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Saturday, May 5, 2018

How did flowers and plants reproduce before there existed bees?

How did flowers and plants reproduce before there existed bees?


How did flowers and plants reproduce before there existed bees?

Posted: 04 May 2018 02:54 PM PDT

Wow! I didn't expect this to blow up but thank you for all the answers!

Also, I was watching the bee movie when this question popped into my head;)

submitted by /u/LeanderD
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I get that bees are essential to an ecosystem, but do wasps/hornets do literally anything useful in that sense?

Posted: 05 May 2018 04:51 AM PDT

Has any non-human species succeeded in domesticating another species? Not mutualism, but actual domestication?

Posted: 05 May 2018 05:32 AM PDT

The domesticated species cannot survive or tends to die off without the other? I believe there is a pairing of ants/aphids that is close. Not looking for cleaner fish or mutually beneficial relationships, but a distinctly one-sided relationship. One species is controlling and manipulating the other species' population and behavior.

submitted by /u/Dragonqueencr
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What's the difference between the piezoelectric effect vs what we know about time crystals?

Posted: 04 May 2018 11:03 AM PDT

I just read this article about Yale university discovering a new time crystal in a children's crystal growing kit. As described in the article, time crystals change their state when "exposed to an electromagnetic pulse". Since minerals like Quartz also change state when exposed to a electromagnetic pulse, how are they different? Is it just the arrangement of the molecules in the crystal that are different? or is it purely the result of the state change that is different? Does anyone know if the two are linked in some way(the piezo and time crystal effect)?

submitted by /u/monostereo
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Instead of waiting for an eruption of a vulcano, why not drill a hole in it to release the pressure?

Posted: 05 May 2018 03:39 AM PDT

Why is it recommended to completely finish an oral antibiotic prescription, while topical antibiotics (ex. polysporin and other antibiotic creams) can be applied as needed?

Posted: 05 May 2018 07:03 AM PDT

Hello! I understand that when taking oral antibiotics, you're strongly recommended to finish the entire prescription, since finishing early could allow resistant survivors to reproduce and cause an antibiotic-resistant infection. However, with topical antibiotics like creams and ointments, it's recommended to apply liberally as needed either with or without a bandage. Is there a reason that topical antibiotics can be used only as needed? Wouldn't using them in this way enable antibiotic resistance?

Thank you so much for your help!

submitted by /u/TwentyfootAngels
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Does salting fields even do anything?

Posted: 05 May 2018 08:05 AM PDT

It has been a military tactic for millennia, but does it have any effect?

submitted by /u/TomHicks
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Do astronauts turn in their sleep?

Posted: 05 May 2018 03:01 AM PDT

People who are unconcious have to be turned or they get bed sores. Healthy people while sleeping turn them selves without waking. Does that instinct/behaviour persist when there's no gravity?

submitted by /u/Scourge31
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Why there are food-grade silicone, if pure silicone is inherently non-toxic?

Posted: 05 May 2018 06:21 AM PDT

What makes cocaine cardiotoxic? How does it damage the heart?

Posted: 04 May 2018 11:42 PM PDT

How do graphing calculators (like Desmos or GeoGebra) work?

Posted: 05 May 2018 07:43 AM PDT

What method/algorithm is used to solve complex transcendental equations? What exactly goes on inside the ALU when an equation is being plotted?

submitted by /u/Normal_Human-Being
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What is charge-shift bonding?

Posted: 05 May 2018 06:28 AM PDT

I read through some papers but still do not understand it. Does it means that molecules with significant charge-shift bonding exists primarily in a resonance structure? Also, how far is this theory accepted in the scientific community? Why isn't this being taught in the curriculum?

submitted by /u/pointamelnia
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Is it possible to 'repair' an artificially degraded attention span?

Posted: 04 May 2018 12:56 PM PDT

ADHD specialised psychiatrist Edward Hallowell, amongst many other observers, suggests chronic multi-taskers or media/internet consumers often have reduced attention spans or ability to focus.

Anecdotally, this has been the case for me also. I was an avid reader as a child and could consume books start to finish in a sitting, but as an adult I often struggle to read a single page or article without my mind constantly wandering to irrelevant tangents, despite conscious attempts to focus.

