When did scientists realize that Jupiter had no solid ground?

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• When did scientists realize that Jupiter had no solid ground?
• We hear a lot about new ways to generate electricity, such as fusion. But are there any new developments in the way we harness heat and transform it into electricity?
• What determines when our hunger is satisfied?
• What does the Hubble constant represent?
• Why is India a “subcontinent”, but not the Arabian Peninsula or Greenland? Both are roughly the same size as India, and they’re both more separated from their “parent continents” than India is.
• How did Issac Newton go about making the primary mirror for his Newtonian telescope?
• How does the hardness of water ice at temperatures near 0 K compare to the hardness of rock (say granite) at room temperature?
• Can Cherenkov radiation occur in materials other than water?
• Is there a mathematical way to represent distribution of a substance through stirring?
• What is the difference among CT scans, PET scans, and MRIs? More specifically, what is each one used for?
• How long does it take antibacterial soaps or gels to kill 99% of bacteria?
• What is nowadays real world application of Reed-Muller codes?
• How Do Scientists Control What Cells Embryonic Stem Cells Turn Into?
• Why do stimulants calm people with ADD/ADHD?
• How are we not losing signals constantly if satellites are orbiting around the Earth?
• How did the idea develop from 'the sun is a ball of literal fire' to 'it is a nuclear fusion reactor'?
• [Biology] Can dogs recognize themselves from a picture or video or live (I.E. selfie camera) video/picture?
• What are the implications of negative friction?
• Why is it considered implausible for a piston-powered, propeller-driven aircraft to break the sound barrier, and then how does a prop setup fundamentally differ from a turbine setup?
• What are some of the oldest games?
• How do scientists measure "positive selection" for specific genes?
• What is the math/physics behind a sonic boom?

When did scientists realize that Jupiter had no solid ground? Posted: 26 Feb 2018 04:36 AM PST I watched the 1953 version of "War of the Worlds" over the weekend, and it said that the aliens wouldn't go there, because the surface was largely volcanic, so I was wondering when they realized that it has no solid ground. Thanks in advance! submitted by /u/Henry_Burris [link] [comments]

We hear a lot about new ways to generate electricity, such as fusion. But are there any new developments in the way we harness heat and transform it into electricity? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 08:56 PM PST I hear a lot about fusion and "new-generation" fission reactors being potentially revolutionary in the way we generate electricity. However, it is my understanding that it will be a new way to generate heat, while we will still use old-school steam turbines to convert heat into electricity. My question is, are there any theoretical or "moonshot" ideas of a more efficient way to generate electricity submitted by /u/Phantom160 [link] [comments]

What determines when our hunger is satisfied? Posted: 26 Feb 2018 06:05 AM PST Is it the amount of calories consumed? Volume of the food we ate? How saturated our stomach is? A combination of all of this? For example if I would drink 2000 calories worth of olive oil, should I technically have satisfied my daily need of hunger? submitted by /u/CrippledFetusBoy [link] [comments]

What does the Hubble constant represent? Posted: 26 Feb 2018 06:12 AM PST A recent NASA report indicates that scientists think the universe is expanding at an increasing rate. The Hubble constant was revised up to 73 km per second per megaparsec. Does this mean that if you take two points in space that are a megaparsec apart, the space between them is growing at 73 km/s? So in 4107 years, these two points will be separated by an additional LY? submitted by /u/rugger62 [link] [comments]

Why is India a “subcontinent”, but not the Arabian Peninsula or Greenland? Both are roughly the same size as India, and they’re both more separated from their “parent continents” than India is. Posted: 25 Feb 2018 08:58 PM PST submitted by /u/TotallyKyle11 [link] [comments]

How did Issac Newton go about making the primary mirror for his Newtonian telescope? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 10:20 PM PST Reflector telescope mirrors are slightly concave to the point where the human eye can't see the curve. With Newton living centuries ago, what method did he use to make a mirror with that sort of parabolic curve? submitted by /u/Jfredolay [link] [comments]

How does the hardness of water ice at temperatures near 0 K compare to the hardness of rock (say granite) at room temperature? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 03:31 PM PST submitted by /u/Iamjackslameusername [link] [comments]

Can Cherenkov radiation occur in materials other than water? Posted: 26 Feb 2018 07:27 AM PST So the blue glow around nuclear materials and reactors is caused by electrons traveling faster than light in water. Simply put, can this phenomenon occur in other materials? What about transparent solids? submitted by /u/TVK777 [link] [comments]

