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Friday, March 2, 2018

When experiencing Sleep Paralysis some people feel like they can't move while others instead are met with a feeling of deep fear. What is the cause of that?

When experiencing Sleep Paralysis some people feel like they can't move while others instead are met with a feeling of deep fear. What is the cause of that?


When experiencing Sleep Paralysis some people feel like they can't move while others instead are met with a feeling of deep fear. What is the cause of that?

Posted: 02 Mar 2018 01:51 AM PST

I've known people with sleep paralysis where they dreamed they couldn't move and panicked in their sleep, and others who instead felt they were too afraid to move while dreaming.

Are those two distinct versions of Sleep Paralysis or one and the same? And what causes the intense crippling fear? I'm talking about fear to move before even attempting to do so.

submitted by /u/JesusDeSaad
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If the fusion reactions in stars don't go beyond Iron, how did the heavier elements come into being? And moreover, how did they end up on earth?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 10:08 AM PST

I know the stellar death occurs when the fusion reactions stop owing to high binding energy per nucleon ratio of Iron and it not being favorable anymore to occur fusion. Then how come Uranium and other elements exist? I'm assuming everything came into being from Hydrogen which came into being after the Big bang.

Thank you everyone! I'm gonna go through the links in a bit. Thank you for the amazing answers!! :D

You guys are awesome!

submitted by /u/pr_notsmart
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What are the differences in brain function between someone in a coma and a person who is just sleeping?

Posted: 02 Mar 2018 05:36 AM PST

Other than the obvious "sleeping people wake up" are there any differences in brain signals or waves in a coma patient as opposed to me when I'm asleep? (Extra props for explaining someone's brain function while they're knocked out (like from a fight))

submitted by /u/Zebrathezebra
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If bleach kills 99.9% of germs, what kind of spooky stuff is surviving in bleach?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 04:54 PM PST

If you where to place a Newton's cradle in a vacuum would it go on forever? Or would gravity still slow it down?

Posted: 02 Mar 2018 05:43 AM PST

Is there any material that absorbs all sound waves like vantablack does for light?

Posted: 02 Mar 2018 02:18 AM PST

Are soundproofing materials even able to be as effective as vantablack? I know that sound deadening foams and stuff exists but from what I've had experience with they only muffle it at best.

submitted by /u/kewlio250
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Why do the planets seem to be semi-limited to one plane? Why do some planets not orbit “upwards” around the sun?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 06:45 PM PST

Is the energy of an EM pulse conserved in an expanding universe?

Posted: 02 Mar 2018 06:14 AM PST

Lets say I create an EM pulse with a specific total energy (and therefore also a specific number of photons at a specific wavelength) and let it propagate for billions of years through a vacuum. If I were then to measure the total energy of my pulse, would it be the same?

submitted by /u/cantfindanamethatisn
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How do astronomers pick up signals from the early universe?

Posted: 02 Mar 2018 02:02 AM PST

I understand they travel at the speed of light and are from far away, hence they are from billions of years ago , but if matter expands at less of the speed of light then shouldn't those signals have gone past us long ago ?

submitted by /u/fuckedbymath
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If a nuclear bomb would go off in mid air, what shape would the "mushroom" be ?

Posted: 02 Mar 2018 05:12 AM PST

I guess the mushroom shape everyone knows is also caused by the fact that the explosion occurs at ground level (or close below). If there is no restriction in any direction, what shape would the cloud have? Would there be two mushrooms? Would it be a sphere? If this is to... childish, please point me to the correct subreddit.

submitted by /u/i_i_v_o
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What happens to the Pacific Islands if the ice caps continue to melt? Will they be swallowed by the sea?

Posted: 02 Mar 2018 07:06 AM PST

I just recently found out through a DNA test that my father's family is from Guam. I had a dream last night that I was there and the ocean swallowed the island.... which got me thinking...

submitted by /u/jalexan4
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Why does northern Canada look so strange on Google Maps?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 06:35 PM PST

This is what I'm referring to. A lot of northern Canada appears to have this same texture on Google Maps. Why does it look like that? What does that kind of geography look like up-close/in-person?

submitted by /u/heavyLobster
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What Makes Someone Have A Better Memory Than Somebody Else?

