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Wednesday, March 7, 2018

Do animals in the wild get STDs?

Do animals in the wild get STDs?

Do animals in the wild get STDs?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 07:32 PM PST

I imagine that most animals have many different mates and that there is no concept of safe sex, so if they don't have STDs like humans do, why not

submitted by /u/Junglemath
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How do flash grenades work?

Posted: 07 Mar 2018 02:29 AM PST

What causes the flash, as well as the loud noise?

submitted by /u/Bugge_
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What do the true orbits of planets and around the Sun look like?

Posted: 07 Mar 2018 04:24 AM PST

I have a 5th grade understanding of how planets orbit the Sun. Where can I find a true depiction of how all the planets orbit the Sun? In my mind and how we were taught was that visually they orbit all on a flat plane. That can't be possible, that's why I'm asking.

submitted by /u/16F33
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Are there parts on fighter aircraft that can only reach maximum performance after having been in-use for a certain duration?

Posted: 07 Mar 2018 06:39 AM PST

Assuming the craft hasn't been exposed to harsh winter conditions. Say similiar to the brakes on a Formula One car.

submitted by /u/W4spoon
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How are space telescopes shielded against cosmic rays?

Posted: 07 Mar 2018 02:43 AM PST

Space telescopes usually record photons as counts by converting their energy into an electric signal. But seeing as how cosmic rays may register as counts as well, I'm assuming they somehow need to be kept out of the equation. But how is this usually achieved?

submitted by /u/praveerk
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 07 Mar 2018 07:07 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How far away can you measure the heat from a volcano?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 10:42 PM PST

In large "energy storage" projects, is kW/kWh determined by the series/parallel configuration of batteries?

Posted: 07 Mar 2018 07:38 AM PST

In big energy storage projects, are the power and energy determined mostly by the arrangement of all of the batteries?

For example, if I have 16 batteries in a 4x4 arrangement (4 in series, each string in parallel), maybe I get 400kW/400kWh. Can I change that to a 2x8 arrangement and have 200kW/800kWh?

If a company bought a 400kW/400kWh system, would the cost be the same as a 200kW/800kWh system?

submitted by /u/esq55505
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How does electricity cause magnetism and vice versa?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 08:50 PM PST

Im studying electricity (not for a degree or anything, just for fun) and Im a little bit confused on something and everyone I ask seems to shy away from the question without giving me an answer. I understand that flowing electrons can create a magnetic field, and how a changing magnetic field can induce a voltage on a conductor, but im just wondering why? As in whats going on on the electron level, how do electrons and a magnetic field interact with each other?

I feel like any answer will give me a better grasp of the concept which would be so awesome thanks for your help!!!!

submitted by /u/constructedprojects
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Does the pressure of water in a bucket increase if I swing the bucket around in a circle?

Posted: 07 Mar 2018 02:36 AM PST

In the classic "bucket" demonstration of centrifugal force (example here: http://www.physicscentral.com/experiment/physicsathome/centripetal-force.cfm ), does the pressure of water in the bucket increase when I swing the bucket around?

What about a bucket of air - will the air pressure in the bucket increase as I swing the bucket around?

If so, then if I invert the bucket so the open end is facing outward, would the pressure of air in the bucket decrease as it is swung around? With enough speed (and very strong arms), could a vacuum be formed in the bucket?

submitted by /u/Beanbag_Ninja
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Is there a limit to the width of lightning ?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 12:15 PM PST

I have never seen lightning closeup but guess it to be around 10cm diameter, with its actual size proportional to the energy being transferred in the single (sustained) arc My question to the science community is are there upper or lower limits on the width of lightning when there is a single strike hitting the ground, thanks. Ps. I guess it's a physics flare,

submitted by /u/Trashbrain00
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Is the total energy of the universe constant?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 05:44 PM PST

During a class of thermodynamics, it hits me that first law is the conservation of energy; energy can't be created nor destroyed.

So is the total energy of the whole universe a set amount?

submitted by /u/acruXbecruX
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Why does it rain in South Caucasus in Summer but in North Caucasus in Winter?

