Pages

Monday, October 22, 2018

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Adam Boyko, canine geneticist at Cornell and founder of dog DNA testing company, Embark. We're looking to find the genes underlying all kinds of dog traits and diseases and just discovered the mutation for blue eyes in Huskies. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Adam Boyko, canine geneticist at Cornell and founder of dog DNA testing company, Embark. We're looking to find the genes underlying all kinds of dog traits and diseases and just discovered the mutation for blue eyes in Huskies. AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Adam Boyko, canine geneticist at Cornell and founder of dog DNA testing company, Embark. We're looking to find the genes underlying all kinds of dog traits and diseases and just discovered the mutation for blue eyes in Huskies. AMA!

Posted: 22 Oct 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Personal genomics is a reality now in humans, with 8 million people expected to buy direct-to-consumer kits like 23andme and AncestryDNA this year, and more and more doctors using genetic testing to diagnose disease and determine proper treatment. Not only does this improve health outcomes, it also represents a trove of data that has advanced human genetic research and led to new discoveries.

What about dogs? My lab at Cornell University focuses on canine genomics, especially the genetic basis of canine traits and disease and the evolutionary history of dogs. We were always a bit in awe of the sample sizes in human genetic studies (in part from more government funding but also in part to the millions of people willing to buy their own DNA kits and volunteer their data to science). As a spin-off of our work on dogs, my brother and I founded Embark Veterinary, a company focused on bringing the personal genomics revolution to dogs.

Embark's team of scientists and veterinarians can pore over your dog's genome (or at least 200,000 markers of it) to decipher genetic risks, breed mix, inbreeding, and genetic traits. Owners can also participate in scientific research by filling out surveys about their dog, enabling canine geneticists to make new discoveries. Our first new discovery, the genetic basis of blue eyes in Siberian Huskies, was published this month in PLOS Genetics.

I'll be answering questions starting around 2:30 ET (1830 GMT), so unleash your questions about genomics, dogs, field work, start-ups or academia and AMA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
[link] [comments]

How do lakes deep underground maintain an ecosystem with no energy input from the Sun?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 06:35 AM PDT

Why does Sweden have temperate climate while on the other side in Canada they have polar climate?

Posted: 22 Oct 2018 07:47 AM PDT

What would be the effect of showering in pure water?

Posted: 22 Oct 2018 08:32 AM PDT

Hard water is known to dry out the skin but what would pure water do?

submitted by /u/PHealthy
[link] [comments]

What findings exist on studies made on the effect of “screen time” (TV, tablets, etc.) in cognitive development in children?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 10:23 PM PDT

What are the advantages/disadvantages of a ternary computer vs a binary computer? Why are almost all modern computer binary computers?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 06:38 PM PDT

What causes tall cliff shorelines?

Posted: 22 Oct 2018 07:23 AM PDT

This one in Ireland for instance

imagine finally finding land, after wandering aimlessly in the sea only to realize it's practically impenetrable

submitted by /u/savvyfuck
[link] [comments]

Does Neurodegeneration occur in unsupervised Artificial Neural Networks?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 10:32 AM PDT

If a bilingual person were to experience full-on retrograde amnesia, would they retain the ability to speak both of their languages?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 04:34 PM PDT

When creating yoghurt, recipes call for the starting temperature to be 110-115F. Will a lower starting temperature impact the outcome?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 07:51 PM PDT

Most recipes I have found are fairly diligent about standing by with a thermometer to add the starter culture once the temperature hits 110-115F. The temperature is then maintained at that temperature for some time. If the starter culture that is being added is at room temperature, and the pasteurized milk is allowed to cool to below 110F, then the entire business is heated back up to 110-115F, what are the consequences from the perspective of the bacteria? Does the few minutes that the milk spends getting back up to temperature really make a difference? I imagine that the bigger concern is that you add the culture too early and they are killed by the high temperatures.

submitted by /u/gradygradygrady
[link] [comments]

What’s the process behind determining an organism’s species by examining its DNA?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 07:56 PM PDT

Suppose you have an organism and collect some DNA to determine its species. Now what? What technology is required? How is it done? What is the process called? What is used as a reference guide to compare its DNA? Whose job is it to even do something like this? And so forth.

submitted by /u/MrPancake101
[link] [comments]

How do astronomers know how old a star is/how old they can get?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 03:56 PM PDT

What are the main differences between the human and the brain of apes?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 07:07 AM PDT

If you cut open up the skull of a human and an ape, what fundamental differences you can observe?

submitted by /u/ManagerOfLove
[link] [comments]

Endothelial cell’s access to Oxygen?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 01:34 PM PDT

Since there is no oxygen in the red blood cells in veins, how do the cells that make up the veins themselves actually get the oxygen they require to function?