Is there a mathematical way to represent distribution of a substance through stirring? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 05:32 PM PST Say I add a teaspoon of salt to a 1 quart pot of tomato sauce. How does stirring the pot distribute the salt? Is there a knowable number of stirs that maximizes distribution? submitted by /u/docbugzy [link] [comments]

What is the difference among CT scans, PET scans, and MRIs? More specifically, what is each one used for? Posted: 26 Feb 2018 05:53 AM PST What might a CT scan find that a PET scan or MRI might not? How does a doctor decide which one to order? submitted by /u/BrainEnema [link] [comments]

How long does it take antibacterial soaps or gels to kill 99% of bacteria? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 03:50 PM PST Is it instant for does it take time for all the bacteria to die that are exposed to the soap or gel? submitted by /u/stephenhues [link] [comments]

What is nowadays real world application of Reed-Muller codes? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 08:39 PM PST submitted by /u/tenmajr [link] [comments]

How Do Scientists Control What Cells Embryonic Stem Cells Turn Into? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 06:40 PM PST Couldn't find an answer submitted by /u/Engineeringman0923 [link] [comments]

Why do stimulants calm people with ADD/ADHD? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 09:42 AM PST submitted by /u/Throwaway101496 [link] [comments]

How are we not losing signals constantly if satellites are orbiting around the Earth? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 06:11 PM PST submitted by /u/electric-outlet [link] [comments]

How did the idea develop from 'the sun is a ball of literal fire' to 'it is a nuclear fusion reactor'? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 07:45 AM PST For many years it was the idea that the sun is an actual ball of fire but we now know that it makes its thermal energy through nuclear fusion, how did scientist make such a big leap and what were, if any, intermediate theories before the final theory? submitted by /u/stop_cat [link] [comments]

[Biology] Can dogs recognize themselves from a picture or video or live (I.E. selfie camera) video/picture? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 02:12 PM PST submitted by /u/captainrex522 [link] [comments]

What are the implications of negative friction? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 03:31 PM PST How would normal objects behave on a surface with a negative amount of friction? Is this even possible? submitted by /u/GageGaming [link] [comments]

Why is it considered implausible for a piston-powered, propeller-driven aircraft to break the sound barrier, and then how does a prop setup fundamentally differ from a turbine setup? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 09:33 AM PST submitted by /u/The_Techsan [link] [comments]

What are some of the oldest games? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 06:44 PM PST This is including any set of rules that are followed to culminate in a winner? submitted by /u/dread_pirate_bobert [link] [comments]

How do scientists measure "positive selection" for specific genes? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 08:59 AM PST I recently found this article, which I find interesting, but I can't seem to figure out from the article how the authors measure "positive selection". So my question is about this article but also genetics in general: is there some genetic marker that can indicate or be used to measure "positive selection"? submitted by /u/JHEdwards [link] [comments]

What is the math/physics behind a sonic boom? Posted: 25 Feb 2018 03:33 PM PST I have taken physics 1 and 2 but I have never really been taught what the physics is behind a sonic boom. submitted by /u/whiskeylord [link] [comments]

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How did Voyager 1 send back images of earth? Film or digital?! lt always bothers me

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• How did Voyager 1 send back images of earth? Film or digital?! lt always bothers me
• How do our eyes see the stars much better than a camera?
• Why doesn't bacteria develop a resistance against alcohol such as hand sanitizer, but does so towards antibiotics?
• Why is “five year survival” the benchmark for successful treatment in cancer? Do some forms of cancer have a different “timeline”?
• With no references or compass, is it possible to distinguish photos of a sunset or a dawn?
• Are the muscles in the mouth needed for chewing subject to atrophy after events like a coma or extended starvation?
• Why is fiberglass safe vs asbestos?
• Splitting atoms other than uranium?
• If someone was fluent in a language when they were really young (4 or 5 yo) but forgot it later on, will relearning it as a teenager or adult be easier for them? Would they be better at pronunciation and/or other aspects of the language?
• Magnetic monopoles: what is their significance and why can't we find them?
• Why is the level of Carbon-14 (approximately) constant?
• Half-life of knowledge? A lecture from 1979 on photons by Richard Feynman is on YouTube. Would a 1979 Feynman be able to give a quantum mechanics lecture that will still be "accurate" in 2018?
• Why does hot air rise?
• Can frogs and toads tell where they are jumping to? If one were standing on a platform high enough to kill it if it were to jump off, would it know not to?
• Why do vortices that come off of aircrafts fall the way they do, as if they were low density objects?
• Why is it so important not to eat before anesthesia?
• If the earth had no velocity around the sun, would it just fall into the sun? How long would that take?
• What would happen if you microwaved something containing no water molecules?
• Does NASA make money from the technology they develop?
• How did sea water become salty?

