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Tuesday, March 13, 2018

If you cut entirely through the base of a tree but somehow managed to keep the tree itself perfectly balanced on the stump, would the tree “re-bond” to the stump or is this a tree death penalty?

If you cut entirely through the base of a tree but somehow managed to keep the tree itself perfectly balanced on the stump, would the tree “re-bond” to the stump or is this a tree death penalty?


If you cut entirely through the base of a tree but somehow managed to keep the tree itself perfectly balanced on the stump, would the tree “re-bond” to the stump or is this a tree death penalty?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 12:32 PM PDT

Wikipedia and other sources say adult nuerogenesis (creation of new neurons in the brain) continues throughout life. But this new study in Nature says this is not true. What gives?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 08:23 AM PDT

so we have many sources out there which state that since the 1970's its been well established that adult neurogenesis is an ongoing phenomenon.

Neurogenesis is the process of birth of neurons wherein neurons are generated from neural stem cells. Contrary to popular belief, neurogenesis continuously occurs in specific regions in the adult brain

but this recent study says the opposite. So what gives?

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25975

We conclude that recruitment of young neurons to the primate hippocampus decreases rapidly during the first years of life, and that neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus does not continue, or is extremely rare, in adult humans.

submitted by /u/Bluest_waters
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How do solar panels work?

Posted: 13 Mar 2018 06:16 AM PDT

Does salt used for snowstorms actually damage my asphalt driveway, and if so why?

Posted: 13 Mar 2018 06:19 AM PDT

How can phytoestrogen consumption reduce menopausal symptoms in women but not alter blood androgen levels in men?

Posted: 13 Mar 2018 08:04 AM PDT

In this review there are two statements:

On the other hand, exposition of women to phytoestrogens (isoflavones, lignans, coumestans of different botanical sources) in pre- and postmenopausal period may prevent the menopausal symptoms induced by declined endogenous estrogen production – hot flashes, vasomotor symptoms, vaginal atrophy a.o., whilst no negative side-effect of these phytoestrogens on breast and endometrial health have been observed (Kronenberg and Fugh-Berman, 2002; Branca and Lorenzetti, 2005; Bedell et al., 2012).

Meta-analyses indicated no statistically significant association between soy isoflavones consummation and men plasma estrogen and androgen level (van Die et al., 2013).

And as noted earlier in the review:

Phytoestrogens are strikingly similar in chemical structure to the mammalian estrogen, estradiol, and bind to estrogen receptors alpha and beta with a preference for the more recently described estrogen receptor beta (Younes and Honma, 2011; Rietjens et al., 2013; Paterni et al., 2014).

[...]

Phytoestrogens besides their ability to bind to estrogen receptors, have other biological effects, which are not mediated with these receptors

I am hoping someone better acquainted with the literature and reproductive science could help connect all these dots for me. It sounds like phytoestrogens can exert some effects similar to that of estrogens, but in some cases don't exert those effects at all, or exert other unrelated effects.

Some males express concern over the consumption of phytoestrogen-containing foods, e.g. soy, due to perceived risk of 'feminization' through increased 'estrogen' intake. To what extent does phytoestrogen act like an estrogen-analog in men? To what extent does it act like one in women?

submitted by /u/alphaMHC
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Does the temperature of water have an effect on being able to put out fire?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 01:33 PM PDT

How do we know that the inverse square laws are not inverse "2 + epsilon" laws, where epsilon is too small to be detected by current detectors?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 10:31 PM PDT

How is the frequency in the european electric grid dropping to 49.996hz?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 02:39 PM PDT

Tom Scot tells in his new video that its happening, stated in this this press release The statement doesn't answers mine and my SO's question how its happening.

submitted by /u/Go3tt3rbot3
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Why does it take more effort to only close one eye than it does to close both eyes?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 01:26 PM PDT

How sure are we that our understanding of the fossil record of ancient megafauna (eg dinosaurs) is a result of their actual abundance vs sampling/survivorship bias?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 06:33 PM PDT

Do we have any controls that we can use to determine if a particular ancient megafauna was actually common? Is it possible the dinosuars we have fossil records of were more a result of them living in situations that lead to increased rates of fossil creation rather than them being common? Might dinosaurs have lived alongside vastly different kinds of animals that we just have no record of?

