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Saturday, November 3, 2018

If you jump into a volcano filled with flaming hot magma would you splash or splat?

If you jump into a volcano filled with flaming hot magma would you splash or splat?

If you jump into a volcano filled with flaming hot magma would you splash or splat?

Posted: 03 Nov 2018 12:37 AM PDT

What do the "real" versions of other gauge bosons do?

Posted: 03 Nov 2018 03:24 AM PDT

I have no real education in particle physics, I'm just an interested layman. I've asked this question around in the past but I've never received a direct answer.

So, real photons are emitted by charged particles and travel space until they're absorbed by something else, right? I can turn a light bulb on and real photons will travel from the filament into my eye and I can see that.

Virtual photons aren't really photons at all. They're just something that comes out of the maths when you're dealing with electrical fields. They're related to charged particles in a similar way to real photons, but they're something different.

But when I read about gluons and W and Z bosons, I only every see them discussed in terms of virtual particles. My question is, are there such things as "real" gluons, W bosons and Z bosons? If so, how do they get produced? Can nucleons emit real gluons to lose energy where do they go? Is there such thing as a Z-Boson Bulb, that I can turn on to emit real Z-Bosons? Can these real bosons be used for any practical purpose? Sorry if this is a stupid question, it's just something that's been perplexing me for a while.

As a bonus question, what does science say about the differences between real and virtual gravitons?

Thanks for your answers.

submitted by /u/tastyfurrypig
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What is the difference between Total Heavy Metal testing and Extractable Heavy Metal testing?

Posted: 03 Nov 2018 06:24 AM PDT

I'm received some textile results back and I need to explain the results to my team. Any help is appreciated! Thank!

submitted by /u/mfishing
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If I have never taken antibiotics in my life, does antibiotic resistance not affect me?

Posted: 03 Nov 2018 02:30 AM PDT

Does antibiotic resistance apply to my body or to the whole world?

If I take courses of antibiotics, will the bacteria in my body "remember" it? E.g., is there a limited amount of antibiotic courses I can take in my life as an individual, each time weakening my body? Or is it simply, bacteria in the whole world is becoming resistant to antibiotics, and therefore I shouldn't take it if I don't need to.

submitted by /u/nikke1234
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Can we explicitly see what Atomic and Subatomic particles exactly look like, Such as Atoms, Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, Quarks, etc, And if so, Are there any images of them?

Posted: 02 Nov 2018 12:21 PM PDT

So, I am just a high schooler with little to no advanced scientific knowledge of topics such as this. However, I am incredibly fascinated with them, and I know we do have advanced telescopes which can actually look at atoms and other particles, But do we have any actual clear images of what they look like? I have seen an image of an atom before (I think?), and I have seen that really cool video of a moving electron riding a light wave, but is there any more than that? Like videos or images of quarks and other particles?

(Sorry if this is a really simple question, but I am incredibly fascinated with this and have little to no experience in this subject. Thanks, AskScience!)

submitted by /u/BurntShooter
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Why does tickeling make us laugh?

Posted: 02 Nov 2018 01:00 PM PDT

What happens on an atomic or molecular scale to create viscosity in liquid?

Posted: 02 Nov 2018 09:40 AM PDT

Also, what is the most viscous liquid known?

submitted by /u/unixeth
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From an EE perspective, is an LED at all similar to an antenna?

Posted: 02 Nov 2018 05:15 PM PDT

I was just pondering how antennas, whether they be directional, omni-directional, or semi-directional are just like flashlights throwing EM waves at certain frequencies, usually radio or microwave, into space.

And then it occurred to me to wonder - isn't an LED doing the same thing, just within the range of frequencies of visible light?

So it occurs to me to ask, what similarities are there, if any, in terms of electrical design and mechanism of operation, between a light-emitting diode and a radio or microwave antenna?

I don't think this comparison applies to incandescent lights, because I believe they work via black-body radiation, but maybe I'm wrong and they are also comparable? Is the current applied to an antenna simply heating it to the appropriate temperature to create the desired frequency of black-body radiation?

Basically I'm just brainstorming as to what are the common threads between all of these physical concepts that function as EM sources.

submitted by /u/ZippyDan
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An electron entering a magnetic field perpendicularly will undergo circular motion. This would mean it experiences centripetal acceleration, and this emit radiation. Does this mean its radius is not fixed?

