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Friday, July 27, 2018

There's evidence that life emerged and evolved from the water onto land, but is there any evidence of evolution happening from land back to water?

There's evidence that life emerged and evolved from the water onto land, but is there any evidence of evolution happening from land back to water?


There's evidence that life emerged and evolved from the water onto land, but is there any evidence of evolution happening from land back to water?

Posted: 27 Jul 2018 01:29 AM PDT

How far can electricity arc reach?

Posted: 27 Jul 2018 05:00 AM PDT

Does electricity's ability to arc depend more on voltage or amperage? Is there a more-or-less-correct formula to calculate how far it could arc in regular room conditions(let's say 21 degrees Celsius and 50% humidity in a regular town urban environment)?

How does conductivity of a material affect the arcing and its distance?

submitted by /u/Kezeal
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Why do the water droplets that make up clouds, bunch together into clouds instead of being evenly distributed in the air?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 01:35 PM PDT

How can a relatively small river like the Virgin River cut a 2000 foot deep Canyon (Zion) while an enormous river like the Mississippi doesn't cut a canyon at all?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 01:40 PM PDT

What’s the difference between a food allergy and a food sensitivity?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 04:49 PM PDT

What is the difference between [C I], [C II] and C ?

Posted: 27 Jul 2018 03:02 AM PDT

How does sunscreen work?

Posted: 27 Jul 2018 02:03 AM PDT

How can we measure redshift and light from astronomical objects accurately? It seems like the atmosphere of earth or other gases in space might interfere with the light that is coming in.

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 06:29 PM PDT

How can we possibly measure redshift from other galaxies accurately? Especially when using something like a very large telescope on earth? How is the data coming in not tainted?

submitted by /u/braininabox
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How do these geared secateurs work?

Posted: 27 Jul 2018 01:49 AM PDT

I have these geared secateurs, and they have a gearing mechanism which I don't understand. I expected the gears to move as the handles are squeezed, but they do not move at all (they appear to be fixed to the top/thumb handle). Are the gears affecting the power of the shearing motion, and if so how? Pic of the secateurs in question

(It is possible they are not functioning correctly, but this seems to be a popular design, so I don't think this is the case.)

Thanks!

submitted by /u/balanced_view
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Do insects sleep? If so, do they sleep for similar reasons as humans?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 11:42 AM PDT

What exactly causes spaceships to burn in the Earth's atmosphere during reentry?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 03:13 PM PDT

What are elliptic curves and how do they relate to cryptography?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 07:38 AM PDT

How many devices can I plug into an outlet?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 02:55 PM PDT

Assuming I have a power strip to extend the amount of connections to as many devices as I want, and this is a standard US style outlet. I understand different devices would draw variable amounts of power, so I'll settle for all of them being the same thing (eg; 15 PS3's)

submitted by /u/Foreskin_Paladin
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How did Nasa to reactivate Pioneer 6 ?

Posted: 27 Jul 2018 05:13 AM PDT

Does salt water sting sea animals when they have wounds like it does with humans?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 09:00 AM PDT

Russian scientists claim frozen 42,000 year old worm came back to life. How likely is this to be true?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 11:26 AM PDT

I didn't immediately see a peer reviewed article and the "involvement" of Princeton rather than co-sponsor makes me a little suspicious. What say you scientists?

Siberian Times article

submitted by /u/SoFlo1
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Would you feel the acceleration if you were in a spaceship using a gravity assist to accelerate?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 08:04 AM PDT

If you spaceship was at a constant velocity and passed near enough to Saturn, for example, to perform a gravity assist, would you feel the acceleration g's? Assuming you didn't use your engines.

Edit: Thanks for settling what was quickly becoming a shit-storm over in /r/asksciencefiction: https://redd.it/922c4m

submitted by /u/zheadings
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What is all of this “antibacterial coating” stuff, and does it work?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 12:27 PM PDT

Do animals have food that they prefer?Do their tastebuds work the same way ours do?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 08:09 AM PDT

My dog eats pretty much anything so we have to be careful with him around, because if something falls on the floor he will eat it. I was just curious if there were foods that would be his "favorite."

submitted by /u/Json-TheRandom11
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If heat rises, why does it get colder as you go higher into the atmosphere?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 08:52 AM PDT

Can the moon tint slightly red in the days around a lunar eclipse ?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 09:13 AM PDT

Since a few days, I noticed that the moon has had an unusual red tint.