Posted: 02 Mar 2018 02:09 AM PST

How does a flashbang grenade produce the “flash” effect?

Posted: 02 Mar 2018 07:20 AM PST

The does the piece of ice that's dropped down a bore hole make the strange sound towards the end?

Posted: 02 Mar 2018 07:08 AM PST

Why is Newtonian mechanics the most widely taught version of classical mechanics in the school room?

Posted: 02 Mar 2018 06:33 AM PST

I recently discovered there are various forms of mechanics that basically get to the same conclusions using different notations and operations. Newtonian, Hamiltonian, legrangian, routhian, Euler, etc. My understanding may be incorrect, but from my research it seems all of the smartest scientists and mathematicians in the old days basically came up with the same thing, only Newton typically gets the credit.

Why is Newtonian the version most taught in schools, and why do the other not even appear in basic physics textbooks?

submitted by /u/jumpmanjump25
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How do warm blooded animals maintain a stable internal temperature?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 04:39 PM PST

I know that humans maintain a universal body temperature (like 98 F), is this the same for all warmblooded animals? Or do other animals have a wider range? Also how is this heat generated, especially for humans because if 98 degrees Fahrenheit is our internal temperature, why is 75 F considered comfortable? Why is 98 F not considered comfortable? (sorry if this seems sporadic, my mind has trouble focusing)

submitted by /u/The_Real_Ernie
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What is the difference between Inertial Confinement Fusion and Magnetic Confinement Fusion? Which one is preferable?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 04:51 PM PST

Why is time measured with vibrations of the cesium atom?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 07:24 PM PST

from Wikipedia:

SI unit of time = "The duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom."

What does the "hyperfine level of ground state" mean? Why is it relevant?

submitted by /u/Stadius1
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Is the decreasing magnitude of the South Atlantic Anomaly magnetic field related to the upcoming core pole switch?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 11:35 AM PST

The Southern Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) describes an area around South America where the geometry of the Van Allen belt leads to a significantly higher area of background radiation. According to some graphs of the field strength, the Van Allen effect appears to be decreasing in a nearly linear fashion over time at a rate of about 0.25 µT/decade (2.5 mGauss/decade). I was wondering if it could be related to the flux within Earth's core, since it is expected to flip poles "soon" (on a geological timescale). This article discusses the changes and suggests that the loss in intensity is related to the increasing area of the field, not of the strength itself.

I had never heard of the SAA until recently and was intrigued.

submitted by /u/Tetrazene
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What determines the length of a species’ average life span?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 05:40 PM PST

Has science determined what determines the average life span of a species? For example, why do tortoises live 100+ years and dogs live only 10-15 years?

submitted by /u/kmckenzie256
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Thursday, March 1, 2018

Is the Japanese surgical/dust mask trend actually helping lower the % of people getting sick over there?

Is the Japanese surgical/dust mask trend actually helping lower the % of people getting sick over there?


Is the Japanese surgical/dust mask trend actually helping lower the % of people getting sick over there?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 03:30 PM PST

Have there been actual studies? Or how about just comparing their infection vs population rates to begin with?

submitted by /u/Samdi
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Does the temperature of food increase linearly in a microwave?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 08:00 PM PST

Does adding 5 or 10 more seconds actually do much?

submitted by /u/ProNoodles
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Do prions affect viruses?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 06:42 AM PST

We use viruses to attack bacteria. So I thought, why not use prions to attack viruses by targeting their protein shells? There's a ton of other questions surrounding that suggestion, but I wanted to start with what I thought was a simple question. I'm not finding any research on if prions affect viruses at all, though.

submitted by /u/Codered911495
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Does a Photon Have a Set Amplitude? Does it Make Sense to Ask That Question?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 07:20 AM PST

For a while now I've had a couple issues with my interpretation of light. My fundamental picture of light is a vibration in the electromagnetic field. I tend to imagine a ripple in a sheet or something similar propagating out.

