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Sunday, February 4, 2018

Similar to increasing wealth gap, are we experiencing an increasing educational gap? Are well-educated getting more educated and under-educated staying under-educated?

Similar to increasing wealth gap, are we experiencing an increasing educational gap? Are well-educated getting more educated and under-educated staying under-educated?


Similar to increasing wealth gap, are we experiencing an increasing educational gap? Are well-educated getting more educated and under-educated staying under-educated?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 10:14 AM PST

Edit: Thanks everyone for many different perspectives and interesting arguments!

One of the points brought up was education and degrees. In this question, I don't necessarily equal attained education with received degrees but rather with actual acquired knowledge, including knowledge gained through non-institutional education.

I realize we need quantifiable ways to measure educational attainment and awarded degrees is one of them. Though imperfect, it is better than non-existent. One just has to be careful about interpreting what exactly that number tells us. It also begs the question: What is the best way to measure acquired knowledge?

In case there is a trend of a growing educational gap, what concerns me is the possible emergence of an educational divide. Depending on the definition of "educational divide" and high-quality data available, such divide might potentially be underway.

submitted by /u/akuataja
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If camera lenses are circular, why do they produce a rectangular image?

Posted: 04 Feb 2018 03:43 AM PST

Do you sweat if you are submerged in hot water?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 05:44 PM PST

Everyone knows how the CO2 cycle works, but how does methane cycle work?

Posted: 04 Feb 2018 05:39 AM PST

is it possible for multiple planets to share the exact same orbit?

Posted: 04 Feb 2018 03:13 AM PST

if so, have we found examples of such?

submitted by /u/mfairview
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What was the largest landmass or land feature discovered by satellite?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 04:31 PM PST

Inspired by a question in /r/AskHistorians which asked whether there was land discovered by satellite imagery, I'm curious as to what the largest landmass or land feature discovered by satellites may be.

I was unable to turn up anything via Google Scholar, though maybe my Google-fu is insufficient.

Landsat Island (25m x 45m = 1,125m2) is the only one I can find that is apparently notable.

submitted by /u/Hydrazeen
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How did people think stars work in the run up to the discovery of nuclear fusion and energy?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 06:41 PM PST

Why does the far side of the moon look so different than the near side of the moon (none of the characteristic dark splotches)?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 05:56 AM PST

Just saw this cool gif of the moon, and it struck me how different the near side of the moon (that we see from Earth) looks from the far side.

The dark splotches that make up the "man in the moon" seem largely absent from the far side. I've since learned that the "splotches" are called Lunar Maria and are formed from ancient lava flows, but I haven't stumbled across any explanation why they all face one side.

Do we have any strong scientific explanation or theories why the Lunar Maria all face the Earth?

submitted by /u/FroodLoops
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Does light really make one lightyear per year, even though space is expanding?

Posted: 04 Feb 2018 01:25 AM PST

Let's say we had a star 1 mio lightyears away. While its light travels to us, the space itself in between is expanding, so the light has to travel a longer distance. Technically, the light therefore should take more than 1 mio years to reach us, even if the star was exactly 1 mio lightyears away originally. Am i correct or do i miss something?

submitted by /u/Morpfium
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Would there be any advantage to making an interstellar spacecraft "aerodynamic" since there is no air? Is there an alternate concept of "vacudynamic" design which would provide benefits?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 04:34 PM PST

How does your brain react to a Missing/failing organ?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 07:53 PM PST

Is the ideal human weight based on calculated averages, or is it based on observable evidence that the body performs its best at a certain weight?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 07:31 PM PST

Homo sapiens' nearest relatives live in hierarchical bands, but hunter-gatherer bands are egalitarian. Most agricultural societies are hierarchical. Was the reemergence of hierarchy cultural or did farming allow for the reappearance of previously culturally supressed hierarchical instincts?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 08:53 PM PST

Or, do dominance hierarchies actually exist in hunter-gatherers, but without aspects we would otherwise associate with hierarchy e.g. socially dominant individuals exist but without the coercive power to take extra food, or extra mates, etc?

submitted by /u/Seswatha
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Does frosted glass let in less light than clear glass? If so, why?

Posted: 04 Feb 2018 05:41 AM PST

How did quantum physicists come to the conclusion that phenomena like radioactive decay has no cause rather than concluding that there's an unknown, random-like variable causing it?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 12:04 PM PST

I'm majoring in philosophy of science and this leap from determinism to probabilistic-determinism is amazing but I'm having trouble understanding the need to make that leap. I'm trying to understand how scientists were able to weigh the likelihoods of the two competing philosophies. One claims a cause is probably there somewhere (albeit inductively) but is observationally random. The other claims, against all prior experience, a cause is not needed (and according to some people, not possible according to accepted quantum theory).