It is debilitating to me as a student with copious amounts of reading to do and I find myself curious: Is it possible to reverse the perceived effects of mass media consumption on attention-span?

submitted by /u/Limerick_Goblin
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does the amount of tension a wire is under affect its ability to conduct electricity?

Posted: 05 May 2018 05:14 AM PDT

If so is it only to a minute extent?

submitted by /u/timrs
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Is Cancer getting more common among people or is it because we are able to diagnose it more properly?

Posted: 04 May 2018 08:56 PM PDT

These days I'm seing a lot of news about about healthy people getting cancer.

It feels like all the polution and the talk of phone signals' radiation may have a role in making it more common.

I am not sure that it is statistically true though.

I wanna ask the research community is cancer really becoming more common?

submitted by /u/Phenkoaway
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Can your genes change throughout the course of your life?

Posted: 04 May 2018 05:33 PM PDT

I know that certain factors such as radiation can change your genetic makeup, but does your DNA change on its own or it is the same throughout life?

submitted by /u/SilverCloud73
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How do palaeontologists and/or archaeologists know where to dig as opposed to poking holes in the ground randomly in a hail Mary attempt to discover new things?

Posted: 04 May 2018 01:10 PM PDT

Specially paleoguys that find fossils out in the desert.

submitted by /u/_Cannib4l_
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Why do some flowers open up in the day and fold up at night, instead of just remaining open all the time?

Posted: 04 May 2018 10:22 AM PDT

What does Neglis mean?

Posted: 05 May 2018 12:53 AM PDT

My girlfriend is reading a book where a character has "Neglis". Google tells me this is aplastic anaemia but I have never heard it be called Neglis before, so I assume this is an American term.

What I cannot find is why it is called so. Is it eponymous or what?

submitted by /u/HideYourloveaway
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Do smaller processor manufacturing processes (7nm lithography for example) wear out faster?

Posted: 04 May 2018 01:14 PM PDT

I have no idea of materials and how they are used (except silicon wafers), especially their endurance over-time. And it kind of got me thinking if less material is used for the transistors making up the processor, wont it sort of have less resistance to everything happening to it?

submitted by /u/Chromiczlul
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Do all tsunamis travel at around the same speed? If not, what dictates how quickly they move (other than water depth)?

Posted: 04 May 2018 01:13 PM PDT

Hey! First time posting here. Just have a few questions about tsunamis that I've always had but just now getting around to asking:

Do all tsunamis travel at around the same speed? If not, what dictates how quickly they move (other than water depth)?

Also would like to know how waves differ based on their origin (like impact, landslide, earthquake (and any others I don't know about)).

Was recently thinking about Kilauea (because eruption) and wanted to know more about a flank collapse (I think that's what you call it).

I know there's evidence on Lanai of a HUGE wave. Like 1,500 feet I think. And there was that landslide in Lituya Bay. But how far/quickly do waves like that travel in the open ocean?

Sorry that this is so scattered. I LOVE this kinda stuff but don't know much about physics or math.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/RIPTiangong-1
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If two cranes/hoists have the same capacity, are they able to lift double the weight when combined?

Posted: 04 May 2018 12:11 PM PDT

Example: If there are two 2-ton cranes attached to a single object, is their combined lifting capacity 4 tons?

submitted by /u/corkyr
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Friday, May 4, 2018

When the mars rover went to mars were they able to remove all bacteria and small life from it? If not could any of the bacteria be able to live in the harsh conditions of mars? And how do they obtain soil samples looking for bacteria if it could possibly be from the rover itself?

When the mars rover went to mars were they able to remove all bacteria and small life from it? If not could any of the bacteria be able to live in the harsh conditions of mars? And how do they obtain soil samples looking for bacteria if it could possibly be from the rover itself?


When the mars rover went to mars were they able to remove all bacteria and small life from it? If not could any of the bacteria be able to live in the harsh conditions of mars? And how do they obtain soil samples looking for bacteria if it could possibly be from the rover itself?

Posted: 03 May 2018 07:48 PM PDT

What determines fat content in lab grown meat?

Posted: 04 May 2018 07:38 AM PDT

Say for example, beef is grown in vitro. Will you be able to get a steak of varying fat content (different degrees of marbling?) Will the fat content be similar to that of a new born cow? Will it be all protein? How do scientist control this, if at all?

submitted by /u/PinkSquirt
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Why Doesn't FM Radio Work At High Latitudes?