My main questions:

Is a photon just that? A ripple in the electromagnetic field?

Do different energy photons have different amplitudes as well as frequencies?

When explaining light waves are we talking about the same 'ripple' in the EM filed as I take a photon to be?

My confusion stemmed mainly from when I saw a gif showing a sine wave made up of little balls (photons) that was supposed to be demonstrating what light 'is'

I'm not very confident in my conception of light. Anyone able to clear some stuff up would be much appreciated!! THANKS

P.S When talking about QFT are the ripples in the fields that make up the particles the same thing I'm talking about ^ up there ^ or something more abstract to do with probability functions?

submitted by /u/tip-top-honky-konk
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What are the nuclear propulsion systems viable for ballistic missiles?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 04:28 AM PST

President of Russia Vladimir Putin just delivered a speech to the federal assembly (Russian variant of the American State of of Union speech).

In that speech he talked at length about and showed videos of the nuclear ballistic missile with 'virtually unlimited flight time/distance, powered by nuclear propulsion systems, able to freely manoeuvre and avoid any conventional defences'.

Which methods of nuclear propulsion are there beside project orion? Are there any viable for ballistic missiles? Could they be used for space launches too?

What are the possible technologies involved?

Please let me know if this is the wrong subreddit, but I am really interested not in the political, but scientific and technological side of this thing.

submitted by /u/gsamat
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Does the heart get microtears like any other muscle? And if it doesn't, why can it keep going non stop unlike say your bicep?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 09:36 PM PST

Why doesn't the galvanized zinc coating on steel crack off during expansion and contraction due to the different coefficients of thermal expansion?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 07:02 AM PST

Why are certain disorders (Sickle Cell Anemia) linked to ONLY 1 mutation, whereas others (PKU) are linked to over 500 mutations?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 09:31 PM PST

Sickle Cell anemia is linked to one mutation, whereas PKU, and several others, are such that "over 500 mutations" are identified that cause the disorders.

Why is this? Are some mutations more common than others? Do the proofreading methods only work in certain parts of DNA?

submitted by /u/sbundlab
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How exactly do NSAIDS (like ibuprofen) increase the risk of heart attacks?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 07:52 AM PST

Why do other planets and moons have so many craters but earth does not?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 07:22 AM PST

I saw this picture of Pluto and saw the sheer amount of craters on the surface and compared it to our moon. Then I figured, mars has a large amount of craters too, but earth does not?

Image: https://twitter.com/cosmossup/status/968779684732338176?s=21

submitted by /u/fluxitv
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What object shape and material can attain the highest terminal velocity during free fall?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 07:15 AM PST

Everything has wind resistance, eg, coins will flip over and over. Will a ball reach the highest speed? Something else? What material would be best if it even matters?

submitted by /u/megladaniel
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Light from distant stars is from millions of years ago... if we could see far enough wouldn't we see light from the big bang in all directions?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 07:17 PM PST

Making existence one big light sphere of space and time?

submitted by /u/walkingmercy
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How is chemistry possible pre 19th century?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 07:38 PM PST

How did scientist from the 1800's and earlier know about chemical structures? The first chemical equation was drawn in 1615 by Jean Beguin. How is that possible?

submitted by /u/dangitgrotto
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Are there groups of animals where "A and B can have fertile offspring", "B and C can can have fertile offspring", but "A and C cannot"?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 05:14 AM PST

I was thinking about the fuzzy definition of species and I think I might have heard of living animal groups like this. Are there examples of this? Is there a term for this kind of relationship? Can the relationship be very continuous with many intermediates between two groups? If we could create any conceivable animal we wanted, could we create a line of intermediate breeders between any two species? In some definitions, would that make those two now the same "species"?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/RickAndMorty101Years
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What is the naming system of time periods?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 01:03 PM PST

From what I can tell, Eons are the biggest time period. And they are split up into eras, which are then split into periods. What determines a change in period, era and eon? How long can each one be? Is there anything shorter than a period? Longer than an eon?