Posted: 02 Nov 2018 08:25 AM PDT

I encountered a physics textbook deriving an equation to find the radius of curvature for a charged particle entering a perpendicular magnetic field. It equated centripetal force (mv2 / r) with magnetic force (qvB) and rearranged to arrive at r = mv/qB. I thought that an accelerating charge emits EMR, meaning it loses energy, thus it's radius increases. How would this formula hold?

EDIT: syntax

submitted by /u/Vilegun
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How was francium discovered?

Posted: 02 Nov 2018 10:17 PM PDT

How are precision measuring instruments calibrated?

Posted: 02 Nov 2018 08:49 AM PDT

How does the Earth's rotation and orbit of the sun affect gravity (if at all)?

Posted: 02 Nov 2018 07:13 AM PDT

I've been arguing with some flat earthers recently (because it's how I relax), and one thing they commonly bring up is "how is gravity weak enough for a bird to beat but strong enough to hold everything down as we're spinning around the sun - shouldn't centripetal force pull it away?"

​

I think I've got some ideas, but I am 100% not a scientist, I'm just a musician, and so figured I'd ask the fine people of r/askscience instead.

submitted by /u/DemosthenesKey
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[medicine/chemistry] Drug names... how do they work?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 11:32 PM PDT

Now I understand that there are the chemical names e.g.: N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]propan-1-amine. And the generic names e.g. Fluoxetine. And lastly the brand names e.g. prozac.

But I want to know 3 things:

How is the generic name chosen?

How is a very complicated name like N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]propan-1-amine formed from a somewhat simple molecule of C17H18F3NO?
And lastly how are you supposed to pronounce/read a name like that? (chemical name)

submitted by /u/Ashencloud
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Does scar tissue out perform its replaces tissue in anyway?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 11:05 PM PDT

I've been intrigued with biology recently and one thing I've found rather interesting was scar tissue seems to be objectively worse in every way, but if that's the case then why would our bodies use it? Is it just simply easier to produce and replicate?

submitted by /u/ZeCoziii
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Why is there no life thriving in high altitudes?

Posted: 02 Nov 2018 02:26 AM PDT

We have animals on the ground, below water at extreme depths, but why is there no life high up where planes usually cruise?

submitted by /u/ApatShe
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What’s the science behind a stuffed nose? What is its purpose and how does it occur?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 07:16 PM PDT

What is the difference between the Phenomenological MSSM (pMSSM) and the Constrained MSSM (cMSSM)?

Posted: 02 Nov 2018 07:37 AM PDT

MSSM meaning minimal supersymmetric standard model of course.

submitted by /u/Franzvst
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Do wild animals get bored? This excludes pets

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 08:05 PM PDT

So i saw a similar post where the general consensus was un-stimulate pets can get bored, but i'm wondering about those fish that sit on the bottom of the ocean for hours waiting to strike

submitted by /u/Rowdyyrockstar
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Friday, November 2, 2018

How does alcohol suppress the immune system?

How does alcohol suppress the immune system?

How does alcohol suppress the immune system?

Posted: 02 Nov 2018 07:01 AM PDT

The fundamental unit of electrical energy is the photon, not the electron? - "Misconceptions Spread By Textbooks for Electricity"

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 07:15 PM PDT

I found this resource "Misconceptions Spread By Textbooks for Electricity".

I've read through it all and it says a lot of interesting stuff that I cannot confirm, one of which is the title. I can't ask just one question as they are all related, so I will provide some statements from it, so that you can hopefully tell me if they are legit.

How accurate is this resource? How accurate are these statements? It goes against everything I've learned.

  • Electric current is NOT a flow of energy, it is actually a flow of matter. ELECTRIC CHARGES are a physical substance. ELECTRIC ENERGY is a wave that travels via a column of charge. ELECTRIC CURRENT is a flowing motion of the charge already present.

  • "Charge" is the stuff inside wires, but usually nobody tells you that ALL METALS are full of charge. Always. A hunk of metal is like a tank full of water, and the "water" is the movable electric charge inside it. In physics classes we call this "the electron sea" or even "electric fluid." This charge is part of all metals. In copper, the electric fluid is the outer electrons of all the copper atoms. The movable charge-stuff within metals gives them their silvery color. We could even say that charge-stuff is like a silver liquid (at least it is silver when it's in metals.)