submitted by /u/random-dent
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Would it be possible to measure the angular momentum of Sag A* by observing a frame dragging effect on the stars orbiting it?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 05:32 PM PDT

Or are the orbits of the closest stars still too far, or is there too much complex interaction to make such a measurement? I found some abstract that mention other methods like hydrodynamic flow of stellar wind or something else that I don't understand.

submitted by /u/-Tesserex-
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How do multi-drug-resistant bacteria maintain their resistance genes in the absence of selective pressure?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 04:36 PM PDT

As a bioengineering grad student, I was taught early on that E. coli transformed with an Ampicillin-resistance plasmid would only maintain that plasmid in the presence of ampicillin; that in the absence of the antibiotic, maintaining the plasmid would cost too much energy and put them at an evolutionary disadvantage. How is it then that certain pathogens can maintain resistance to almost all types of antibiotics while not being exposed to them?

submitted by /u/PiousBlasphemer
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Assuming the theory is true that a Mars-sized body collided with Earth causing the ejection of matter that would latter form the moon. How did the ejected matter circularize its orbit? Wouldn't the matter have fallen down to Earth?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 01:15 PM PDT

Is there a difference between receiving O negative blood vs your original blood type?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 03:56 PM PDT

Essentially wondering if there are any up or downsides to receiving O negative when you are not O negative yourself.

submitted by /u/DudeInCorner1
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Is there a reason why most electrical appliances with analog knobs (ovens and fans, for example) when turned on default to the highest intensity, and you need to keep turning the knob to reduce it?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 07:17 PM PDT

What causes Ball Lightning, and have we made any recent discoveries on it?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 10:06 AM PDT

Have we been able to reproduce it? From the footage I have seen, it looks to phase in and out instead of strike like typical lightning.

submitted by /u/eblackham
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Why does the color of a sunset look more orangish than the sunlight at midday?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 05:49 PM PDT

Axial precession and fixed stars?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 11:43 PM PDT

How does the north star remain at a fixed spot in the sky, in regard to the earths axial recession?

submitted by /u/Mr8sen
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Does dark matter lose energy via gravitational wave emission?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 04:05 PM PDT

If so, when dropped around a gravity well (like a galaxy or a star) would it behave like a pendulum that eventually loses energy and settles down in the center? If not, is it just going to keep swirling around the center forever and never decay?

submitted by /u/lucaspon
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How much does your diet actually effect the healing of broken bones?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 12:30 PM PDT

What is the maximum temperature water will reach in a microwave? Can it exceed boiling on a stove?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 01:33 PM PDT

I was just microwaving my coffee for 30 seconds and suddenly wondered what's stopping water/liquid from reaching extremely high temperatures in a microwave? Thanks for any help!

submitted by /u/balleyhooey
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When opening an encrypted file/partition, how does the software know that I entered the correct password?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 11:04 AM PDT

I figure that using a wrong password would return jibberish. How does the software determine that it's not the jibberish I wanted?

submitted by /u/AidsPeeLovecraft
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Monday, March 12, 2018

How are we able to tell when a sound is near and faint vs far and loud? (How are we able to distinguish distance of sounds)?

How are we able to tell when a sound is near and faint vs far and loud? (How are we able to distinguish distance of sounds)?


How are we able to tell when a sound is near and faint vs far and loud? (How are we able to distinguish distance of sounds)?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 05:27 PM PDT

I can tell the difference between something being loud and far away and it being close and quiet, even though they have the same "perceived volume." My question is analogous to how we can tell when something is big and far away vs close and small, even though they appear the same size to us.

submitted by /u/XGX787
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How big is the average rock in Saturns rings? And how far apart are they from each other?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 12:17 PM PDT

Couldn't find the answer in google so might as well try here.

submitted by /u/MaxNickwell
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Would there be any benefits to adding extra arms to the LIGO detector ?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 04:12 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: IAmA scientist looking at microbes living in venomous animals, also Muslim / PoC / 1st gen / queer / wstem / human. AMA!

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 05:33 AM PDT

Hi everyone, I'm here to talk about science and experiences associated with being a scientist from varying backgrounds.