Basically my question is, how is time divided? Sorry if I'm unclear.

submitted by /u/KscottH
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What happens if you give a patient a non-compatible blood type? Eg. an O- patient is given AB+ blood.

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 07:07 AM PST

What causes the blurry line on the edge of a shockwave?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 12:02 AM PST

Here's a recent post from /r/shockwaveporn that shows it very clearly. What is this exactly? Does the pressure from the blast compress the air to the point it changes how the light from the background moves through it, causing the blur?

submitted by /u/WizardSleeves118
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When you see a picture of a friend or relative on social media, (particularly a profile picture) does your brain respond the same way it would if you saw them in person?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 08:10 PM PST

I wondered if profile pictures could become familiar to you in the same way that a face is.

submitted by /u/Theyre_Onto_Me_
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How do you calculate the focal length of a multi-lens setup?

Posted: 01 Mar 2018 02:57 AM PST

I'm trying to make a tool for my lab at work that calculates the effective focal length, back focal length and forward focal length of a doublet lens based on the dimensions and refractive index of the individual lenses.

I'm not sure if my equations are just too simplified or I'm wrong altogether. So far I'm just using the equation P = P1 + P2 -dP1P2 where P is the power and d is the separation between individual lenses.

Can anyone direct me to a derivation of how something like this tool here works? http://www.optolife.com/focal_length.html

submitted by /u/crispyrolls93
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Can someone with a weakened immune system receive a vaccine?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 08:36 PM PST

I was wondering if the weakened form of the virus would have free reign over the body due to the fact that the immune system can't do away with it.

submitted by /u/LeemireShapton
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How do space organizations, like NASA, communicate with all these probes and devices at such long distances?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 06:26 PM PST

For example things like the Mars Curiosity rover, the probe we sent to Jupiter, etc.

submitted by /u/Diazepam
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Are neutrons fired from somewhere to get a fission reaction started?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 06:26 PM PST

In a power plant, I know that U-235 gets hit by a neutron then splits to Krypton and Barium releasing more neutrons to hit more U-235 atoms, etc. What I'm wondering is when the fuel rods are first dipped in the water, where do the initial neutrons come from to get the reaction started? Is there a machine that fires neutrons at the fuel rods?

submitted by /u/avernii
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Wednesday, February 28, 2018

Can you feel the difference between low and high oxygen concentration levels?

Can you feel the difference between low and high oxygen concentration levels?


Can you feel the difference between low and high oxygen concentration levels?

Posted: 27 Feb 2018 09:13 PM PST

Say your room had the usual about 20% oxygen levels in the air. If you had an air purifier or pump hooked up to an oxygen tank to get the levels up to around 95-100% oxygen, would you feel any noticeable difference in breathing? Would it be easier to breathe? What kind of fire hazards would there be?

Thanks.

EDIT: Since apparently having the oxygen levels too high is dangerous, what if it were raised above 20% but below 80%?

submitted by /u/micahbob091
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Is there any mathematical proof that was at first solved in a very convoluted manner, but nowadays we know of a much simpler and elegant way of presenting the same proof?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 04:21 AM PST

Why do Sloths move so lethargically?

Posted: 27 Feb 2018 05:49 PM PST

How do we currently measure the age of galaxies?

Posted: 27 Feb 2018 07:56 PM PST

Does the size of the black hole at its centre have any relation to its age?

submitted by /u/Homer89
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Is there an equation that would tell me when the sun is up or down based on my location, month, day, and time? I want my phone to do so some stuff every day based on whether it's dark or not at certain times.

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 03:33 AM PST

Living in Canada, sunrise and sunset times vary quite a bit in different seasons. I imagine there should be some kind of polynomial, unique to my latitude, that takes into account the month, day, and time that is, say, positive if it's daytime and negative if it's nighttime.