  • Amperes Are Not a Flow of Energy. The joules of energy flow ONE WAY, down BOTH wires. The battery created them, and the light bulb consumed them. This was not a circular flow. The energy went from battery to bulb, and none returned. At the same time, the charge-stuff flowed slowly in a circle within the ring. There you have the difference between amperes and watts. The coulombs flow slowly in a circle, while the joules flow rapidly from an "energy source" to an "energy sink". Amperes are slow and circular, while watts are fast and one-way. Amperes are a flow of copper charges, while watts are a flow of energy created by a battery or generator. But WHAT ARE JOULES? That's where the electromagnetism comes in. When joules of energy are flying between the battery and the bulb, they are made of fields. The energy is partly made up of magnetic fields surrounding the wires. It is also made from the electric fields which extend between the two wires. The electrical ENERGY flows in the space around the wires, while the electric CURRENT flows inside the wires.

  • The charge-stuff flows extremely slowly through the wires, slower than centimeters per minute. Amperes are an extremely slow, circular flow. Inside the wires, the "something" moves very, very slowly, almost as slowly as the minute hand on a clock. Electric current is like slowly flowing water inside a hose. Very slow, so perhaps a flow of syrup. Even maple syrup moves too fast, so that's not a good analogy. Electric charges typically flow as slowly as a river of warm putty. And in AC circuits, the moving charges don't move forward at all, instead they sit in one place and vibrate. Energy can only flow rapidly in an electric circuit because metals are already filled with this "putty." If we push on one end of a column of putty, the far end moves almost instantly. Energy flows fast, yet an electric current is a very slow flow.

  • What then is electrical energy? It has another name: electromagnetism. Electrical energy is the same stuff as radio waves and light. It is composed of magnetic fields and electrostatic fields. A joule of radio waves is the same as a joule of electrical energy. How is electric current different than energy flow? Let's take our copper ring again; the one with the battery and the light bulb. The battery injects joules of energy into the ring, and the light bulb takes them out again. Joules of energy flow between the battery and the bulb. They flow at nearly the speed of light, and if we stretch our ring until it's thousands of miles long, the light bulb will still turn off immediately when the battery is removed. Well, not IMMEDIATELY. There will still be some joules moving along the wires, so the bulb will stay on for a tiny fraction of a second, until all the energy arrives. Remove the battery, and the light bulb goes dark ALMOST instantly.

submitted by /u/8483
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what are strings in string theory?

Posted: 02 Nov 2018 03:52 AM PDT

I was reading this article https://brainspacescience.blogspot.com/2018/11/what-are-strings-in-string-theory.html. where I came to understand that the whole is depending on some kind of vibrating string. I am a computer science student, but I want to ask that is it really true that everything we see is made up of some vibrating string. and also one more thing that I know that there 3 dimension. everything we see is in 3 dimensions, but why string theory talks about 9d or 11d? what are those extra dimension in the string theory? geeks please help me understand. if this is mathematical construct, how they are helping us to understand the universe?

submitted by /u/badassbilla
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Could our universe actually have 4 spatial dimensions, but our local area of space just be perfectly lined up on a 4-dimensional plane?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 05:42 PM PDT

Perhaps this "lining up" could happen through a similar mechanism to what causes a star system to be pretty much flat, or simply by random chance.

Whatever the reason, if I understand the math of such a situation correctly (center of mass of every object is on the same 4-dimensional plane, and the initial velocities of every object are also limited to that plane), then no collision between any objects could lead to getting "knocked out" of that 4-dimensional plane.

For example, when you simulate 2d physics for a game, you don't need to consider the third dimension at all - every object in the game is lined up on the same 2d plane, so no collision can lead to an object changing its 3rd coordinate in such a way that it leaves the 2d plane. To observers living in such a space, everything would seem to work as if there are only 2 spatial dimensions.

I'm not really sure how the length of objects along this extra dimension affects things, in a game things can have no thickness at all and be perfectly flat, so perhaps in the real world some of the mass of every lined up object would have to be symmetrically spread out on both sides of the plane.