I assume that the cells in arteries can just take it straight from the blood.

submitted by /u/charliebewsey7
[link] [comments]

Do materials that conduct heat better than others melt more quickly?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 02:59 PM PDT

Say we have two metals. Metal A conducts heat better than B. Will A melt first?

submitted by /u/HMS-Dreadnought
[link] [comments]

With advances in immunology and medicine, how has our immune system changed over the last hundred years?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 01:09 PM PDT

You know when you can't sleep but your trying to so you lay there with your eyes closed? Does that time spent awake but trying to sleep help you in any way or is it wasted time?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 05:58 PM PDT

What criteria are used to judge an animal’s intelligence?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 10:41 AM PDT

Why can’t Windows uninstall more than one program at the same time?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 01:02 PM PDT

When you have a rash that is an allergic reaction to something you ingested, what makes it “decide” where on your body to show up? Why doesn’t it just show up everywhere on your body?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 07:12 PM PDT

Why is glass translucent/transparent? Is it a molecular arrangement thing? Is all clear matter clear for the same reason, such as water and diamond?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 05:50 PM PDT

How do you determine if an animal is from a different species ?

Posted: 21 Oct 2018 09:36 AM PDT

How do biologists determine if an animal , hybrid between two species, is not from a new different species. Is it just that if it's sterile , it cannot be a new species ? And also , how do they know that the animal is sterile?

submitted by /u/wolfgang852
[link] [comments]

Sunday, October 21, 2018

Does electricity effect water freezing?

Does electricity effect water freezing?


Does electricity effect water freezing?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 08:09 AM PDT

If you put electrical current through water will it prevent it from freezing? Speed the freezing process up?

submitted by /u/Professional-lounger
[link] [comments]

What happens within your body for an itch to occur?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 02:30 PM PDT

How do celestial bodies become tidally locked?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 04:22 PM PDT

How can spider legs keep moving after they're detached from the body?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 10:03 AM PDT

Is there way to determine how fast program will execute task?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 03:20 PM PDT

I know some programming languages are faster and some slower, can we predict how much time computer need in particular language?

submitted by /u/Dragonaax
[link] [comments]

What exactly does it mean for something to be not locally real?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 05:10 PM PDT

I have a decent familiarity with QFT. I prefer the Debroglie-Bohm interpretation as it allows for excellent models to explain and remember how things behave. It's easy on the intuitions. I realize it violates Belle inequalities in that it requires the universe is not locally real. What exactly does that mean?

submitted by /u/fox-mcleod
[link] [comments]

Why does the oxide layer on aluminum protect it from corrosion, but the oxide layer on iron does not?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 11:16 AM PDT

I've seen a lot of rusted parts on cars, light poles, bolts and everything in between rust all the way through over the years, but aluminum, despite oxidizing also, seems to be immune to the same effects of an oxygen rich environment. Why?

submitted by /u/newtrawn
[link] [comments]

What happens to the pieces of an atom after it is split?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 06:10 PM PDT

I'm not very knowledgeable on the topic of physics or fission in general, but I was curious about what happens to the halves of the atom after it splits. Do they disappear?

submitted by /u/greenbeanleanscreen
[link] [comments]

How does removal of leaf fall affect trees in urban environments over a long term?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 05:49 AM PDT

There are a staggering number of leaves on the ground at the moment, and most of those leaves seem to be removed and ferried off away out of our cities.

Even a gardener at home will largely remove the leaves, with some maybe composting.