It surprises me that this happens so close to the lunar eclipse of tomorrow : is the moon partially lit by rays that passed through earth's atmosphere in the days around a lunar eclipse ?

submitted by /u/adtrevor
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Thursday, July 26, 2018

Megathread: buried lake detected near Mars's south pole

Megathread: buried lake detected near Mars's south pole


Megathread: buried lake detected near Mars's south pole

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 11:35 AM PDT

Radar data from the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft have revealed that a buried lake of liquid water could exist near the south pole of Mars. This lake would be around 20 km wide and 1.5 km under the surface. This discovery has been announced today by a cooperation of Italian researchers from various universities and laboratoires.

The history of water on Mars is complex but this could be the first evidence of liquid water still existing on the red planet. Several of our planetary science panelists will be in the comments to help answer questions you may have on this announcement.

More information on the topic:

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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AskScience AMA Series: We have made the first successful test of Einstein's General Relativity near a supermassive black hole. AUA!

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 05:00 AM PDT

We are an international team led by the Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial physics (MPE) in Garching, Germany, in conjunction with collaborators around the world, at the Paris Observatory-PSL, the Universite Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, the University of Cologne, the Portuguese CENTRA - Centro de Astrofisica e Gravitacao and ESO.

Our observations are the culmination of a 26-year series of ever-more-precise observations of the centre of the Milky Way using ESO instruments. The observations have for the first time revealed the effects predicted by Einstein's general relativity on the motion of a star passing through the extreme gravitational field near the supermassive black hole in the centre of the Milky Way. You can read more details about the discovery here: ESO Science Release

Several of the astronomers on the team will be available starting 18:30 CEST (12:30 ET, 17:30 UT). We will use the ESO account* to answer your questions. Ask Us Anything!

*ESO facilitates this session, but the answers provided during this session are the responsibility of the scientists.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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My mum had the question "Why don't the atoms of a liquid fall through the gaps between the atoms of the containers?"

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 07:30 AM PDT

If we say sharks as a species are roughly 400M yrs old, does this mean that sharks from back then could theoretically interbreed with today’s sharks?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 12:18 AM PDT

If an astronaut "fell" from the ISS into space, at which speed would he go? And what could be his maximum speed?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 11:32 PM PDT

Sorry if it isn't really clear, English isn't my primary language.

submitted by /u/Pinokus
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Do scientists and psychiatrists still agree that the right hemisphere of the brain is emotional and the left hemisphere is logical, or has this idea been debunked by recent research?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 09:41 PM PDT

What gemstones probably exist on other planets (and our moon) in the solar system?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 09:26 AM PDT

Are the ecosystems of areas with religion that enforce vegetarianism, like Jainism, different?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 03:27 AM PDT

What can they tell us about how the Earth will look like in our probable vegetarian future?

submitted by /u/gallifreyan_pleb
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Is there a connection between "gut health" and anxiety/depression?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 07:33 PM PDT

I see the claim made by various MLM products that improving your gut health can help anxiety and depression. Putting aside the MLM supplements themselves (which I think are overhyped and of little use), has a meaningful correlation been found?

submitted by /u/adroitmonkeyhands
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Since glass doesn't oxidize like metal, why don't two pieces of very clean glass cold weld when pushed together?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 08:40 PM PDT

Do multilingual people have a slightly different personality associated with every language they speak?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 06:20 PM PDT

Would an Anti Neutron and a Neutron annihilate?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 05:24 PM PDT

And if they did, would there be any attraction between the two like there is between a positron and an electron?

submitted by /u/xShadey
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How are mice bred to model specific human pathophysiologies?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 01:57 PM PDT

Do the signals of multiple cones/rodes share the same pathway in the optic nerve?

Posted: 26 Jul 2018 12:18 AM PDT

My question was formed when looking into this picture.

The rightmost ganglion receives signals from 3 rods and a cone. Which would means the fiber starting from that ganglion would signal "on" on a mix of the cone's and the rods' signals.

This is not necessarily bad but it does change how "post-processing" in the brain would have to work. There is a difference between having ~1million signals of one of the cell types (L, M, S, R) and having to deal with signals that are a combination of those.

Just curious, does that kind of "promiscuity" of ganglion and/or bipolar cells actually exist? or was it just an oversight by the artist?