At the same time, if other areas weren't lined up like this, objects would seem to appear out of nowhere and disappear into nothingness, but we could also be pulled out of alignment by these objects if gravity worked normally along all 4 dimensions, because it extends indefinitely.

Just a funny sci-fi idea that's been bouncing around in my head for a while now, but I'm not sure if something in physics would break if it were true. So the TL;DR of this question is whether anything in physics depends on our universe having no more and no less than 3 spatial dimensions.

submitted by /u/Tattek
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What causes chapped lips and how does lip balm help?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 02:29 PM PDT

Like how reflective index is c÷n, is there a formula which connects the gravitational field of an object and the time experienced on that object, for example in a black hole?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 09:22 PM PDT

Let's say we're in a black hole. Massive gravitational field strength, to the point that even light cannot escape and time slows down. Is there a formula connecting these 2 variables?

Edit: if it is as compared to in a vacuum with no affecting gravitational field for example

submitted by /u/TheBroDingo
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I always see representations of how bees see the word or how birds see the world etc. How do we know what and how other creatures see?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 08:40 AM PDT

What exactly is an inertial platform?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 09:37 PM PDT

While trying to understand gyroscopes and it's applications, I've come across this term several times. Is it as simple as a platform with a gyroscope? Thanks for the help.

submitted by /u/kaaaaal
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What makes glass reflective?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 12:17 PM PDT

Why does the strong nuclear force switch?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 01:14 PM PDT

Why does the strong nuclear force switch from being a repulsive force close up to being an attractive one? In terms someone who hasn't done any physics in a decade can understand please.

submitted by /u/satrapofebernari
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How do Orangutans teach their young how to survive and pass skills through the generations if they can’t talk?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 07:51 AM PDT

I was watching a documentary and learned that orangutans pass down vital skills to the next generation, such as shelter construction and climbing. How does this work, or another way, in what manner do they communicate to teach these skills?

submitted by /u/Parisean
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[Economics] If my country (Canada) switched to a 4 day work week, or a 6 hour work day, would prices for things like food and gas go down?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 06:56 AM PDT

I've heard lots of talk and research about the benefits of a 4 day 8 hour work week, or a 5 day 6 hour week. If the whole country switched to this would wages have to go up to compensate, or would the price of everything drop because everyone is getting paid less?

submitted by /u/PlatinumDice
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My understanding is that electrons repel due to exchange of photons and conservation of momentum. If this is the case, how do they attract? Or is my initial understanding just way off?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 10:25 AM PDT
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Thursday, November 1, 2018

If you were to fall down a skyscraper's elevator shaft, would the Coriolis effect cause you to hit the sides?

If you were to fall down a skyscraper's elevator shaft, would the Coriolis effect cause you to hit the sides?

If you were to fall down a skyscraper's elevator shaft, would the Coriolis effect cause you to hit the sides?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 03:59 PM PDT

question on the movie interstellar (which I am told is fairly scientifically accurate), if time on the water planet moves so slowly, what would someone on the shuttle observe with a really good telescope?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 07:59 AM PDT

So if I recall, massive gravitational forces slow time, and in the movie, they depicted 1 astronaut remaining on a ship out of range, but within view (perhaps with a super large telescope)

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So theoretically, if this is remotely scientificly accurate, what would the person on the space shuttle see when they looked down at the planet? would they see a person moving at super slow speeds?

submitted by /u/constantino1
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Why does the pattern of color change seen in Releigh and Tynal scattering reverse in deep water?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 04:08 AM PDT

I understand that blue gets scattered more when the particles are smaller than the size of the wavelength of light, but I'm struggling to understand why (I'm guessing absorption) takes over in liquid water and this pattern is effectively reversed - especially so dramatically.

submitted by /u/OCMule
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What is it about silver (Ag) that gives it antimicrobial properties?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 10:35 PM PDT

I've been reading that it has something to do with the ions, but I'm finding it hard to find a straight answer.

submitted by /u/paisleygray
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How does a vacuum pump operating in the ISS airlock work?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 07:47 PM PDT

I'm aware there is a vacuum pump that takes the air out of the airlock once the astronaut is inside to reduce air pressure to 0kPa. What kind of vacuum pump is it and how does it work?

submitted by /u/ikillee
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[Astrophysics]Whats the limit a photon can be redshifted? What are a wavelengths theoritical maximum amplitude and period?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 09:50 PM PDT

Can it be red shifted out of existence?