Over a very long period of time, how does removing all these recyclable nutrients affect the trees left behind? To what degree are we interrupting the Nitrogen Cycle?

submitted by /u/OhMoSex
[link] [comments]

Why are ethanol bottles in the chemistry lab labelled 'staining reagent' ?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 03:36 PM PDT

Can Saturns "Rings" be individually identified?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 04:48 AM PDT

Looking at Saturn from a Lay-persons point of view, the rings orbiting the planet always appears to have clear, striated layers. Are these actually layers that can be individually identified and distinguished, or are they more of an ever changing flow of layers. An additional point, in the case that they are individually identifiable, do the layers have name in the way that most astronomical bodies have names?

submitted by /u/Carpy444
[link] [comments]

How does one way glass work?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 05:51 AM PDT

How much of the Indian ocean did we map during the search for MH370?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 02:57 AM PDT

Why only Anopheles transmit malaria?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 10:28 AM PDT

Hello,

I'm medical school freshman and we had citology and parasitology cycle this month. We were talking a lot about Culex and Anopheles but lectors didin't emphasize on why only Anopheles transmit plasmodium malaria, vivax, ovale, etc., and Culex don't?

submitted by /u/ocrynox
[link] [comments]

How do Space and Time really work when going through a Worm hole?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 08:11 AM PDT

Are hydrogen bonded, halogen bonded, and Lewis acid-base complexes all due to electrostatic attractions?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 08:02 AM PDT

Hello,

I'm trying to straighten out some definitions between hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, and Lewis acid-base complexes. To me, these three association interactions are all at a high level all driven by electrostatic forces (partial positive attracted to partial negative). I have put the following together as part of something I'm writing and want to run it by the r/askscience community (cross posted to r/chemistry as well). If there is something more to these three interactions than the "partial positive / partial negative", then I'd appreciate any suggestions (or recommendations in the literature) as to how to better describe each interaction and the differences.

Association interactions strongly impact phase behavior and thermodynamic properties. Association is the assembling of separate molecular entities into a complex where the bonding between the components is weaker than in a covalent bond. (IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Gold Book, 2014). The most common association interactions are:
- Hydrogen bonding occurs when there is an attractive interaction between a hydrogen atom from a molecular fragment such as O–H or N–H and an electron rich region such as a lone pair or a π-bond. (Definition of the hydrogen bond (IUPAC Recommendations 2011), 2011)
- Halogen bonding occurs when there is attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a covalently bonded halogen atom such as R-Cl, R-Br, or R-I and an electron rich region such as a lone pair or a π-bond region (Definition of the halogen bond (IUPAC Recommendations 2013), 2013).
- Lewis acid-base interactions occur where a Lewis acid (an electron pair acceptor) binds to a Lewis base (an electron pair donor) to form an electron donor-acceptor complex (IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Gold Book, 2014).
The forces involved in the formation of hydrogen bond, halogen bond, and Lewis acid-base complexes are dominantly electrostatic. In all three cases, it can be said that an electron donor/electron acceptor relationship exists. If an interaction is primarily due to dispersion forces, then it would not be characterized as a hydrogen bond, halogen bond, or Lewis acid-base complex (Definition of the hydrogen bond (IUPAC Recommendations 2011), 2011).
Hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, and Lewis acid-base interactions typically result in geometry distortion of bonded monomers relative to the un-bonded monomers. In all three cases, bonding typically results in penetration of the van der Waals volumes. For hydrogen bonded and halogen bonded complexes, the primary distortion is a lengthening of the R-H or R-X bond. For Lewis acid-base complexes, there is no typical distortion so bond length and bond angle changes will depend on the compounds involved. In all cases, the geometry distortions caused by complex formation can be observed with IR and Raman spectroscopy.

Thank you in advance for any insights or suggestions you can provide!!

John

submitted by /u/PR_SRK_LKP
[link] [comments]

Why are planetary rings not all around planets and instead just form a like like Saturn?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 07:44 AM PDT

If gravity is omni-directional and debris floats around in space all the time why has none of the planets with rings have other things formed in different directions or even separate spaces on the planet never intersecting?

submitted by /u/TansenSjostrom
[link] [comments]

Saturday, October 20, 2018

Why are certain things like knives/swords forged when they could may as well be cut and sharpened from a sheet of metal?