Posted: 04 May 2018 02:08 AM PDT

At latitudes north of 60°, frequency modulated radio is unreliable. FM signals become undecipherable at distances as low as 5km. Meanwhile an amplitude modulated radio signal of the same power level propagates beautifully. Why does this happen?

submitted by /u/Elodrian
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How did we "prove" either twin, cousin, or sexy primes are infinite without knowing precisely which one?

Posted: 04 May 2018 06:46 AM PDT

I saw Terence Tao say that if we combine the formulas used to determine the number of confirmed twin, cousin, and sexy primes, the result suggests an infinite number, implying that at least one of the prime types is infinite. Can anyone elaborate/explain/point me to some material on this? Fascinating stuff.

submitted by /u/Melquiedes
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Why did Physicist back then reasoned that "...atoms should give off a rainbow of colors as they do so."?

Posted: 04 May 2018 12:43 AM PDT

I was just reading this thing about the "History of Atoms" One of the things they mentioned was that when they were trying to argue Rutherford's model, one of their reasoning was:

"But there appeared something terribly wrong with Rutherford's model of the atom. The theory of electricity and magnetism predicted that opposite charges attract each other and the electrons should gradually lose energy and spiral inward. Moreover, physicists reasoned that the atoms should give off a rainbow of colors as they do so. But no experiment could verify this rainbow."

https://www.nobeliefs.com/atom.htm

submitted by /u/bruhbrahbruhh
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Is there some force that counters a particle that approaches light speed?

Posted: 04 May 2018 03:05 AM PDT

This may be ignorant but, if you apply a constant electromagnetic force on an electron in, say, the LHC, what keeps the electron's speed from increasing to infinity? Does a force start countering the electron?

submitted by /u/cheese_n_potato
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Can you tell which star is further away in the iconic Star Wars scene?

Posted: 04 May 2018 07:35 AM PDT

Tatooine Twin Suns

I was asked recently if I could tell which star was further away in this scene. I did not know if it was possible to answer that based on the picture alone. We can see one is more red than the other one. Does redshift/blueshift come into effect here? Or is the color more to do with the atmosphere? Can that play a significant role is judging an objects distance?

submitted by /u/bananabalm
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Can radiation move you in space?

Posted: 04 May 2018 06:54 AM PDT

Say there's an object floating completely still in space. Is it possible for EM radiation to directly move or rotate this object? In other words, can the photons transfer their momentum to the object and make it move or rotate? Would it make a difference if the radiation was emitted by the object vs it being expose to radiation?

And what about radiation from the decay of an isotope, like alpha particles? Since those are essentially nuclei, would they be more likely to move or rotate an object?

submitted by /u/SweatEagle
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How do we differentiate between memories of real life and realistic dreams?

Posted: 03 May 2018 04:25 PM PDT

Most dreams are pretty far fetched, but sometimes they are very realistic in the setting and plot etc. So throughout our lives, how are humans able to differentiate between what happened in a dream and what happened in real life?

submitted by /u/indescisive-bish
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If π is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, do aliens who live in a curved spacetime region have another value for π?

Posted: 03 May 2018 12:30 PM PDT

I know it is actually defined in Euclidean space but is there any reason why aliens in curved spacetime region would prefer that definition over their own space with it's own metric?

It also plays an important role in many fields of mathematics other than geometry (for example Fourier transformation), so how can aliens advance in mathematics if they have their own interpretation of π?

submitted by /u/ucusansinekler
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What's the difference between fermented and rotted foods? And how can you know when fermented food is unsafe to eat?

Posted: 03 May 2018 11:26 AM PDT

During the formation of mountain ranges, what determines what their shape will be?

Posted: 03 May 2018 02:44 PM PDT

When a mountain is formed from platonic activity, will that process create a predictable shape for the mountain? What during that process determines the mountain's size, whether its peak is flatter or sharper, how steep its slopes are, etc.?

And furthermore, are most of the deformations on mountains caused by erosion, or are there inherit deformations when a mountain is "born"?

submitted by /u/Baron_Sigma
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Why does the "third sound" occur in helium only?

Posted: 03 May 2018 08:27 PM PDT

I've been digging through Randall Munroe's What If blog, and came across this mention of the "third sound".