Can a wavelength have a period greater than the observable universe?

I have so many questions lol. Thank you for taking the time to read, and especially if you take the time to formulate an answer!

submitted by /u/InfiniteSteel
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Why do most dogs, despite constantly licking everything and eating weird stuff they find, rarely get sick?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 02:28 PM PDT

I'm pretty sure if a human went around licking everything they would end up catching something fairly quick...

submitted by /u/wyatt19
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Under the same temperature, will brownian movements take a random particle further away from its starting point in low pressure/high volume or the opposite conditions (or neither...)?

Posted: 01 Nov 2018 08:00 AM PDT

So here's the situation: two balloons, same amount of the same gas, in perfect-gas-conditions. One balloon is under significant more atmospheric pressure than the other, but with the same room temperature. If we tracked a given particle inside each of the balloons, would it cover significantly less space in one case than in the other? Or would pressure difference compensate difference in volume (available space)?

submitted by /u/boothepixie
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I read that Iceland has glaciers that cover volcanoes, how do these glaciers not melt or the lava not cool down or freeze?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 02:56 PM PDT

Do gravitational waves create their own gravitational waves?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 05:21 PM PDT

Hi r/askscience. I was thinking about how gravitational waves are ripples of energy propagating through spacetime. Does this mean that the gravitational waves emit gravitational waves of their own? If so, do those gravitational waves emit gravitational waves? Does this cycle ever end?

Additionally, is there ever a case where a gravitational wave could get captured by it's original source? Say two supermassive black holes were orbiting each other and they emit gravitational waves. Could the gravity from the supermassive black holes ever be large enough to "recapture" the energy they just lost? Or would it not be possible because the "escape velocity" of the gravitational wave is technically the speed of light.

Sorry for a bunch of questions all rolled into one, but this has really got me thinking! Any information, technical or not, would be helpful! Thanks for your time.

submitted by /u/InsideAvocado
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Why is sound-proofing so much harder than light-proofing? Both are waves, right? KINDA?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 07:52 PM PDT

Like why isn't there a paint that does to sound what vantablack does to light? Why can a sheet of tinfoil block basically all light but there isn't a material that does the same thing to sound? Is sound just higher energy than visible light and I am comparing sound waves to the wrong types of EM radiation?

submitted by /u/ThereWillBeSpuds
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Why does high tide happen twice a day?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 04:33 PM PDT

I know high tide on the side of the Earth closest to the Moon is caused by the Moon's gravitational pull, but why does this happen on the other side aswell? This is the one aspect of tides I have failed to understand.

submitted by /u/TitanFallout
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For birds that fly in a classic V formation, are there birds that always fly on the left arm and others that only fly on the right arm?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 03:39 PM PDT

I'm assuming the birds, except the first, use their immediate neighbor to the front as reference, and I was wondering whether there is a type of "handedness" in birds where some like to have their neighbor in their right field vision (or others the left).

submitted by /u/rumborak
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How can we accurately determine the size and distance of stars?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 02:43 PM PDT

From our perspective, our sun is approximately the same size as our moon. Yet we know they are very different in size. How are we able to accurately determine, not just the size of a star, but how far away it is as well?

Just a question that stems from curiosity.

submitted by /u/Canteverthinkofone
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Do insects get cancer?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 10:57 AM PDT

Are insulation and conduction of heat dependant on the specific heat capacity of an object?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 06:20 AM PDT

If so, then won't the equation

Q = m.c.d (where m is the mass, c is the specific heat capacity, d is the change in temperature and q is the energy required or released) be incorrect as the change in temperature also depends on whether the object's insulation/conduction coefficient (If that is a thing).

Please explain why the equation is correct or not and also shed some light on insulation and conduction

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submitted by /u/SARWANdev
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Does an Electro-static discharge produce a magnetic field?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 01:06 PM PDT

If so, how strong of a field?

Would this be enough to disrupt un-shielded cables/electronics?

submitted by /u/ferretpaint
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When animals hibernate is it possible for some of them to have trouble falling asleep?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 04:02 PM PDT

When did people realize that there is no oxygen in space?

Posted: 31 Oct 2018 10:15 AM PDT
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