How did Voyager 1 send back images of earth? Film or digital?! lt always bothers me Posted: 25 Feb 2018 06:10 AM PST I'm not suggesting it ejected a film c canister back to earth....but how did it convert an image to signal and then transmit it? submitted by /u/Caspianknot [link] [comments]

How do our eyes see the stars much better than a camera? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 10:18 PM PST Many cameras have much larger sensors our retinas, and larger apertures than our pupils. Still, they need long exposures to capture the stars. The frame rate of the human eye is often said to be in the hundreds. So why can my eye see the stars with a 1/300 second exposure when cameras require 6 or 7 seconds before the same number of stars are visible in the image? submitted by /u/z0rbe [link] [comments]

Why doesn't bacteria develop a resistance against alcohol such as hand sanitizer, but does so towards antibiotics? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 04:39 PM PST That an abundant use of antibiotics increases the risk of bacteria evolving a resistance towards the specific antibiotic everybody knows, but why doesn't it happen with Alcohol such as hand sanitizer or similar. Or does bacteria develop resistance towards alcohol as well, and in that case, why are we still encouraged to use hand sanitizers as much as possible? submitted by /u/ossaar [link] [comments]

Why is “five year survival” the benchmark for successful treatment in cancer? Do some forms of cancer have a different “timeline”? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 03:10 PM PST submitted by /u/TravelsWithMyself [link] [comments]

With no references or compass, is it possible to distinguish photos of a sunset or a dawn? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 11:02 AM PST If I took a snap shot of the sun touching an ocean horizon with no land or cloud visible in the am, then the pm, is it possible to tell the difference? submitted by /u/onlyanhouraday [link] [comments]

Are the muscles in the mouth needed for chewing subject to atrophy after events like a coma or extended starvation? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 02:20 PM PST I was wondering if it becomes hard to chew similarly yo how it is hard to walk after not using your legs for a long period of time. Also, is therapy to retrain your mouth muscles like it is needed for the legs? submitted by /u/chewlarue12 [link] [comments]

Why is fiberglass safe vs asbestos? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 12:46 PM PST They're both made of tiny fibers. What is the difference between them? submitted by /u/yes_fish [link] [comments]

Splitting atoms other than uranium? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 02:11 PM PST I understand that when we split a uranium atom, a lot of energy is released due to nuclear fission. How about other atoms? Can we split, say, a copper atom or a lithium atom to also release vast amounts of energy? Is uranium used just because it is easy to split? If so, what makes it hard to split a copper or lithium atom? submitted by /u/tachibana7853 [link] [comments]

If someone was fluent in a language when they were really young (4 or 5 yo) but forgot it later on, will relearning it as a teenager or adult be easier for them? Would they be better at pronunciation and/or other aspects of the language? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 08:33 AM PST submitted by /u/LilyPikachu [link] [comments]

Magnetic monopoles: what is their significance and why can't we find them? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 08:38 PM PST My professor was telling us a few days ago about the fact that nobody has ever found a magnetic monopole. He also said that if discovered, magnetic monopoles could have huge implications for technology, and would also explain the quantization of electric charge. What would be the challenges in creating a magnetic monopole, what would their uses be in technology, and what the hell is quantization of electric charge/ why would monopoles explain this? submitted by /u/Ggeng [link] [comments]

Why is the level of Carbon-14 (approximately) constant? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 08:31 PM PST My understanding is that Carbon-14 is converted from Nitrogen-14 in the Atmosphere by Cosmic Rays. It then slowly breaks down by beta-decay back into Nitrogen-14. Also, I've seen it stated numerous places that the level of Carbon-14 is assumed to be fairly constant over time (i.e. the rate of breakdown is equal to the rate of production). However, why, under normal circumstances, would the rate of production be in any kind of equilibrium with the rate of decay, such that the total carbon-14 in the atmosphere is assumed to be constant? The two processes (production via cosmic rays and breakdown via beta-decay) are completely independent and do not feedback on each other. Carbon-14 dating assumes that the level of carbon-14 is (relatively) constant throughout time, correcting for various anomalies like supernovas etc via tree rings and other sources. Shouldn't there be either a slow accumulation or a slow depletion of the Carbon-14 in the atmosphere over time (ignoring the nearly impossible coincidence that these two independent processes happen to be exactly balanced)? submitted by /u/northdoc [link] [comments]