Wikipedia appears to call it "second sound," and only mentions it occurring in forms of Helium. Why is that? Is this still chemistry, even? Why doesn't liquid H behave similarly, or liquid N?

submitted by /u/rogert2
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Why is there no technetium on earth?

Posted: 03 May 2018 03:27 PM PDT

If elements lower than uranium can occur naturally why does technetium have to be made in a lab? Why wasn't it made with all of the other elements?

submitted by /u/Parnellium
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Have all of the natural isotopes in the universe been found?

Posted: 03 May 2018 03:31 PM PDT

I see this all the time for elements but not for isotopes specifically. Also. Can we create isotopes in a similar manner as we created the unstable elements by shooting them with alpha particles?

submitted by /u/novalavaly
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Why do some materials feel colder at the same ambient temperature?

Posted: 04 May 2018 01:13 AM PDT

Metal for example

submitted by /u/sorrydaveicantdothat
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Is all Quark-Gluon plasma the same?

Posted: 03 May 2018 01:11 PM PDT

So, I believe (but I may be wrong) that shortly after the big bang, there was the quark epoch, during which protons, neutrons, etc. couldn't form from the soup of quarks and gluons in the universe. Quark-Gluon plasma can be formed from regular matter under (really) extreme heat and pressure, but once it forms, what happens next? If you formed it from hydrogen or helium, would it look the same as if you'd formed it from iron or uranium? After the quark epoch, we eventually got hydrogen. Would Quark-Gluon plasma always turn into hydrogen after it cooled/expanded no matter where it came from?

submitted by /u/nikstick22
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How do we know radioactive decay based absolute dating is accurate, i.e. that the rate of radioactive decay does not change?

Posted: 03 May 2018 01:39 PM PDT

I've long wondered how we know radioactive decay occurs at a constant rate. Despite humans only measuring radioactive decay for roughly a century, all scientists seem entirely confident in the absolute dating values this results in, spanning back billions of years. I expect that this relies on quantum mechanics and some physical constant(s), but I'm unclear on what they may be. I've asked researchers in quantum physics, but failed to get an answer.

Is a constant rate of radioactive decay merely an assumption, or is there hard science behind it? Presuming there's some physical constant this relies on, how can we know it doesn't change?

submitted by /u/Chard121
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Beyond obvious generalities like sea level rise, what exactly are some specific projected trends for climate change in various parts of the world? What should we expect every decade up to 2100 based on what we know?

Posted: 03 May 2018 03:00 PM PDT

Do lightning rods and Faraday cages operate using the same principle?

Posted: 03 May 2018 06:40 PM PDT

Basically what the title says. I may have a simplified understanding of how both function, but I'm just wondering if a Faraday cage is functional due to the same principle/effect/law/etc. as a lightning rod. It seems somewhat similar to a radio antenna, as well, so if you could answer that too, it would be appreciated.

submitted by /u/crocoduck117
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How Does Gravity Affect Single Particles?

Posted: 04 May 2018 12:11 AM PDT

Does a single particle (like a hydrogen atom) in a vacuum fall like a macroscopic object in a relatively weak gravitational field (like the Earth's)? Or maybe does its position expectation value change like -(1/2)gt2 ? ELIundergrad if possible, and thanks!

submitted by /u/ryrinder
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How good are we at transporting electricity ?

Posted: 04 May 2018 12:07 AM PDT

How is is done ? Is it expensive, how high is the power loss ? Can we expect significant improvements in the near future ?

submitted by /u/Maaanth
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Thursday, May 3, 2018

Is it a coincidence that all elements are present on Earth?

Is it a coincidence that all elements are present on Earth?


Is it a coincidence that all elements are present on Earth?

Posted: 03 May 2018 02:06 AM PDT

Aside from those fleeting transuranic elements with tiny half-lives that can only be created in labs, all elements of the periodic table are naturally present on Earth. I know that elements heavier than iron come from novae, but how is it that Earth has the full complement of elements, and is it possible for a planet to have elements missing?

submitted by /u/paolog
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How were the first perfectly straight molds/outlines first manufactured?

Posted: 02 May 2018 08:39 PM PDT

This question keeps me up at night. We have perfect (or seemingly) perfect circular/straight objects, but how were the machines/molds used to create them created so perfectly straight? This probably only makes sense in my mind, honestly.

submitted by /u/HeyItsMezz
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Since the moon we see reflects the sun’s light, does that mean the earth also reflects the suns light and from space it looks as bright as the moon?