Also, how is the situation different from dark matter and dark energy - cases where we don't know the cause of observed phenomena, yet declared and labeled the causes as unknown variables rather than uncaused phenomena?

I've been told to look into John Bill's "No Go Theorem" and also something to do with experiments in optics or light, but never had it actually explained.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Seraphrawn
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Why do some microorganisms look like bugs or insects? Is there any correlation between them?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 05:28 PM PST

Are there any examples of animals 'practising' an ability, in the way we as humans do?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 05:22 PM PST

In the sense that certain humans feel the desire to become increasingly proficient in an ability - performing a musical instrument, athletics, video games, etc.

I suppose the question I'm asking is - is practising some personal ability, something we have developed due to our intelligence (or a consequence of it), or is it 'instinctive'?

submitted by /u/sevenhours37
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How do we detect new, exotic, stable particles in the LHC and other similar colliders?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 12:59 PM PST

How is Digestibility Determined or Measured?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 07:50 PM PST

I see foods or diets say something is more digestible or easier to digest all the time. What is being measured here?

Is it lower incidence of complaints? Speed through GI tract? Fecal volume? Just marketing?

Very curious what this means, scientifically.

submitted by /u/dza76wutang
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What are the fastest mass-having things in the universe?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 02:22 PM PST

this xcd was motivation behind the question

https://what-if.xkcd.com/1/

submitted by /u/ti-83calcmastrrc
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Human eyes have evolved to be able to see in a wide range of light intensity, have different parts of the world evolved slightly different from another according to their specific need?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 03:45 PM PST

In the sense that back in time a few millennia and beyond, some group of people living in a place that is primarily cold would have no as much use for their eyes to be able to see with dim lunar reflection light as they would not venture out much, as opposed to some group of people who lives in a much wormer place and can use the advantage of seeing properly in dim light for night hunting or so? Other reasons around those lines or completely different ones as to ask if there is any clearly defined group of people geographically or ethnicly (if thats a word) that has a different "range" of light they can see properly in? If yes or no, is there another clear example of different group of people having different a slightly vision characteristics compared to another group?

submitted by /u/mrsievert
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Why does Hawking Radiation result in loss of mass, and why does the loss of mass speed up as the black hole get's smaller?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 04:30 PM PST

So, my understanding is that Hawking Radiation is when a pair of particles spawn into existence where one is outside the event horizon of a black hole and the other is inside. The outside one shoots off into space resulting in Hawking Radiation. But what happens to the one on the inside? Since it's essentially captured by the black hole, why doesn't it add to its mass?

Also, I've heard that Hawking Radiation speeds up over time, resulting in tiny black holes 'exploding' out of existence (I think i saw this on a MinutePhysics video). But it seems to me the opposite would happen. The larger the black hole, the more surface area its event horizon has, and the more chances for the particle pairs to be created with one on the inside, and one on the outside.

What am I missing?

submitted by /u/VegasTamborini
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Saturday, February 3, 2018

A tidally locked planet is one that turns to always face its parent star, but what's the term for a planet that doesn't turn at all? (i.e. with a day/night cycle that's equal to exactly one year)

A tidally locked planet is one that turns to always face its parent star, but what's the term for a planet that doesn't turn at all? (i.e. with a day/night cycle that's equal to exactly one year)


A tidally locked planet is one that turns to always face its parent star, but what's the term for a planet that doesn't turn at all? (i.e. with a day/night cycle that's equal to exactly one year)

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 12:00 PM PST

Can mitochonrial DNA control RNA instructions, imposing a threat to transcription sequences in organisms (specifically mammalian)?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 04:34 AM PST

Mitochondrial DNA is exposed to genetic mutations, as is the Nucleic DNA. In humans, mitochondrial DNA provides instructions for making molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which are complementary cousins of DNA. One of their main functions is carrying the transcribed DNA to different ribosomes in the body. Since the RNA is created by the Mitochondrial DNA, is it possible for instructions to be altered causing deficiencies in the organism? If so, what are they, and how high is the rate of incidence (occurrence)?

submitted by /u/aenigmata
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Did NASA sterilize the mars rovers to prevent relocating bacterial life to mars?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 08:17 AM PST

I'm assuming the rovers were totally cleaned of all "life". You wouldn't want to bring a bacteria or archaea to mars and then "find life" after it fell off your rover and multiplied.