Does any such thing exist?

submitted by /u/Hotel_Joy
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Can mountain and lowland gorillas interbreed?

Posted: 27 Feb 2018 06:43 PM PST

If so, has this ever happened? What would the result be like?

submitted by /u/randoogle_
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Does our Moon control the rotation speed of the Earth?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 06:17 AM PST

Why have I heard that increasing the amount of lanes on the road won’t stop traffic jams?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 03:15 AM PST

My city council is proposing to add an extra lane on the freeway in order to combat the traffic that congests during peak hours. However, I've heard that adding an extra lane won't actually stop a traffic jam. What is the science behind this?

submitted by /u/ccy92
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Do just liquids have pH? Or do all states of matter?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 05:58 AM PST

I only ever see pH being talked about with liquids. Could a solid or gas have pH?

Is it just that we can't measure the pH of the other states of matter, or does a material simply lose the property of pH when it freezes or boils?

If they still have a pH, how would we measure it? And if the pH is not measurable when in a non-liquid state, can we just liquify it and then measure the pH? Does this measured pH still apply once we then freeze or boil the liquid?

submitted by /u/xProphetOfRegret
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What is the impact of air travel on weather patterns?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 05:51 AM PST

I've often wondered if airports and flight paths create enough disruption to natural airflow to change weather's patterns, does this happen? If so, is the same or similar experienced with road vehicle movements too?

(Not sure if the flair is right for this topic, can change if needed)

submitted by /u/DanDannyDanDan
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Are there any products/processes that would benefit from being manufactured in a microgravity environment?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 05:04 AM PST

NASA astronauts returned to earth yesterday from the ISS, and some of their research included investigations into the manufacturing of fiber optic filaments in microgravity. This got me wondering if any other kinds of manufacturing could be improved in microgravity.

submitted by /u/LEtoile-du-Nord
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 07:07 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why chickenpox symptoms tend to be worse in adults than in children?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 06:37 AM PST

Are there any (relatively) accurate maps of Earth during the Last Glacial Maximum?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 04:51 AM PST

I've seen small maps of areas like Doggerland, but I was hoping to find something of the entire planet. I'm particularly interested in what Florida looked like; I know the Gulf to the west of Florida is relatively shallow.

submitted by /u/Pileus
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Are water reservoirs always placed at a higher elevation than the regions they supply? Or do pumping stations do a lot of the work that gravity doesn’t?

Posted: 27 Feb 2018 05:45 PM PST

Why do whales breach?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 06:11 AM PST

Title. I couldn't get a concrete answer on Google and hoping for your insights.

submitted by /u/kerapang
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How do fitbits measure heart rate?

Posted: 28 Feb 2018 05:39 AM PST

Hi all!

Older heart rate monitors (and many cardio machines today) used pairs of metal contacts.

Fitbits (and other modern wearable heart rate monitors) use what seems to me like a CMOS sensor and two green LEDs. How exactly is the device measuring my heart rate? How accurate is it? How reliable (depending on where it is on my arm or how tight it is, etc) is it?

EDIT: I was torn between the Engineering flair and the human body one. I'm more interested in the device's way of function, so I chose Engineering.

submitted by /u/blackbat24
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How do physicists come up with equations?

Posted: 27 Feb 2018 03:53 PM PST

I'm asking because I've always wondered how they came up with the relationship in equations like in Boyle's law or with Newton's gravitational equation. Did they just try random dimensions of variables, do they base if off of observed phoninina or is there some method I don't know about?

submitted by /u/EON199
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Why is 68% of all land mass in the Northern Hemisphere while less than half of that (32%) is in the Southern Hemisphere?

Posted: 27 Feb 2018 03:07 PM PST

How does an object get electrocuted by sharing a body of water with an electric circuit?

Posted: 27 Feb 2018 08:31 PM PST

If the circuit is closed, wouldn't the easiest path for electricity be through the circuit?

submitted by /u/nachtstiel
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