P.S. looking at numbers of cells alone there needs to multiple photosensitive cells connected to the same fiber since there are ~6 times more photosensitive cells than fibers. So the question is specifically about "cross-signals". Having 6 L cones connected to the same ganglion is a given, can we have a ganglion connected to 2 L, 2 M and 2 S cones? it seems to be inefficient from a "data processing" viewpoint, but the lower cost in "infrastructure" (the amount and organization of bipolar cells) might offset this.

submitted by /u/hidetzugu
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Is everyone connected with everyone else on Facebook?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 10:34 AM PDT

Could I connect through some number of friendship to anyone in the network or is it more fragmented than I imagine?

submitted by /u/lurker-4-life
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Are there any contagious diseases that target gut bacteria specifically?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 10:33 PM PDT

Is there any one object in space (not counting structures like Nebulas and Galaxies) that has a diameter of at least 1 lightyear?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 05:21 PM PDT

Any monstrous black holes out there that have event horizons that big?

submitted by /u/Soralink411
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Other than regulating pH (and providing a medium) what are the roles of buffers in gel electrophoresis?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 09:05 PM PDT

I've read that buffers are needed to generate an electric field such that the SDS-treated protein, or DNA, can move towards the cationic electrode. This seems strange, and I'd like to understand it better. Wouldn't the electrostatics between the cationic electrode and the DNA or protein be enough to pull the desired molecules through the gel? I understand that this isn't the case, but don't understand why.

Thanks so much for your time and help!

submitted by /u/RadiantStars
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There's steel reinforced concrete and there are metal foams. Are there metal foam concrete composites?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 05:16 PM PDT

How are conjugated diene p orbital lobes in multiple orientations at once (in accounting for their 4 MOs) if their pi bonds don’t have free rotation?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 12:45 PM PDT

I'm not sure if I'm just misunderstanding their representation on the diagram but I figured it'd be best to ask.

Conjugated Diene MO Diagram

submitted by /u/hollowlights
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Does global warming on Earth affect the solar system at all?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 10:03 AM PDT

How can entropy increase? / help me understand entropy

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 05:15 PM PDT

i've heard several definitions of entropy, but the first to make sense is wikipedias; entropy is a number that is derived from the number of microstates of a system with some math applied. if i understand what a microstate is, it's just a possible configuration, like a 10x10 grid with an object on 1,1, another microstate could be the object on 4,9.

given a finite system, how could the number of possible configurations ever increase let alone decrease? wouldn't it just be constant? the only way i see to change entropy is to change the scope of the system; if the grid shrinks to 9x9, the entropy drops from 100(+-math) to 81(+-math), conversely, if you increase the grid to 11x11, you get more possible configurations.

how does that work for the universe though? how can the total universal entropy increase if the number of things in hte universe is finite?

A fair bit of this is probably off. i've only ever seen entropy as a chart to memorize for chemistry, but i want to understand it. if that's too broad of a request i'd be happy with links to videos or articles that explain it

submitted by /u/potatotate_spudlord
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Wednesday, July 25, 2018

Why some south american plants produce curare alkaloids, if those alkaloids are not absorbed via GI route and are only effective via parenteral injection?

Why some south american plants produce curare alkaloids, if those alkaloids are not absorbed via GI route and are only effective via parenteral injection?


Why some south american plants produce curare alkaloids, if those alkaloids are not absorbed via GI route and are only effective via parenteral injection?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 05:30 AM PDT

Why do we experience no sort of gag reflex when we are swallowing food or a drink?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 08:37 AM PDT

Why is a peanut allergy much more common than say, an apple allergy, and why is a peanut allergy much more deadly than other allergies?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 07:53 AM PDT

How are the amounts of contents in food measured on the Nutrition Facts?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 05:07 AM PDT

For instance, how is sodium and cholesterol accurately calculated for a vanilla cone or pancake batter? Even if it were as simple as adding the amounts from the ingredients, how would it be measured from the ingredients?

submitted by /u/swegful420
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Can we and how do we determine if a sound is produced in front or behind us?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 07:03 PM PDT

Obviously we can tell if a sound is on either side of us, but can we - without visual aid - tell if it's in front, behind, above or below us? If so, how?

submitted by /u/Denecastre
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How does the harm of electromagnetic radiation depends on the types of electromagnetic radiation?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 12:46 AM PDT

I know it's common sense but I can't get my head around the Physics behind it.