Why are certain things like knives/swords forged when they could may as well be cut and sharpened from a sheet of metal?


Why are certain things like knives/swords forged when they could may as well be cut and sharpened from a sheet of metal?

Posted: 19 Oct 2018 12:03 PM PDT

When making cocktails, using pineapple, espresso or egg white creates a stable foam on the top of the drink. What causes this?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 05:47 AM PDT

I realised I can't accurately explain it even though I've been using them for years. Is it the same thing? Soluble oils? Enzymes from the pineapple? Help.

submitted by /u/Hashtagbarkeep
[link] [comments]

When our vision is blurry, what happens inside of our eyes when we squint to “clarify” the images we see?

Posted: 19 Oct 2018 07:52 PM PDT

How is a behavior passed down through generations?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 02:57 AM PDT

My dog is a retriever, we never had to teach him to bring stuff back, he just does, unlike other types of dogs. How is this written in his genes, and how can he pass this to his pups?

submitted by /u/StefMag
[link] [comments]

Why are certain SpaceX rockets "boattailed" at the front?

Posted: 20 Oct 2018 05:05 AM PDT

I understand they have larger payloads that what would fit in a conventional rocket, but what are the aerodynamic properties of a ballooned front to that of a larger conventional rocket?

Is it due to the weight added from making the rocket larger and completely smooth or are there benefits to this type of method? Ive done research into boattail rockets/ ammunition rounds and found that are beneficial but they dont have a full body after the nose convex to it.

I have also modelled differant noses in Fluent (fluid CAD modeller program) and found additional benefits.

Any help would be great!

submitted by /u/Enjineer1
[link] [comments]

How big is the earth compared to the universe vs a cell compared to the human body?

Posted: 19 Oct 2018 06:23 PM PDT

If salt is a compound of sodium and chloride, how can there be different types and flavors of salts?

Posted: 19 Oct 2018 11:17 PM PDT

Of course, some salts are intentionally flavored, but if the ingredients are a direct chemical compound, how can they differ? Kosher salt, sea salt, etc. Are there other things in there?

submitted by /u/soulcaptain
[link] [comments]

What wavelength of color is reflected off of an object that looks black?

Posted: 19 Oct 2018 01:32 PM PDT

Visible light spans wavelengths of ~400nm - ~700nm with blue light and red light at each end, respectively, and the other colors somewhere inbetween, each with their own corresponding wavelengths. Black, to my understanding is the absence of light and color, yet I can look at black objects and see some detail in them, so clearly some light is being reflected. Is it just white light that is reflected but in smaller amounts making them appear black?

submitted by /u/stargazingskydiver
[link] [comments]

Is the Oort Cloud unique to the Solar System or do other stellar systems also have Oort Clouds or their equivalent?

Posted: 19 Oct 2018 12:25 PM PDT

Is electric potential energy equal to the gradient of the vector field of electric force?

Posted: 19 Oct 2018 05:23 PM PDT

Is the angle between the two hydrogen atoms in a water molecule (or any molecule for that matter) by chance, or is it because that specific angle is preferred?

Posted: 19 Oct 2018 04:48 PM PDT

If so, what's the preferred reason and can they be forced to rearrange at different angles?

submitted by /u/Lone_Narrator
[link] [comments]

Periodic Table of Elements, are there other manufactured elements?

Posted: 19 Oct 2018 04:13 PM PDT

I was taught that the periodic table of elements is a table of all known elements; And I was also taught that elements where created by the fusion in the sun. I've been hearing about scientists creating fake stars in an attempt to make energy I think its a type of fusion or fission; Which got me thinking, is the periodic table still up to date? Are there more elements, and is it possible that bigger stars make more elements? What cool things could we expect?

Sorry if this is the wrong flair, evidently I'm pretty bad at science!

submitted by /u/shengch
[link] [comments]

Does gravity affect electricity in any way?

Posted: 19 Oct 2018 04:25 AM PDT

Because less there is pressure,harder it get to water to get solid,is it possible to have so little pressure that even at absolute zero the water don't become ice?

Posted: 19 Oct 2018 12:12 PM PDT