Half-life of knowledge? A lecture from 1979 on photons by Richard Feynman is on YouTube. Would a 1979 Feynman be able to give a quantum mechanics lecture that will still be "accurate" in 2018? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 09:13 AM PST I found this Feynman lecture on YouTube called "Photons: Corpuscles of Light." The first part is an hour long. I have not watched it, but I want to because 1) I love Feynman and his passion for science, and 2) I want to learn more about photons. However, I would not watch a lecture from 1979 on, say, pain science, because I know that I would not be able to trust the information to be accurate. 1979 was a long time ago, at least in the medical sciences, which is what I am familiar with. How much has our knowledge of quantum mechanics -- photons in particular -- changed since 1979? Can I watch this lecture and expect 1979 Feynman to still be "accurate" by 2018 quantum mechanics standards? This is the video: https://youtu.be/xdZMXWmlp9g submitted by /u/AuteurTheory [link] [comments]

Why does hot air rise? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 12:57 PM PST submitted by /u/33wolverine [link] [comments]

Can frogs and toads tell where they are jumping to? If one were standing on a platform high enough to kill it if it were to jump off, would it know not to? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 08:09 AM PST submitted by /u/George-Dubya-Bush [link] [comments]

Why do vortices that come off of aircrafts fall the way they do, as if they were low density objects? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 11:10 AM PST I'm in aviation right now and have wondered how swirling vortices fall at a rate of only a few hundred feet a minute. Also, I need to be aware of vortices that linger on runways after heavy aircraft takeoffs/landings. Just wanted an explanation. Thanks! submitted by /u/B0K0Non [link] [comments]

Why is it so important not to eat before anesthesia? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 08:46 AM PST submitted by /u/bimbochampagne [link] [comments]

If the earth had no velocity around the sun, would it just fall into the sun? How long would that take? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 02:42 PM PST submitted by /u/Texas_Rangers [link] [comments]

What would happen if you microwaved something containing no water molecules? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 12:23 PM PST My understanding of microwaves has always been that they function by causing water molecules to vibrate. Thus, i would expect that microwaving something containing no water would accomplish nothing. Is this correct? submitted by /u/schneidrew [link] [comments]

Does NASA make money from the technology they develop? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 07:52 PM PST This website details many things developed by NASA. When they develop new technology, do they sell it or otherwise make money from it? submitted by /u/DutchLostman [link] [comments]

How did sea water become salty? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 11:37 AM PST Is salt just a common compound found in rocks which then dissolves into water? submitted by /u/FAZZA_98 [link] [comments]

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What does unplugging your electronics when not in use do for the environment/electricity bill?

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• What does unplugging your electronics when not in use do for the environment/electricity bill?
• Does smoking THC extract or plant-based marijuana have long-term effects on memory?
• Does it require energy to rotate a particles axis of spin?
• Does knowledge have mass? If so, how much does it weigh?
• What exactly determines mucus's color?
• We can see galaxies and some other objects that are millions or even billions of light years away, some of them might not exist anymore. How can we know or estimate if a star or a galaxy still exists?
• Are people taking immunosuppressant drugs, for example transplant recipients, less susceptible to autoimmune diseases?
• When throwing stuff, does our brain actually try to calculate how hard it has to throw for the item to land at the desired point? Or does it just estimate based on experience?
• How does radiation poisoning work?
• Could we make an artificial cell?
• How does thermal imaging work?
• What makes a given smell/taste "bad" or "good". Why do we interpret them one way or the other?
• How is the height of the mountain measured?
• Does the temperature have any (noticable) effect on air resistance?
• What happens to the jaw after permanent teeth grow in?
• What are the neurological or psychological differences between the auditory hallucinations of voices, e.g., as in schizophrenia, and a persistent negative internal monologue in one's own inner voice?
• I've read that when Betelgeuse explodes, it will create high levels of light at night for several days, but would a supernova on the "day side" of Earth even be visible at all?
• Does listening to music or videos through headphones/earphones affect actual hearing after extended periods of use?
• What makes the felid species "Neofelis" so distinct from others and a member of Pantherinae?
• How does mold grow inside ice machines?