Posted: 07 Mar 2018 02:41 AM PST

Hi there,

So, I am a geography lover from Azerbaijan, and I have been questioning a certain phenomena for a while. Well, Azerbaijan is a subtropical country with Mediterranean climate, so most of the rain (600 mm is the annual average) here drops in winter. But, in the mountains of South (or lesser) Caucasus rain drops mainly in summer (about 800 mm a year). I am wondering why is this so.

I think it would be helpful if I would supply you with some important geographical features.

  • The highest point of Northern Caucasus in Azerbaijan is about 4466m while for the south it is 3764m. The Northern Caucasus is on average taller, colder, and humider than the South one. Norht also has more body of water and is much closer to the Caspian than the South one.

  • From South Caucasus to the Caspian Sea (lake) stretches the basin of Kura river, which is largely a semi-desert with an average rainfall of 200-300 mm.

  • From South Caucasus to the West stertches the Armenian highlands and the finally the Mediterranean Sea. The from the Meditterenean to the Azerbaijan moves what we call "The Southern Cyclones" which create precipitation and milder weather in the summer.

The map can be found here

Thanks beforehand!

submitted by /u/ibayramli1489
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How can we know that the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is persistent throughout the universe?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 12:29 PM PST

  • How can we tell that the radiation we detect is not just present in our immediate vicinity?
  • Wouldn't we have to make sky survey measurements in interstellar space to be sure?
submitted by /u/blahreport
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If this experiment succeeds, would that confirm the existence of the graviton?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 02:49 PM PST

https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-find-a-way-to-see-the-grin-of-quantum-gravity-20180306/

If gravity is confirmed to be a quantum phenomenon, does that mean that the graviton will have been confirmed to exist?

submitted by /u/Popopopper123
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Did all large dinosaurs die within the first 24 hours of the meteor strike?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 04:38 PM PST

Is there a maximum possible acceleration?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 05:19 PM PST

In nuclear reactors, what would controllers do if the control rods failed to move?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 09:41 AM PST
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Tuesday, March 6, 2018

Why is the background smooth in IBM in atoms?

Why is the background smooth in IBM in atoms?

Why is the background smooth in IBM in atoms?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 03:28 PM PST

In this picture it says the background consists of "a substrate of chilled crystal of nickel" but why isn't this background also a bunch of individual atoms? Why is it smooth?

submitted by /u/alphaindy
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Are fighter aircraft noticeably "weighed-down" by their armaments?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 05:33 AM PST

Say a fighter pilot gets into a combat situation, and they end up dropping all their missiles/bombs/etc, how does that affect the performance of the aircraft? Can the jet fly faster or maneuver better without their loaded weaponry? Can a pilot actually "feel" a difference while flying? I guess I'm just interested in payload dynamics as it applies to fighter jets.

submitted by /u/Marcus_Nutticus
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Do plastic water bottles leech toxins from the plastic into the water?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 04:55 PM PST

Why is there a tidal bulge on the side of the Earth facing away from the moon?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 04:03 AM PST

There are two high tides per day, but we face the moon only once. Even when there is a new moon and the sun and moon are aligned in the sky, there are still two tides per day. How?

submitted by /u/fuccimama79
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What is the most recent opinion on artificial sweeteners and health?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 08:50 AM PST

I have heard mixed opinions on whether or not artificial sweeteners are better or worse than refined sugars. I have seen some literature stating that sweeteners increased cancer risk in rodents, but other research denouncing this due to different organ models in the rodents relative to primates.

Is anyone up to date on this field?

submitted by /u/dielawn87
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Why does an algae bloom deplete disolved oxygen in the ocean and why doesnt it add oxygen through photosynthesis?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 02:06 AM PST

How do SONAR systems actually produce such loud noises?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 02:02 AM PST

It seems incredible that such a small device is capable of producing noise up to, what, 235 decibels?

