !

https://youtu.be/01cmMvp8Txc

Can someone explain me this ? I know it's Coriolis Effect, and it's alright for the small pipe. But for the long pipe which bends, it goes in the wrong direction.

Can you explain me why ?

Thank you very much scientist friends.

submitted by /u/Shisma
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Why do baking soda and vinegar clean surfaces?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 12:25 PM PST

I mean as in the chemistry behind it, in laymans terms

submitted by /u/00kieran
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Do birds, reptiles, and mammals other than us also use hydrochloric acid to break down food in their stomachs?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 06:07 PM PST

How can a person's risk of death "from any cause" be determined?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 05:09 PM PST

You hear statistics that state something like "getting less than X hours of sleep per night increases one's risk of death by any cause by Y percent."

How can one's risk of death "by any cause" be determined? If I sleep less than X hours per night, then by that logic is my risk of being struck by a meteorite or trampled by elephants higher? I know those are both outlandish, extreme, and absurd examples to use, but would they not fall under the category of "any cause?" Or does it just mean organic, health-related causes? "Death by any cause" just seems like a very ambiguous and unspecific choice of words.

submitted by /u/Bad_Wulph
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"For reasons even a chemist is hard-pressed to explain, ring shaped gasoline molecules are higher in octane", is this still true ?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 04:38 PM PST

I'm watching a Modern Marvels episode about gasoline, and they're on the bit explaining about hydrogen fracking, and this line stood out. This episode is probably 20 years old now, does it still hold true ?

If so, why ?

submitted by /u/Nandy-bear
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Does the Quadrantid meteor shower get noticeably smaller each year because more and more of it gets burnt up in Earth's atmosphere?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 05:11 PM PST

Is the long half-life of many types of radioactive waste paradoxical to the fact that it is dangerous?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 06:31 PM PST

I was under the impression that nuclear waste is dangerous because of the decay of nuclei producing high energy particles, but also that the waste takes a very long time to become safe (i.e. it decays very slowly.. with half lives of up to thousands of years).

Is there any particular reason both are true?

submitted by /u/WarU40
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Why is that something like a potato chip gets soft when "stale" but something like a slice of bread gets hard when stale?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 02:45 PM PST

I presume this is a physics Chemistry question and have flared it as such.

submitted by /u/wh33t
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Is the occurrence of lung cancer declining/going to decline in the US?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 09:03 AM PST

I was watching an older movie recently and as a character was smoking in an office, I had this feeling of WHOA... I remember my parents smoking in the car with the windows rolled up, sitting in the smoking section of a restaurant, etc. By the time I reached adulthood, there were several laws in effect banning smoking from many places. Now of course, there are even more. Many companies are choosing to have a smoke-free facility (even on the grounds).

With these new laws in place, second hand smoke should be a huge decrease, right? Aside from circumstances where you are exposed in a job (casino) or casually if you choose (home, bar, etc).

Are young people picking up smoking more or less? Is the vaping trend throwing a wrench in the whole deal?

submitted by /u/bethisme5683
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What makes fog more abundant in the morning?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 12:56 PM PST

What does the area need the night before to be really foggy?

submitted by /u/kingoliviersammy
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Why does black light make translucent liquids (like soda and honey) appear opaque?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 05:01 PM PST

I'm working on a costume, using a black light to charge some glow in the dark paints. As I play with my black light, I swing it on my drink and it looks greenish and opaque under the light. Later, I shine the light on a bottle of honey and it also appears greenish and opaque. However it didn't seem to do that with a bottle of somewhat colored hand soap.

I think it has something to do with how black light is reflected and absorbed differently?

(Edit: I think this is chemistry related? Physics? I'm not sure.)

submitted by /u/Akitiki
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Thursday, January 3, 2019

New Horizons and Ultima Thule flyby Megathread

New Horizons and Ultima Thule flyby Megathread


New Horizons and Ultima Thule flyby Megathread

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 01:30 PM PST

On January 1st, 2018 2019, NASA's New Horizons flew past 2014 MU69 "Ultima Thule", the farthest object ever explored by a spacecraft. Ultima Thule is located in a region 1 billion miles past Pluto. We're starting to get data from this flyby, including photos and information about Ultima Thule. New Horizons is a NASA spacecraft launched in 2006 toward Pluto. After completing its mission in 2015 a mission extension was approved to study the outer asteroid belt of the solar system. The Ultima Thule flyby should help answer questions on how planets and comets form.

Links:

Some of our planetary science panelists will be around to answer your questions.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Sometimes websites deny a password change because the new password is "similar" to the old one, How do they know that, if all they got is a hash that should be completely different if even 1 character was changed?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 02:08 PM PST

Why is the effect of tinnitus a high pitched ring instead of a low hum or any other sound effect?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 09:09 PM PST

What happens when a muscle cramps, and what happens if it cramps for too long? Does the muscle get damaged?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 09:09 PM PST

If your muscle cramps for an extended period of time is there any damage to the underlying cells? Is there a lack of oxygen?