What does unplugging your electronics when not in use do for the environment/electricity bill? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 05:12 AM PST submitted by /u/licedick [link] [comments]

Does smoking THC extract or plant-based marijuana have long-term effects on memory? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 05:54 PM PST Just curious. submitted by /u/trojankid1123 [link] [comments]

Does it require energy to rotate a particles axis of spin? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 06:04 AM PST I posted a question here a few days ago, but I didn't get my point across very well, so I'm asking a more basic question. Whether or not a particle is measured to have spin up or down, the axis by which it "rotates" (I know it isn't actually rotating) is the same. I would assume to rotate that axis would require energy and that energy would depend on how far it has been rotated. For example, say you have two stern-gerlack machines one after the other. The first one has the magnetic field perpendicular to the ground, the second is on a 60 degree angle to the ground. An electron is sent through the apparatus, and has it's spin measured by both setups. Did it require energy to to change the angle that its spin was about from 90 degrees to 60 degrees? If so, was that amount of energy dependant on how many degrees it had been rotated? Thanks!!! submitted by /u/Tablecork [link] [comments]

Does knowledge have mass? If so, how much does it weigh? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 04:31 PM PST This may be a stupid question, but as I was running today, I was thinking that as we gain knowledge, we gain more information in our brain, so in a way does that knowledge have mass and does it have weight as you sort of "keep" it in your brain? Thanks! Just curious and I couldn't find similar questions that were already on this sub. submitted by /u/abeast8900 [link] [comments]

What exactly determines mucus's color? Posted: 24 Feb 2018 07:21 AM PST submitted by /u/Krizastro [link] [comments]

We can see galaxies and some other objects that are millions or even billions of light years away, some of them might not exist anymore. How can we know or estimate if a star or a galaxy still exists? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 02:09 PM PST and second question, if it is true that we can see many objects that no longer exist, how much of the observable universe no longer exist? submitted by /u/One_Cold_Turkey [link] [comments]

Are people taking immunosuppressant drugs, for example transplant recipients, less susceptible to autoimmune diseases? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 02:25 PM PST submitted by /u/BlackJacquesLeblanc [link] [comments]

When throwing stuff, does our brain actually try to calculate how hard it has to throw for the item to land at the desired point? Or does it just estimate based on experience? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 12:37 PM PST I am just wondering wether the brain is secretly awesome at physics or just good at weight / strength estimation. submitted by /u/styler2go [link] [comments]

How does radiation poisoning work? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 03:59 PM PST What makes you sick or die? submitted by /u/Caterpill420 [link] [comments]

Could we make an artificial cell? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 02:03 PM PST Made from the ground up, could it be possible? submitted by /u/kryger442 [link] [comments]

How does thermal imaging work? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 01:46 PM PST A more in-depth explanation would be appreciated. submitted by /u/DarthCookiez [link] [comments]

What makes a given smell/taste "bad" or "good". Why do we interpret them one way or the other? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 01:27 PM PST Even beyond personal tastes, why can we all agree, flowers smell good trash smells bad? submitted by /u/dustoff87 [link] [comments]

How is the height of the mountain measured? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 02:50 PM PST submitted by /u/han_gymolo [link] [comments]

Does the temperature have any (noticable) effect on air resistance? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 01:35 PM PST While riding my bike in cold weather, I seem to notice a bit more drag compared to biking in warmer weather. Does the increased density have noticable effect? submitted by /u/BigBoetje [link] [comments]

What happens to the jaw after permanent teeth grow in? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 01:03 PM PST Our permanent adult teeth grow in behind our baby teeth and push them out. What happens to the space in our jaws that used to be occupied by the adult teeth? submitted by /u/someone5793 [link] [comments]

What are the neurological or psychological differences between the auditory hallucinations of voices, e.g., as in schizophrenia, and a persistent negative internal monologue in one's own inner voice? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 11:27 AM PST submitted by /u/ghostoftheuniverse [link] [comments]

I've read that when Betelgeuse explodes, it will create high levels of light at night for several days, but would a supernova on the "day side" of Earth even be visible at all? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 10:12 AM PST [Astronomy] submitted by /u/upstartweiner [link] [comments]

Does listening to music or videos through headphones/earphones affect actual hearing after extended periods of use? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 10:10 AM PST submitted by /u/R4ndomGuy007 [link] [comments]

What makes the felid species "Neofelis" so distinct from others and a member of Pantherinae? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 02:27 PM PST Hey! I stumbled upon this subspecies by looking through Wikipedia for fun and was somehow surprised to find this category which only has two different types in it. The Wikipedia referals were not exactly helping me understand, so I wondered if you have some more concrete or easier to congest information. What I have stumbled upon is that they are good climbers and rather small, so I'm even more perplexed on what makes them part of the Pantherinae tree. Hope to gain some interesting insights! Cheers submitted by /u/Silvere01 [link] [comments]

How does mold grow inside ice machines? Posted: 23 Feb 2018 06:11 PM PST How does mold subsist inside a cold ice machine, without any light or apparent source of nourishment/ chemical energy? I tried looking this up online, but the results are all about how to clean / avoid contamination, without explaining the science behind it. submitted by /u/hypoid77 [link] [comments]

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