How in the world is this possible?

submitted by /u/Uncharmful-
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If a person kicked off from the ISS towards the surface of the Earth, would they ever actually fall to Earth or just stay in a slightly more elliptical orbit?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 12:19 AM PST

Why are most studies on retinal ganglion cells done on salamanders?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 04:41 AM PST

Is there any reason why we haven't built permanent habitats in the ocean?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 11:14 PM PST

I was curious if there was something stopping our technology or there's a reason we're opting to build on other planets before building homes under the water?

submitted by /u/HarmoniousJ
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Are there any astronomical or physical terms beginning with X other than X-Ray?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 02:06 PM PST

I'm writing an A-to-Z children's book about astronomy (A is for Asteroid, etc.), and I'd really like to use something more interesting or at least creative than X is for X-Ray. Thanks! =D

submitted by /u/Acoustic_Colton
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How do I address +19 Exabytes of data?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 01:17 PM PST

Technically a computer science question. Currently our computing systems I'm aware of are based on a 64 bit architecture and the maximum 64 bit number is just under 18.5 Quintillion. Based on my understanding that means there'd be a theoretical limit to address space identifiers at the same level.

1.) Is my assertion correct that a 64-bit architecture cannot address beyond 18.5 quintillion storage bytes?

2.) Are there beyond 64-bit architectures that may eventually be deployed large-scale?

3.) Does anyone even care? Apparently to generate that much data the human race needs to exist for a few more centuries yet.

submitted by /u/DNGTA
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How do convection currents affect how plates move?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 09:42 PM PST

This is partly to help my 8th grade son. He uses an "interactive notebook" which is the biggest piece of crap I have ever seen. The teacher puts random notes in the notebook without anything that clearly explains anything.

This is not to be confused with how heat affects density, causing the heat to move up and then down (a separate concept that is clear).

His science notes state the following:

(1) "Rising convection currents cause plates to separate";

(2) "Sinking convection currents cause plates to converge".

His notes also say that:

(3) convergent convection currents cause convergent boundaries and;

(4) divergent convection currents cause divergent boundaries.

It seems to me that (1) works with (3) and (4) to either separate or converge plates (not just separate). However, (2) does not make any sense to me at all.

Are (1) and (2) correct? If so, how? The whole premise of tectonic plate movement is that the plates move and create boundaries based on the convection currents. If the convection currents sink, how can they affect the plates? If the convection rises, why would it only separate plates? What if the convection currents are converging or moving toward each other?

Does everything else seem to align correctly as proposed? It makes sense to me that the plates act like they are on a "conveyor belt", and that 2 conveyor belts can drive the plates together (collision) or apart (separation) depending on which direction the conveyors are running.

Or what are we not understanding here?

submitted by /u/goodbrews
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Is it possible for a planet to have a ring system which is highly eccentric?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 11:29 PM PST

Say a planet captured a large body in a highly eccentric orbit which brought it close enough to the planet for tidal forces to rip it apart. Would the resulting debris maintain its orbit and produce a large elliptical ring? Or will the individual movements of the debris work to circularize/destroy the ring?

submitted by /u/BasiliskXVIII
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What Affects the Bohr Radius?

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 06:58 AM PST

The title explains itself. I've been told the number of electrons is the factor that reduces/increases the Bohr Radius, but I've also been told the same but protons instead of electrons. The no. of electrons seems to make the most sense, since the more/less electrons, the more/less energy needed to hold on to the electrons. Can someone confirm this for me? Thanks!

submitted by /u/DingleberrySmithChan
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Can someone please explain to me what the northern lights actually are? I saw them recently and tried to google what causes them, but I couldn't get my head round it at all.

Posted: 06 Mar 2018 12:57 AM PST

Does light have an amplitude?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 12:58 PM PST

I've taken a few university-level physics courses, so I feel like I should know the answer to this. Shorter-wavelengths are associated with "higher energy" when talking about light, such as X-, Gamma-, or UV-rays.