TIA!

submitted by /u/cantthink0fanything
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Why does anxiety/stress cause intestinal upset in some people?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 08:24 PM PST

For example nausea or acid reflux?

submitted by /u/AboveAverageKoala
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Why does gold have only one stable isotope?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 12:50 AM PST

Why does wood crackle/make sounds when it burns? Is the phenomenon constant w all fires?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 04:09 AM PST

Title basically.

Might be more suitable in physics, but I thought the answer might be chemistry related.

submitted by /u/M0istWood
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How do we obtain Avogadro’s Constant?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 04:11 AM PST

It's always been glossed over in my chemistry classes, and just told it's obtained through experiments.

So how do we obtain it? To my understanding it helps us convert from the atomic level to a more "able to measure" level.

submitted by /u/Meer_is_peak
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Why is the heliosphere elliptical or comet-like in shape?

Posted: 03 Jan 2019 12:53 AM PST

Is this because the Sun is rotating in the milky way creating a helio-tail?

submitted by /u/iceman_xiii
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Do aerodynamics matter in the vacuum space?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 08:15 PM PST

Other then getting my craft though the atmosphere and into space, could I realistically have an odd shaped craft? And it fly correctly?

submitted by /u/ohhitslauraa
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Why did the Barbary Macaque persist in the Rif and Atlas region of Morocco, but not warmer regions of Europe like Spain and Sicily?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 07:11 PM PST

I know there is a population in Gibraltar, but it is believed they were introduced sometime during early modernity. What was so special about the Rif and Atlas of Morocco that allowed the monkeys to survive that is lacking in desert Spain and Sicily?

submitted by /u/Pinuzzo
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What happens to the coolant (water) in nuclear power plants once it's been used?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 12:53 PM PST

To the best of my knowledge, nuclear power plants circulate water through a vessel containing the fuel. What happens to this water once it's been used for cooling? Is it constantly recirculated?

It's probably radioactive after it's been used, correct? So what happens to it at the end of it's usable lifetime? Where does it go?

And how about the water in the spent fuel pool? How is this treated, or where is it stored after use?

submitted by /u/Lapidarist
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How is the mass of a moon calculated?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 05:09 PM PST

I was looking at this wikipedia page: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebe_(moon) and was suprised to see that the mass was known to 4 decimal places. How do we know this?

submitted by /u/Tdiaz5
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How do animals know when another animal is dead?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 08:00 PM PST

Aren’t the laws governing energy also remain invariant under translations in space and rotation as well (not only under time)?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 08:26 PM PST

Does the right or left hemesphere of the brain control the penis?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 06:49 PM PST

I seriously cannot find anything on google. Please help.

submitted by /u/uoy___kcuf
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Why the duration of interphase is much longer than in mitosis?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 09:58 PM PST

I know interphase aims to prepare for cell division(eg.DNA replication, protein synthesis......). Yet, why is it necessary to spend so much time? In contrast, mitosis has different phases but it proceeds quickly.

submitted by /u/dgforainbow
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How do cinemas use 'night vision technology' to detect if people are recording the movie?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 09:37 AM PST

How are muscle memories created and what can disrupt or influence them?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 01:33 PM PST

Is there a difference between compound muscle memories (large movements of multiple body parts) vs smaller individual movements?

submitted by /u/-oeuf
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Do you appear to weigh more at the North Pole, or at the Equator?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 03:02 PM PST

The Earth bulges around its Equator, thus the centrifugal effect at the equator will be larger. At the pole, they are about 21.4 km closer to Earth's centre and thus will feel more gravity. But what prevails, and what is the net effect on a person's weight?

submitted by /u/Aerothermal
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What happens atomically when saltwater is evaporated?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 05:16 PM PST

Any help is much appreciated!

submitted by /u/BuddyHardinHolley
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Wednesday, January 2, 2019

Does the Doppler effect affect transmissions from probes, such as New Horizons, and do space agencies have to counter this in when both sending and receiving information?

Does the Doppler effect affect transmissions from probes, such as New Horizons, and do space agencies have to counter this in when both sending and receiving information?


Does the Doppler effect affect transmissions from probes, such as New Horizons, and do space agencies have to counter this in when both sending and receiving information?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 04:47 AM PST

I am amazed that New Horizons is able to send information 4 billion miles using a 15w transmitter. When receiving data from New Horizons, are there times when the information is missed?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 02:07 PM PST

If so, can it be resent by the probe, or reconstructed here on Earth by inferring what the data might have been based on what was received?

submitted by /u/JakeInVan
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What is the most elastic material we know of?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 01:58 AM PST

That will return to its initial shape, I mean - like a rubber band and not like gum.