Posted: 02 May 2018 10:50 PM PDT

If substances like salt lower the freezing point of water, is there anything that raises it?

Posted: 02 May 2018 02:37 PM PDT

Is fast-food like McDonalds healthier now that technology has advanced since 1940 when it was first established or the opposite?

Posted: 03 May 2018 03:58 AM PDT

What elements make up dirt/sand? Is it a bunch of different elements? Is that why there is so much of it?

Posted: 03 May 2018 05:29 AM PDT

How do we still have radioactive elements billions of years after earth formed?

Posted: 03 May 2018 05:46 AM PDT

To our current understanding, the Earth is about 5 billion years old, and formed from a dead star before it (why we have heavier elements). I'm curious as to how we still have elements with half-lives that formed so long ago?
Is there theoretically way more elements on the periodic table that are heavier than we have ever synthesized? Is it just a function of half-lives where there was so much more back then and now we are just seeing what's left?

submitted by /u/DEMDOGGaming
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Is the earth's iron core smooth or textured?

Posted: 03 May 2018 05:48 AM PDT

It seems highly unlikely that it's lumpy, for obvious reasons, but it also seems possible that it could either accrete elements during the spin or even hold an uneven halo of materials.

submitted by /u/criostoirsullivan
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How does antibacterial soap kill bacteria?

Posted: 02 May 2018 06:05 PM PDT

I understand mechanical agitation and good ol' water can wash away bacteria, but what exactly does antibacterial soap do. Answers that involve organic chemistry are welcome!

submitted by /u/SheLovesCacti
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What time do they use in space?

Posted: 03 May 2018 03:10 AM PDT

How do our Organs stay where they're supposed to?

Posted: 03 May 2018 01:26 AM PDT

How do our Organs stay in their current spot? Is it just because there's really no room for them to go anywhere else or are there special muscles that keep them there or something like that?

submitted by /u/Nca49
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why are galaxies flat and not spherical ?

Posted: 03 May 2018 06:03 AM PDT

If I understood right most things in the universe are round (Stars, Planets) because of gravity.

However in every picture that shows a "full" galaxy it is flat.

Why is that? Is our depiction of the galaxy just overly simplified or is it that way in reality?

submitted by /u/N1biru
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What determines the level of cloud coverage across the globe?

Posted: 03 May 2018 03:32 AM PDT

Why isn't the Earth covered completely covered by cloud? Why is there always some cloud? If the Earth is completely covered by water, and we have no land mass, would we get even cloud coverage?

submitted by /u/fangfufu
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How straightness is achieved in construction?

Posted: 02 May 2018 07:01 PM PDT

How did we develop first straight objects? For example to create a ruler we need some straightness reference(I assume). Of course nothing will be 100% straight but when you think all the delicate machinary such as medical devices and the machines used in the space we must be pretty close. Is there a way to geometrically approximate to a straight line without a straight device?

submitted by /u/hydbird
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Are the radio waves produced on our planet getting sent out into space equally in all directions are are they directional? Are they strong enough to be received by beings living near other stars?

Posted: 02 May 2018 04:55 PM PDT

What happens if earth's magnetic field reverses?

Posted: 03 May 2018 05:02 AM PDT

Does the iq and intelligence decrease if the brain is not stimulated?

Posted: 02 May 2018 06:22 PM PDT

like imagine if someone stop college and for 3/4 years he do nothing but watching netflix, do you know or have any study showing that his iq or intelligence decrease?

Yeah that dude was me

submitted by /u/Mikadofas
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Why do bright lights leave lingering light in your eyes even after you’ve looked away?

Posted: 02 May 2018 05:44 PM PDT

Why do greenhouse gases work? As far as I understand, Earth's temperature emission into space is supposed to only depend on its temperature. Why is reflecting heat back to Earth relevant? Shouldn't the gases themselves heat up and start radiating?

Posted: 03 May 2018 05:42 AM PDT

X-ray powder diffraction - How to calculate the effect of different levels of beam monochromaticity on ring blurring?

Posted: 03 May 2018 03:11 AM PDT

When was it discovered that the Milky Way wasn't the only Galaxy? How did science and the general population respond to it?

Posted: 02 May 2018 09:03 AM PDT