When we talk about waves in other media (such as sound), we talk about not only the wavelength, but the amplitude. In sound, the wavelength affects the pitch but the amplitude affects the volume. Is there something similar with light? I've sort of been working under the impression that you can't have different amplitudes of light, and that light intensity is based on the density of photons emitted, not the properties of the photons themselves.

submitted by /u/nikstick22
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Is the heat energy that we get from the sun just from Photons?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 08:34 AM PST

Why are we told to drink fluids when we have the flu?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 02:20 PM PST

How does the body generate heat?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 09:27 AM PST

In solar fusion, when two hydrogen atoms fuse into helium, where does the neutron come from?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 01:12 PM PST

I know with manmade fusion reactions, deuterium and tritium are used for greater yield partly due to having neutrons.

submitted by /u/aschesklave
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Can you use a volumetric pipette in space?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 06:10 PM PST

So we were doing a chemistry lab and the question comes up, how would astronauts pipette in space? Is there like a zero-g micropipette or Pasteur pipette? If not then how would you perform precise experiments in space?

submitted by /u/spacemonkey1990
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Could you make a nuke with Americium?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 09:51 PM PST

The reason I'm asking is because at work I get to use a nuke gauge to test the density of concrete. Inside the gauge is Cesium and Americum. Americium is the more radioactive element so I want to focus on that. Could you create a weapon out of Americium? I know this isn't a efficient way of doing things otherwise it would have been done by now. But my lack of understanding radioactivity makes me wonder. I just don't understand how something like uranium has a lower atomic mass, compared to Americium yet has a much longer half life. In fact that raises another question if uranium has a longer half life doesn't that mean it losses less longer? Making Americium more unstable since it only has a half life of like 240 years? Wouldn't this make Americium perfect for energy use since it seems like it would be giving off more energy?

submitted by /u/jsmith1997
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Monday, March 5, 2018

Why do grapefruits and grapefruit juice interact so much with so many types of medications?

Why do grapefruits and grapefruit juice interact so much with so many types of medications?

Why do grapefruits and grapefruit juice interact so much with so many types of medications?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 09:40 PM PST

Does the energy produced by a solar panel during its lifespan exceed that required for its production?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 02:16 AM PST

Why are snowflakes flat? Why not something with more depth?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 05:35 AM PST

Do EMPs affect electrical signals in the brain?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 05:42 PM PST

What is the Van der Waal Force?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 07:18 AM PST

I've been reading some stuff about it but the definitions are so convoluted and not in lay men's terms. I can't understand what it is.

submitted by /u/ThePioneer99
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If the First Law of Thermodynamics is unbreakable, then how can the Universe be?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 06:17 AM PST

So we know that we have The Universe where "energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can be neither created nor destroyed", but at the same time there was a time where the Universe was not the Universe, be it pre-Big Bang or earlier. So how can we have a situation where the energy of the Universe is made manifest, if energy can be neither created or destroyed.

Or am I missing something and the First Law of Thermodynamics is breakable?

submitted by /u/mahaanus
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Why can't any computer run any program?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 03:30 PM PST

Why couldnt't a cell phone for example run windows, just slower because of less memory and other stats to the computer? Or what is it that prevents this from being possible?

submitted by /u/Shupsta
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Marijuana has ~113 known cannabinoids, but our bodies have only two known cannabanoid receptors. What is the function of our cannabinoid receptors, and how do they react with cannabinoids in Marijuana to produce Marijuana's effects?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 10:00 PM PST

Why does silicon-based lubricant degrade silicon?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 09:35 PM PST

Yes, I'm asking a question about sex toys.

submitted by /u/_JosiahBartlet
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Why do the angles in a triangle add to 180 degrees, but if you walk the lines of a triangle you would turn 360 degrees?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 01:19 PM PST

Can artificial light power solar panels?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 06:22 PM PST

Is the energy of annihilation in neutrinoless double beta decay passed to the emitting electrons?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 06:06 AM PST