You can learn more about me and the different things I do here. I'm here to answer questions with help from Atlas Obscura. Some fun facts about me: (1) I'm working on my PhD at the University of California, Merced. Where is that, is it even a place? Yes, and it's awesome! (2) My PhD thesis question inquires about the interactions between microbes and their venomous hosts, because why not? (3) This is done through the Quantitative & Systems Biology program at UC Merced. What do those words even mean? (4) I grew up in Utah, have lived all over the states, learned a few languages in the process, and now do a combo of diving and computer programming for my work which is all pretty rad. Increasingly stoked about life every day and looking forward to getting to virtually know you all and answering your science-y questions. See you at noon (ET, 16 UT), cheers!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What's the difference between virus vectors for gene therapies and creating recombinant DNA from bacteria such as e.coli?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 06:04 AM PDT

Escherichia coli bacteria can be used to create a wide variety of therpeutic drugs and hormones. Such as human insulin and human growth hormone. Adeno-associated viruses can be used as vectors to deliver repaired strands of DNA to at least inside of cells. There, corrected RNA makes functional proteines wherever possible. However, the size of the adeno-associated viruses limits the size of the transcripted DNA to be inserted. How is not possible to use bacterial recombinant DNA to be inserted and to make corrected proteines inside cells? I ask because I have family member who has a genetic disorder and I hope some day that problem gets solved through something like this.

submitted by /u/TheHellWithItToday
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If you freeze blood, how long will the DNA in the blood maintain its integrity?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 11:52 AM PDT

Whenever plastics do degrade, what do they degrade INTO?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 12:03 PM PDT

Since they've discovered that new bacteria that breaks down plastic, what kind of chemicals are left behind? There are thousands of tons of plastic in the oceans alone, and since microplastics are already apparently in 88% of the world's tap water...whatever plastics break down into is going to be absolutely permeating our world.

submitted by /u/stinkyfern
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Does WiFi always travel in a straight line?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 09:44 PM PDT

Let's say I have a wifi router , and a phone connecting to this wifi - and the phone/router are separated by a glass wall. Will the wifi signal go around the glass wall? Or will it go straight through?

submitted by /u/Egliad
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Why we still have our magmatic field but mars lost it?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 05:15 AM PDT

Does it have to do with our moon? That's the only major difference I could think about between the two planets

  • magnetic
submitted by /u/ants_dentist
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The ITER fusion experiment is planned to be finished with assembly by 2021 but not start fusing until 2035. Why a 14 year gap?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 09:13 AM PDT

The ITER wikipedia page lists the following timeline:

  • 2021: Planned: Tokamak assembly completion, torus pumpdown starts.
  • 2025: Planned: Achievement of first plasma.
  • 2035: Planned: Start of deuterium–tritium operation.

Why is there such a long gap between starting pumpdown and starting D-T fusion?

submitted by /u/jjk
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Is there a type of rock that can be bent like a metal?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 11:40 AM PDT

Nitrous oxide temporarily boosts an internal combustion engine's power. Is there any method which can boost an electric car's power in a similar fashion?

Posted: 12 Mar 2018 04:02 AM PDT

title

submitted by /u/PlanK69
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How does salt "enhance the flavour" of other substances if the salty taste sensation is independent from other taste mechanisms?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 09:59 AM PDT

Is it possible for a compound to exist in a state of plasma? In a lab or natural setting?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 04:16 PM PDT

I'm talking simple stuff like O2 and on up.

submitted by /u/IronDBZ
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Does the observed state of a particle at a given time affect future evolutions in its wave function?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 11:07 AM PDT

I'm struggling to reconcile the physical and mathematical interpretations of the evolution of quantum particles. If an individual particle can be observed in a random (but predictable) state, does this observed state affect the probability of it being found in a given future state? If so, how can the properties of the wave function evolve deterministically?

submitted by /u/sneaky_b3av3r
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Why haven't we come up with other ways of generating power instead of turbines?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 12:48 PM PDT

Aside from solar and maybe a few i havent heard of, all the power generation relies on spinning a coil. Heck even nuclear is heating up water to spin a turbine. Why haven't we come up with a new method in all this time?

submitted by /u/Veltoc
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For telescopes what are the pro / cons of hexagonal vs circle mirrors ?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 11:20 AM PDT

The future 39m European telescope EELT is made with hundreds of 1m hexagonal mirrors.

The future 26m Magellan Giant Telescope is made of 7 round Mirror, 8.4m wide.