submitted by /u/Justicebp
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Why is escape velocity so high?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 05:50 AM PST

Why is the escape velocity for earth 11.2 km/s? Can someone explain why it needs to be such a high speed? Why can't a vehicle just travel at a steady 1 km/h until is out of reach of the planet's gravity?

submitted by /u/lopix
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What do the indivisual lines in an atomic spectra represent?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 06:09 AM PST

i know there's gotta be something to do with the release of photons maybe? some type of energy, right? i'm not sure, but i want to know.

submitted by /u/sickarettes
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Why do elderly people sound old?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 07:21 PM PST

What is it about one's vocal chords/intonation/enunciation that causes them to physically sound older? I can tell when the person who answers the phone is young, middle aged or elderly. Why?

submitted by /u/PollyShelby
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Tin (Sn) has the largest liquid range of all metals (505 K to 2875 K), why?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:23 PM PST

What makes the melting point of tin relatively low, even though the boiling point is high? Is it the valency? Bonding? The atomic weight?

submitted by /u/IAmMaarten
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How far into the future can we predict the exact dates of lunar and solar eclipses?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 06:26 PM PST

I know we can model the solar system precisely enough to pinpoint dates and times of eclipses back to antiquity, but I'm wondering how far that predictive power actually goes. What variables could make precise predictions challenging going into the far future?

submitted by /u/fiz03
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What does it mean when a particle has a statistical significance?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 03:48 AM PST

I understand that the larger the value the more likely it is to exist and be accepted but how is it measured? I ask this after reading about the LHC detecting a pentaquark in August 2016 with a statistical significance of 9𝜎. Link: https://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.082003

Any further reading recommendations would be great!

submitted by /u/Bosserson
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How does energy move between fields in QFT?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 02:46 AM PST

How does a vibration in a photon field become a vibration in the electron field for instance. Also, how does heat work in QFT? Is it "attached" to the vibrations or is it it's own seperate field?

submitted by /u/Christopherence
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Have we made any headway on the branch between quantum and classical mechanics?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 01:32 AM PST

I'm reading "The Large, the small, and the human mind" by Roger Penrose, and he makes a wide array of potential theories throughout the book, backed by a very technical and scientific approach.

The book was written in 1997, my question is, what forms of progress have we made since then, and is there anything we can definitely rule out?

For those who haven't read it, he proposes different possible solutions or formats for solutions for the branches between quantum and classical physics. He also raises questions about biophysical processes and consciousness, that maybe there is an answer to be found in quantum level biophysical processes that could explain consciousness in a scientific sense.

If all that seems too hard to answer without actually reading the book, there are three general theses he poses,

  1. Mentality can be treated scientifically
  2. The ideas of quantum mechanics are relative to the mind body problem
  3. The quantum mechanical problem of the actualization of potentialities is a genuine physical problem that cannot be solved without modifying the quantum formalism

We've learned a lot since 1997, I'm not sure these questions are solved, but we must've had some big steps since then in these questions? Or are these things now trivial?

Thanks to all who answer in advance, sorry if my questions are poorly worded, I just didn't know a better place to raise these questions.

submitted by /u/SpitFire216
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Why some popcorn do not pop?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 05:32 PM PST

Why is it that some dyes, like that used in laundry detergents, do not stain [white] clothes and can actually do the opposite, clean them?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 05:53 PM PST

The question popped in to my head as I poured a popular detergent in to my washer containing white clothes and I noticed how dark blue the detergent was, completely opaque, and I found it odd that it cleans as opposed to leaving a dreadful blue splatter all over my clothes.

submitted by /u/beardneophyte
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Shouldn’t an aircraft body act like a faraday cage? How am I able to get a cellular signal inside an aircraft?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 06:35 PM PST

Is the signal coming in through the windows? Surely those are too small and sparsely distributed across the body?

submitted by /u/imnotrelevanthere
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Where do the parts of a rocket (e.g. boosters, fuel tanks, etc) end up after they detach? If someone retrieves them, how do they do it?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 11:45 AM PST

When referring to a planet's axial tilt, what is the tilt relative to?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 08:00 PM PST

if earth's tilt is 23.5 degrees, where is it zeroed out at? On the surface of earth the reference for tilt would be where the center of (earth's) gravity, i dont know if my question is clear or makes sense, if it doesnt ill try to clarify.

submitted by /u/JennyTheFluffyBunny
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How does the human body regulate its temperature under water?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 07:46 PM PST

In a really long line, if the first person moves forward, what's the average time until the last person moves. (That is, what's the speed of wave propagation in queues)?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 05:52 PM PST

I was waiting in a long line (queue) at a theme park yesterday and started wondering: how long does it take from the time that the first person moves until the opening gets to me and I can step forward? That is, what's the speed of wave propagation in queues? I'm picturing waves of people moving forward though the line, and it's kind of a neat image.