submitted by /u/Senjukotentaiho
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If the sun exploded, would we notice the light first or the gravity/momentum shift?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 08:55 PM PDT

To my understanding nothing goes faster than light, but wouldn't we notice our momentum shifting pretty quickly?

submitted by /u/AnalysisHero
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 08:12 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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I know that lines of magnetic induction never terminate, but can they form knots? If so, is it physically interesting somehow?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 01:29 AM PDT

Why does dew not condense on items under a cover?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 01:57 PM PDT

Living in an area that has high humidity, it's not unusual to come out in the morning to go to work and have a car that's covered in condensation from the temperature variation overnight. That led me to a question that I can't quite find the answer to: why do I not get condensation on the items in my (uninsulated) garage? Or, if if a vehicle is parked under a carport cover, why does that prevent condensation?

submitted by /u/No_Im_Sharticus
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How does humidity affect smell?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 06:33 AM PDT

Couldn't pick the flair between physics, chemistry, biology, and human body.

submitted by /u/InsolentChutzpah
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How does Sevoflurane work? Does it affect memory permanently? What functions of the brain are subdued?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 07:59 PM PDT

Will water freeze if it can't expand?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 10:02 AM PDT

I know that water is essentially incompressible, and actually expands by ~10% when it freezes. But what if it's not allowed to do that? Like, imagine I had a watertight container made of steel, or some other material that's sturdy enough to not buckle under the force of expanding water. What if I filled it to the brim with water, sealed it shut, welded the seams for good measure, and stuck it in the freezer?

I know that the reason Earth's inner core is solid is because the pressure created by the entire planet's mass pressing down on it is so strong that it prevents the core from melting. Would the same principle apply to the water in my container and keep it mostly liquid? Or would I get some weird and exotic form of ice? Does the answer depend on how cold my freezer is?

submitted by /u/jfeingold35
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What has humanity done to protect against large coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar flares?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 11:13 AM PDT

I've recently read about the dangers they pose to our electricronics and I'm curious as to how screwed we'd be

submitted by /u/penguyenpi
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can objects lose or gain energy through smell?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 01:22 AM PDT

like, objects can release energy through noise in the form of decibels. is there a specific unit smell is measured with to calculate the energy loss/gain into or out of an object?

submitted by /u/set-one
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Can enough gravity crush an atom?

Posted: 25 Jul 2018 01:21 AM PDT

Can enough gravity crush an atoms electrons into its core? How small could an atom get this way?

submitted by /u/BommbVoyage
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What does the microwave (oven) do differently when heating normally vs defrost mode?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 11:16 AM PDT

Is the wave frequency slightly different or intensity?

submitted by /u/toady166
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What's responsible for the strange weather in the Northeastern US the last few days?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 12:26 PM PDT

I'm in Philadelphia. We usually have a westerly wind with relatively predictable weather patterns this time of year, with storms corresponding to cold fronts moving along the direction of the jet stream. Occasionally we'll get a storm of tropical origin that moves up the coastline.

Lately, for three or four days, there have been scattered storms moving from southeast to northwest. It doesn't seem to be a tropical storm, just a long line of storms traveling in an unusual direction. Can anyone explain?

submitted by /u/aharnak
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Why does π come in integrals of Gaussian curves ?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 09:30 AM PDT

All in the title

submitted by /u/Ezatrixx
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What do we actually see when we look at the cosmic microwave background?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 11:42 AM PDT

I was thinking about the cosmic microwave background and the earliest stars and how far we can see, and it occured to me, that if the CMB is the oldest and farthest thing we can see and looking as far as we can into the night sky is like looking into the past of the universe's history then are we basically looking at the relic radiation of some of the particles that we are made of? If that is the case, does that mean that we could basically see every intermediate step of star formarion etc. up to the point where our own star is forming in a gas cloud, given that we look at the right spot and the right distance (e.g. 13bly, 10bly, 7bly etc. away)? Or am I understanding something fundamentally wrong?

submitted by /u/thespaceman313
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Is white a lack of colors or so many colors our mind can’t process it?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 08:10 PM PDT

If there is energy coming to Earth from the sun's radiation, and leaving it from heat that radiates out from the planet into space, what is the net change over time? Is it perfectly balanced, or does the Earth cool down/heat up over a long enough timeline?

Posted: 24 Jul 2018 07:48 AM PDT