What is the maximum length multiplier it would be capable of? 5x? 10x? 20x?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/ur_lil_vulture_bee
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Considering the enormous number of memories we retain into old age, what was all of that brain matter being used for before these memories were stored?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 07:44 AM PST

Where does mold come from?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 10:12 PM PST

Like how does it just start growing on bread in a house with no other molds? Where does it come from?

submitted by /u/Nelog
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How does electrical input become digital information?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 02:13 AM PST

I'm not a computer scientist but I sort of vaguely get the idea of (excuse my amateur terminology) binary electrical input being transmitted through certain hardware to become information on a screen. But somewhere along the way, physical "dits and das" turn into digitally stored information so that a certain combination creates a certain appearance on screen that has certain functions given certain commands. It's hard for me to explain but I just don't understand where in the process the electrical input becomes a complex digital arrangement of data.

submitted by /u/Sapiencia6
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What about it's electron configuration makes titanium such a chemically resistant metal and so different from other transition metals?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 03:12 PM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 07:11 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why is Tritium so ridiculously expensive?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 07:25 AM PST

I am a huge fan of self-powered radioluminescent light sources powered by tritium like keychains. For a long time I have been wondering why isn't there anything more powerful (like a flashlight) since such keychains output is something like couple hundred microlumens. After a quick web search I found out that tritium price is in the range of 30.000 USD per gram making it one of the most expensive substances on Earth.

I would like to learn why is that so. From what I understand tritium is produced as a waste product in heavy water moderated reactors in quantities exceeding commercial demand and that it can also be made from lithium (which is a common and cheap metal) by neutron capture. Is it so difficult and expensive to separate tritium from deuterium in reactors moderator? Is it so difficult to insert a lithium rod into an ordinary nuclear reactor in order to irradiate it with neutrons and then extract resulting tritium?

I wish to understand difficulties behind tritium production and where does the high cost come from.

submitted by /u/M_ish_A
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If you lost an extreme amounts of weight, through exercise or surgery, could you use the excess skin for graphing for burn victims?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 07:00 PM PST

What is the maximum resolution for optical fiber bundles (like the ones in endoscopes)? Could one, say, make a 20 MP "noodle lens" for a smartphone camera? What would be the caveats (e.g. thickness, color fidelity)?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 03:10 PM PST

EDIT: /u/everythingiscausal pointed out that I misused the word "lens", since fiber bundles only transmit the light. It would require an additional lens in order to focus light. My question is more about the "noodle" part rather than the "lens".

submitted by /u/onemanequipe
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Is it possible to culture healthy gut bacteria outside of the body with the intention of reintroducing it?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 07:48 PM PST

Basically here's the process I envision,

Step 1: Bacteria is collected from source or possibly multiple sources

Step 2: Bacteria is placed in an environment that as closesly matches the human digestive tract as possible

Step 3: Nutrients from healthy foods are introduced at regular times to promote growth of wanted bacteria

Step 4: Reintroduce healthy bacteria into system

I'm laying it out very simply here as I know of some hurdles and potential issues that would need to be overcome and accounted for. But I'm curious if it is possible and if it's been done.

Edit: Should be tagged under Medicine but wasn't given the option in RIF.

submitted by /u/RDBRULZ
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What defines the speed of a reaction?

Posted: 02 Jan 2019 06:49 AM PST

Is it just how fast I happens or there are another factor to consider?

submitted by /u/awripedes
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can solar storms permanently alter earth's magnetic field in some way?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 07:02 PM PST

Do alcoholics develop kidney stones as often as non-drinkers?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 04:06 PM PST

I know lots of fluid intake can help prevent kidney stones, and this made me start wondering...

Do alcoholics develop kidney stones at a similar rate as non-drinkers? Or does the dehydrating factor of alcohol negate this?

submitted by /u/Pwatapous
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If metals are said to be conductive because the valence electrons and bounded more loosely, why is Silver more conductive than heavier metals where the valence electrons are further away from the attractive force of the nucleus? (e.g: Uranium)

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 07:29 PM PST

Are metals thermally conductive for the same reason that they’re electrically conductive?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 09:40 AM PST

I know that metals are electrically conductive because of the electrons' ability to travel freely from one atom to the next. Are they thermally conductive for that reason too? The electrons can travel freely from one atom to the next, meaning they take that kinetic energy with them and pass it along?

Edit: As a follow up question, what are some examples of any material, metal or not, that have mismatched conductivities? High thermal and low electrical, or vice versa.

submitted by /u/Landonian
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How did we come to know that our galaxy is spiral?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 05:20 AM PST

When giving a vaccination or some other shot, how is it ensured that no air is injected into the body?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 05:17 PM PST

I am giving my cat twice daily insulin shots - I have followed all directions to remove air from the body of the syringe/ insulin being injected, but wondering if air is pushed into the needle as you actually penetrate the skin making it for naught? Note that I am not jabbing the poor little guy from 10 feet away just curious if any air could get involved from administering a shot.

submitted by /u/dahliafluffy
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Why is the average height of people with Downs Syndrome much shorter than that of someone without?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 11:40 AM PST

Why does combustion lead to air pollution? Couldn't we easily convert these particulates into solid waste that could be easily stored or disposed-of?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 06:25 PM PST

From what I understand about air pollution, the main problem is solid waste particulates floating into the sky. Couldn't we find ways to keep this waste at ground-level?

submitted by /u/Vladith
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How can the weight of an object/gas more buoyant than air be determined? For example, how can the mass of a helium balloon be determined?

Posted: 01 Jan 2019 07:35 PM PST