Intuitively I'd say the first option is easier to deal with defects in mirrors and has a better coverage. What are the pro / cons of those two techniques ?

submitted by /u/rbag182
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Why do earthquakes hover over certain places for weeks at a time?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 12:46 PM PDT

I check the earthquake maps almost daily, and Puerto Rico and New Guinea have had at least 3 earthquakes within the past day for a trend of 2-3 weeks, usually at least one above magnitude 3. California is starting the said trend too, as the entire fault line has earthquakes above magnitude 3 on it.

submitted by /u/41Paddy
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what is the chemical concept behind the disintegration process of medicinal capsules?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 12:22 PM PDT

I know that basically there are three types of medicinal capsules: hard gelatinous capsules, softgel capsules and plant derived capsules. I also know that the capsules primarily dissolve due to hydrophobic interactions and change in Ph within varies organs of the body. What i wish to know are: 1) What are the chemical compositions of the various types of capsules? 2) What is the manufacturing process of such capsules? 3) Are there any minor or major drawbacks regarding consumption of capsules? 4) What are the various chemical reactions behind the dissolving/disintegration process of the capsules?

THANKS IN ADVANCE TO THOSE READY TO HELP ME UNDERSTAND

PS. I need the info to conduct a small seminar within my class

submitted by /u/Hrishi1999
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Can Fusion lead to induced Fission?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 01:16 PM PDT

Can the neutron produced from nuclear fusion go on to cause induced fission? and if not why?

submitted by /u/ConnorQ838
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Sunday, March 11, 2018

What would happen if the oxygen content in the atmosphere was slightly higher (within 1 or 2%) would animals be bigger? Would things be more flammable?

What would happen if the oxygen content in the atmosphere was slightly higher (within 1 or 2%) would animals be bigger? Would things be more flammable?


What would happen if the oxygen content in the atmosphere was slightly higher (within 1 or 2%) would animals be bigger? Would things be more flammable?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 04:15 AM PDT

How does "Calorie-in - Calorie-out" and "You only burn fat after x Time of Exercise" fit together?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 04:40 AM PDT

I often learned that we only burn fat, and thus loose weight, after 30 mins or so of exercise. (Because before that the body uses some other energy source). Then the same people tell me, that the only thing that counts is the Calorie-in / Calorie-out balance. So at least for my brain these two assumptions won't fit together.

If I exercise for just 20 min I might not burn fat but still use Caloriens, so later in the day my body should rely on the fat as an Energy source. So I might not burn fat while exercising but, if "Calorie-in - Calorie-out" is true, I should still loose weight.

This question is bugging me for years and all people I talked too, including my Sports Teacher, just keep repeating the thing about the energy-sources, and completely miss my Point. So I hope the question was clear enough and you can finally enlighten me and / or show me where my thinking error lies.

submitted by /u/JACKTheHECK
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When a woman gets a c-section during birth, does labor just turn off?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 12:14 AM PST

I guess I always imagined labor to be a process that can't stop once it's started, but at what point does your body send the signal to the brain to stop labor when a c section is performed?

submitted by /u/thespacecase93
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Am I using muscles to keep my eyelids open or to keep them closed or both?

Posted: 10 Mar 2018 05:43 AM PST

Is there any reason Death Valley happens to be both one of the lowest and hottest points on earth, or is this just a coincidence?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 04:26 AM PDT

Can terminal velocity slow down a falling object?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 03:45 AM PDT

Everyone on this subreddit knows what terminal velocity is. If you drop an object, it will accelerate (due to gravity) to a point where it can no longer accelerate (due to resistances, such as air resistance), thus reaching its top speed through natural falling.

However, what if the object is initially thrown downwards faster than its expected terminal velocity?

Would the upwards resistances slow the object until it reduces the velocity to the object's expected terminal velocity, or would it stay at it's thrown velocity?

submitted by /u/TheRandomRon
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The colors of the gas giants seem to follow an order. Is this a mere coincidence, or did it happen for a reason?

Posted: 10 Mar 2018 12:02 PM PST

When looking at the gas giants in the Solar System, they appear to be colored in order, matching an increase in frequency. Jupiter is reddish, Saturn yellow, Uranus a light blue with a hint of green, and Neptune a deep blue.

Is there any reason for this, or is it a mere coincidence?

I understand that the colors of the planets do change sometimes. Jupiter can become yellower, for example. But it never becomes blue. I did some searching, both around the internet at large and this subreddit in particular, and couldn't find anything commenting on this phenomenon. I hope this question hasn't been asked before.