I've tried Google searching a bunch of related phrases but haven't turned anything up. Surely someone has measured this. Although I can't really think of any practical implications. Any ideas?

submitted by /u/Alien_vs_Hypnotoad
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Why do some plants like apples and bananas have to be cloned to ensure the same kind of fruit, instead of being grown from seed?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:39 PM PST

How much percent of global warming is caused by humans?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 01:22 AM PST

I had a small discussion with my classmates about this topic. It seems there are alot of studies about it online but the results are almost always different.

Have a nice day!

submitted by /u/furiousITguy
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Are there more -features- in 4G vs 3G, and 5G vs 4G, than just higher speed?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 05:28 PM PST

More than just the "conversation" that the phone has with the tower to establish a connection, and on which channel, and on how much power, etc probably changes; and embedded in that initial conversation is "what time is it here" and "what time zone am I in", etc.

Is there more to it than just the protocol changes? Are there new, shall we say, "APIs", meaning new -features- that a 5G device can use that simply didn't exist for 4G (and 4G over 3G)?

submitted by /u/DeeDee_Z
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How is REM sleep avoided during an eye surgery with anesthesia?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 06:15 PM PST

Does the equator experience time dilation compared to the poles?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 11:00 AM PST

Friday, February 2, 2018

How much of the Mariana Trench have we explored?

How much of the Mariana Trench have we explored?


How much of the Mariana Trench have we explored?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 07:04 PM PST

There have been various dives and ROVs go down, but how many sq ft of the trench have we explored? Moreso, how much of the Challenger Deep have we explored? I've heard plenty about the dives, but not about how wide of an area they covered.

submitted by /u/JeffHwinger
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AskScience AMA Series: "I am Rhett Allain, physicist and technical consultant on Mythbusters and MacGyver. Ask me about the physics of pretty much anything!

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 04:00 AM PST

Hi r/AskScience. I'm Rhett Allain, a physics professor at Southeastern Louisiana University and writer of the Dot Physics column at WIRED, where I dissect the physics of everything from viral videos like the Invisible Box Challenge, to the (often flawed) science in TV shows and movies like 'Stranger Things' and 'Iron Man.' I also consult on Mythbusters and MacGyver to make sure the science in their shows is sound. I'm here to help you better understand the world around you through everday physics, and generally answer any questions you have about my work and science in general. Ask me anything!

I'll be here at 12 PM ET (17 UT), ask me anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What exactly is a hiccup? What causes them?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:00 PM PST

I always ask people and never get a straightforward answer

submitted by /u/mayomayo24
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Does the planet "use" the oil deep underground for some lubrication or anything like that?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 04:23 AM PST

Basically the title. Sorry if it's too vague.

Could the earth require all this oil we suck out each day? Does it serve a practical purpose, like tectonic plate lube, or some such?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/Rokman2012
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How were the tectonic plates formed?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:35 AM PST

And how do they keep their shape

submitted by /u/TheTroakster
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Is it possible there are major gold deposits still out there waiting to be discovered?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:12 AM PST

Could there be unknown surface gold waiting to be discovered in amounts akin to the gold rushes of San Francisco, Deadwood and Nome? Or has geological science and trial and error exploration ruled out that ever realistically happening?

submitted by /u/TomTheNurse
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Could a brown dwarf sustain a life-bearing planet/moon and if so what would be the goldilocks zone?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 11:56 PM PST

I'm curious about Arthur C. Clarke's idea of Jupiter becoming a brown dwarf and it's Galilean moons becoming habitable (I think this was from the novel 2010?). I wondered how realistic that was, or if they would be too close. Also for bonus points: what do we call a body that orbits a brown dwarf - is it a planet or a moon?

submitted by /u/IshtarJack
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Why is the single-strand nanopore DNA sequencing method so error prone?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:41 AM PST

I just read that a relatively new method of DNA sequencing - passing single strands of DNA through a nanopore, without requiring Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification - can do very long DNA reads, but also that it is very error prone compared to traditional methods. I also read that this method preserves epigenetic information, like DNA methylation which inactivates certain genes. So far, so good.