I have a question about majorana fermion annihilation process. MOre specifically, neutrinoless double beta decay. This interaction produces only the two β electrons, which carry the whole reaction energy Qββ. Does this mean that both neutrinos (which are their own antiparticle) annihilate and pass the energy of this process to emitting electrons? Or how is this process happening?

submitted by /u/Veve_cg
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What happens to visual processing when we blink?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 05:36 PM PST

More specifically, does the actual act of closing our eyes have any effects on the way vision is processed other than just blocking light from our eyes?

submitted by /u/SteelBeams4JetFuel
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Why are M Dwarf stars so volatile?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 05:22 AM PST

Apparently, Proxima Centauri roasted Proxima b last year in a giant solar flare. Why are these smaller stars so variable, if that's the word? Aren't they cooler? My mind hurts.

submitted by /u/Raskov75
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What is the absolute magnitude of an average star?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 05:07 AM PST

As the title states, what is the absolute magnitude of an average star? I'm trying to estimate the number of stars in a galaxy from a photo I've taken.

submitted by /u/NoobLord98
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What happens to the electrons in the positive plate of capacitor?

Posted: 05 Mar 2018 12:23 AM PST

So battery and a capacitor are connected.

The electrons are attracted to the positive terminal and will flow from the minues terminal to the capacitor plate. This negative charge of the plate will push electrons away from the other plate, making the second plate positively charged.

What happened to the electrons in the positive plate? I assume those electrons get pushed back into the positive terminal.

Doesn't this now mean the voltage between the battery terminals is less now? Because the positive terminal gained electrons. So then the attraction force pulling electrons is lower than original, right? So the voltage of the battery has dropped. Shouldn't this mean the voltage of when the capacitor and battery are equal is a lower voltage than the battery? Because if we say the capacitor will charge to the original battery voltage, doesn't this imply that even though the positive terminal gained electrons, the battery voltage has remained the same? Kind of weird to think about, if you imagine a +2 charge and two electrons separated. Say one electron goes to the +2 particle, so what's left is +1 particle and 1 electron. Now the force and hence voltage between the electron and positive particle is less because the other electron neutralized one positive charge.

So what I'm saying is:

Yes, I agree the battery and capacitor voltages will eventually be equal.

But the voltage at which this happens is lower than the original battery voltage.

Am I right? Is saying the capacitor will reach the original battery voltage just a simplification?

submitted by /u/yosimba2000
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Do animals shed their winter coats at the same time every year? Or does it depend on whether it's actually getting warmer outside?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 05:35 PM PST

It's still pretty cold outside, but my cat is shedding. This lead to me think about whether it needs to be getting warm outside for animals to start shedding their winter coats, or if it just happens at the same time every year no matter the weather.

submitted by /u/justupvotes
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How does antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion work?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 09:56 PM PST

Believe it is also called "spiked fusion," but that may be something else (could someone maybe confirm?). Additional questions:

What is the composition of the "fuel pellets" used in this technique?

How would one make these fuel pellets?

Are these fuel pellets Is this from of propulsion more efficient than modern rocket thrusters? If so by what magnitude?

submitted by /u/HaythamJubilee
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Which has a higher density of asteroids, the asteroid belt or the Jupiter Trojans?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 07:52 PM PST

When someone receives a blood transfusion or an organ transplant, what happens to the donor's DNA?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 01:53 PM PST

Does it get changed to the receiver's DNA somehow? Does it affect/change the receiver's DNA? How does it work?

submitted by /u/gottagetstabbed
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How do light sensors (Ir thermometers, laser range finders) detect the exact wavelength of light from the source while ignoring all other light sources?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 07:27 PM PST

Any modern day locations have thousands of light sources. How can a sensor filter out everything else to detect that one single wavelength?

submitted by /u/striker7770
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Does dairy have the same environmental impact as beef?

Posted: 04 Mar 2018 08:21 PM PST

This answer, at first seems clear, but I'm not sure how simple it is. Everyone knows and expresses how bad beef is, but they never say much about dairy. Is it better? Worse? In terms of land usage, greenhouse gases, used water?

submitted by /u/fortkevin10
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