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/Tabnet
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Is wood alive? At what point does the tree go from being alive to dead?

Posted: 10 Mar 2018 07:05 PM PST

Has every metal's or semi-conductor's fermi surface been experimentally found? If no, which ones are left?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 07:26 AM PDT

If the Higgs Boson doesn't give mass to particles (and they simply gain mass through interactions with the Higgs field), then what does the Higgs Boson particle actually do?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 07:22 AM PDT

If that's a confusingly worded question, it's because I'm a little confused myself after watching this PBS SpaceTime video.

So I gather that mass, as a property, is just the natural consequence of energy interacting with the Higgs Field - not with the actual Boson itself. Maybe it's more accurate to say that mass appears to exist when particles are slowed down by the Higgs Field? I'm not sure. But that all begs the question of what does the Higgs Boson actually do? Is it a force carrying particle like the other bosons? What force would it even carry? Or am I completely misunderstanding everything about this?

(Bonus question - does any of this tie into why the speed of light is related to why or how energy can become mass in the first place? Because that's what I was actually trying to figure out when I went down this rabbit hole.)

submitted by /u/graaahh
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After accounting for supply chain, what's the cleanest power source humans have?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 12:23 AM PST

I've often heard that nuclear is actually the cleanest and most efficient power source we have after accounting for the supply chain impacts. Like solar's supply chain (getting the minerals from the earth) is really expensive, damages the ecosystem due to mining, and causes tons of pollution.

I want to know if this is actually true. or at least be directed to sources that could help me answer this question. Thanks!

submitted by /u/klabboy
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Do subliminal messages really work?

Posted: 10 Mar 2018 09:11 AM PST

I just downloaded a program called "Subliminal Messages."

It claims that by flashin text too fast for me to read it can help me do things like quit smoking, have more confidence, etc.

Is this true?

submitted by /u/memesplaining
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How do we know what colors animals can detect?

Posted: 10 Mar 2018 04:55 PM PST

The earliest stars were composed of hydrogen and helium, do subsequent stars follow this pattern, going through the periodic table, or does it 'plateau' or do something more fancy at some point?

Posted: 10 Mar 2018 07:34 AM PST

Would a Ball of Yarn solve the Coastline Paradox?

Posted: 11 Mar 2018 12:24 AM PST

I just watched the RealLifeLore video about the Coastline Paradox which says coastlines are like fractals. Is the perimeter of a country really infinite / could you hypothetically roll a ball of yarn around a landmass and then measure it to find the true length of coastline? Seems very counterintuitive.

submitted by /u/dennyboffa
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Can microwave irradiation actually change the chemical or physical properties of water? (Link to paper inside.)

Posted: 10 Mar 2018 07:20 AM PST

Unfortunately I got into a debate with a classmate over the whole "microwaved water kills plants" myth. I see that Snopes has debunked it, and the whole idea doesn't fit with my basic knowledge of science. But my classmate came back with the below journal article, and it's way above my pay grade. Is there anything to it? Is this study credible and do its conclusions actually support the assertion that microwaves can change the chemical or physical properties of water?

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aot/2017/5260912/

submitted by /u/dont_gold_me
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Does a reaction's equilibrium constant change when placed in a high magnetic field?

Posted: 10 Mar 2018 08:37 AM PST

How are submarines kept insulated?

Posted: 10 Mar 2018 09:30 AM PST

In the sense of temperature, not electricity.

submitted by /u/FreakOfTheWoods
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How do phones know their battery percentage?

Posted: 10 Mar 2018 03:10 PM PST

How do accents form?

Posted: 10 Mar 2018 01:04 PM PST

As an example, why did the Colonials from England lose their British accents as time went by if these colonists retained their homogenous way of life. I'm of course talking about a generational change. I don't necessarily mean the original people's accents changed through their lifetimes.

submitted by /u/Boba3964
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Why do all molecules vibrate?

Posted: 10 Mar 2018 02:10 PM PST

Hi all, just recently started using IR and Raman spectrometer, and I know they receive signal of vibrational energy emitted from molecules of the sample.. However, I cannot get my mind around why they are vibrating in the first place?

submitted by /u/ksilek
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How is there snow on mount everest, if the clouds are below it?

Posted: 10 Mar 2018 11:33 AM PST