Then I stumbled upon this Nature Article, which tells us that post-reading protocols can effectively reduce the error rate, leaving us with an effective accuracy of 99.88%.

This is what I don't get. If longer chains can be read with single strand sequencing, wouldn't that make the method more accurate, compared to traditional sequencing methods?

Where exactly do the errors come from, and why do we need to use complicated protocols to reduce the error rate in the first place? Does the assembly process have anything to do with it?

Also, I'd be grateful if someone explained to me what exactly is the difference between the specific methods developed by Oxford Nanopore(tm) and PacBio(tm), which seem to be the "Big Two" competing in this field. Is there a freely available site or article that explains their differences?

Even better, is there an introductory article about DNA sequencing that you can recommend? Some of the concepts in here are simply way over my head, and I'd appreciate finding more accessible literature.

submitted by /u/otakuman
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Why does antimatter have opposite electric charge instead of opposite strong force color (or something)?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 06:58 PM PST

What caused these mountains in the Appalachians?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 12:16 AM PST

https://imgur.com/0ringul These are in Pennsylvania. I suspect that they're made by glaciers from the last ice age, but I was wanting to make sure.

submitted by /u/SomePoorAfricanChild
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Do the orbital periods of the planets and other known bodies in our solar system change? If so, do they speed up or slow down?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 09:56 PM PST

I'm also interested to know if at some point since our system's creation there have been any recognizable instantaneous-moment patterns in orbits as viewed from "above/below" and "to the side"? Hollywood has shown that the planets conveniently all eclipse each other every time they need a plot hook, but I'm skeptical.

submitted by /u/tyketonic
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Why go through an artery in the leg to remove a blood clot in the brain?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 02:44 PM PST

I just saw a TEDEd talk that talked about strokes. One of the treatments they mentioned is an endovascular thrombectomy, in which surgeons insert a catheter into an artery in the leg and move it to the blocked artery to remove the clot. Why don't they start somewhere closer, like the patient's neck?

submitted by /u/andrewmaxedon
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If a person breaks their neck and becomes paralyzed from the neck down, how does the brain continue telling the heart and other organs to keep working?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:03 PM PST

Could the fusion process theoretically be used to produce rare metals?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 10:48 PM PST

I am asking specifically about the theories and knowledge about how fusion works, not about what we can or can't do today.

submitted by /u/Cryhavok101
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How do energetically excited atoms give off light?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:34 PM PST

I understand that if you excite an electron in an atom (say, by hitting it with another electron or smashing it with another molecule), it can "spontaneously" decay to ground state and release a photon with energy equal to the difference in energy between the excited and ground states (by conservation of energy).

How does this decay process actually happen, and why does an electron decaying to a lower-energy state produce an electromagnetic wave?

submitted by /u/sgt_zarathustra
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Does your body hydrate at all when you take a shower?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 08:26 AM PST

Does your body absorb any H2O whilst in the shower?

submitted by /u/ultralord527
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Why do nuclear bombs form a mushroom cloud when they explode?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 01:11 PM PST

How can the blackbody emission spectrum of a transiting exoplanet be measured?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:18 PM PST

I have been wondering about the spectroscopy of exoplanets and so far I have not encountered a paper where the thermal emission has been measured for a transiting exoplanet, but without having done anything close to a proper literature search. Has this been done? If it has been done (for extrasolar planets) can someone provide a reference and if not, are there proposals in the literature for doing so? What spectroscopic techniques are there for determining the surface temperatures of transiting exoplanets experimentally? E.g. would fitting the bands in transmission spectra be one such method? I was thinking that it should be easier to extract blackbody emission from the extremely strong background of the star than a high-resolution spectrum due to the very fact that it would need a far lower resolution than what is needed for identifying individual IR absorption bands.

submitted by /u/Uraneia
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Why are galaxies the colour they are?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 11:58 PM PST

How powerful were telescopes used by Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Cassini?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:51 PM PST

Specifically, can anyone describe to me the level of detail telescopes at the time were possible of producing? Even better would be an image that could be used as a comparison.

I always hear about how these people of old managed to see bodies halfway across the solar system and further and I always wonder if they were just looking at dots of light in the sky or if they could see the Great Red Spot plain as day and how clearly they could discern the rings of Saturn.

I just want to see what they could see back then.

submitted by /u/Dakto19942
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Do people who take public transit to work have higher rates of infectious diseases (ex. flu, cold) than people who don't?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 09:02 AM PST

For people with destroyed optic nerves, will their eyes still dilate?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 06:50 PM PST