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Saturday, February 3, 2018

A tidally locked planet is one that turns to always face its parent star, but what's the term for a planet that doesn't turn at all? (i.e. with a day/night cycle that's equal to exactly one year)

A tidally locked planet is one that turns to always face its parent star, but what's the term for a planet that doesn't turn at all? (i.e. with a day/night cycle that's equal to exactly one year)


A tidally locked planet is one that turns to always face its parent star, but what's the term for a planet that doesn't turn at all? (i.e. with a day/night cycle that's equal to exactly one year)

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 12:00 PM PST

Can mitochonrial DNA control RNA instructions, imposing a threat to transcription sequences in organisms (specifically mammalian)?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 04:34 AM PST

Mitochondrial DNA is exposed to genetic mutations, as is the Nucleic DNA. In humans, mitochondrial DNA provides instructions for making molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which are complementary cousins of DNA. One of their main functions is carrying the transcribed DNA to different ribosomes in the body. Since the RNA is created by the Mitochondrial DNA, is it possible for instructions to be altered causing deficiencies in the organism? If so, what are they, and how high is the rate of incidence (occurrence)?

submitted by /u/aenigmata
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Did NASA sterilize the mars rovers to prevent relocating bacterial life to mars?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 08:17 AM PST

I'm assuming the rovers were totally cleaned of all "life". You wouldn't want to bring a bacteria or archaea to mars and then "find life" after it fell off your rover and multiplied.

submitted by /u/Justicebp
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Why is escape velocity so high?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 05:50 AM PST

Why is the escape velocity for earth 11.2 km/s? Can someone explain why it needs to be such a high speed? Why can't a vehicle just travel at a steady 1 km/h until is out of reach of the planet's gravity?

submitted by /u/lopix
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What do the indivisual lines in an atomic spectra represent?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 06:09 AM PST

i know there's gotta be something to do with the release of photons maybe? some type of energy, right? i'm not sure, but i want to know.

submitted by /u/sickarettes
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Why do elderly people sound old?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 07:21 PM PST

What is it about one's vocal chords/intonation/enunciation that causes them to physically sound older? I can tell when the person who answers the phone is young, middle aged or elderly. Why?

submitted by /u/PollyShelby
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Tin (Sn) has the largest liquid range of all metals (505 K to 2875 K), why?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:23 PM PST

What makes the melting point of tin relatively low, even though the boiling point is high? Is it the valency? Bonding? The atomic weight?

submitted by /u/IAmMaarten
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How far into the future can we predict the exact dates of lunar and solar eclipses?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 06:26 PM PST

I know we can model the solar system precisely enough to pinpoint dates and times of eclipses back to antiquity, but I'm wondering how far that predictive power actually goes. What variables could make precise predictions challenging going into the far future?

submitted by /u/fiz03
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What does it mean when a particle has a statistical significance?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 03:48 AM PST

I understand that the larger the value the more likely it is to exist and be accepted but how is it measured? I ask this after reading about the LHC detecting a pentaquark in August 2016 with a statistical significance of 9𝜎. Link: https://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.082003

Any further reading recommendations would be great!

submitted by /u/Bosserson
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How does energy move between fields in QFT?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 02:46 AM PST

How does a vibration in a photon field become a vibration in the electron field for instance. Also, how does heat work in QFT? Is it "attached" to the vibrations or is it it's own seperate field?

submitted by /u/Christopherence
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Have we made any headway on the branch between quantum and classical mechanics?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 01:32 AM PST

I'm reading "The Large, the small, and the human mind" by Roger Penrose, and he makes a wide array of potential theories throughout the book, backed by a very technical and scientific approach.

The book was written in 1997, my question is, what forms of progress have we made since then, and is there anything we can definitely rule out?

For those who haven't read it, he proposes different possible solutions or formats for solutions for the branches between quantum and classical physics. He also raises questions about biophysical processes and consciousness, that maybe there is an answer to be found in quantum level biophysical processes that could explain consciousness in a scientific sense.

If all that seems too hard to answer without actually reading the book, there are three general theses he poses,

  1. Mentality can be treated scientifically
  2. The ideas of quantum mechanics are relative to the mind body problem
  3. The quantum mechanical problem of the actualization of potentialities is a genuine physical problem that cannot be solved without modifying the quantum formalism

We've learned a lot since 1997, I'm not sure these questions are solved, but we must've had some big steps since then in these questions? Or are these things now trivial?

Thanks to all who answer in advance, sorry if my questions are poorly worded, I just didn't know a better place to raise these questions.

submitted by /u/SpitFire216
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Why some popcorn do not pop?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 05:32 PM PST

Why is it that some dyes, like that used in laundry detergents, do not stain [white] clothes and can actually do the opposite, clean them?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 05:53 PM PST

The question popped in to my head as I poured a popular detergent in to my washer containing white clothes and I noticed how dark blue the detergent was, completely opaque, and I found it odd that it cleans as opposed to leaving a dreadful blue splatter all over my clothes.

submitted by /u/beardneophyte
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Shouldn’t an aircraft body act like a faraday cage? How am I able to get a cellular signal inside an aircraft?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 06:35 PM PST

Is the signal coming in through the windows? Surely those are too small and sparsely distributed across the body?

submitted by /u/imnotrelevanthere
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Where do the parts of a rocket (e.g. boosters, fuel tanks, etc) end up after they detach? If someone retrieves them, how do they do it?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 11:45 AM PST

When referring to a planet's axial tilt, what is the tilt relative to?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 08:00 PM PST

if earth's tilt is 23.5 degrees, where is it zeroed out at? On the surface of earth the reference for tilt would be where the center of (earth's) gravity, i dont know if my question is clear or makes sense, if it doesnt ill try to clarify.

submitted by /u/JennyTheFluffyBunny
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How does the human body regulate its temperature under water?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 07:46 PM PST

In a really long line, if the first person moves forward, what's the average time until the last person moves. (That is, what's the speed of wave propagation in queues)?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 05:52 PM PST

I was waiting in a long line (queue) at a theme park yesterday and started wondering: how long does it take from the time that the first person moves until the opening gets to me and I can step forward? That is, what's the speed of wave propagation in queues? I'm picturing waves of people moving forward though the line, and it's kind of a neat image.

I've tried Google searching a bunch of related phrases but haven't turned anything up. Surely someone has measured this. Although I can't really think of any practical implications. Any ideas?

submitted by /u/Alien_vs_Hypnotoad
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Why do some plants like apples and bananas have to be cloned to ensure the same kind of fruit, instead of being grown from seed?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:39 PM PST

How much percent of global warming is caused by humans?

Posted: 03 Feb 2018 01:22 AM PST

I had a small discussion with my classmates about this topic. It seems there are alot of studies about it online but the results are almost always different.

Have a nice day!

submitted by /u/furiousITguy
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Are there more -features- in 4G vs 3G, and 5G vs 4G, than just higher speed?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 05:28 PM PST

More than just the "conversation" that the phone has with the tower to establish a connection, and on which channel, and on how much power, etc probably changes; and embedded in that initial conversation is "what time is it here" and "what time zone am I in", etc.

Is there more to it than just the protocol changes? Are there new, shall we say, "APIs", meaning new -features- that a 5G device can use that simply didn't exist for 4G (and 4G over 3G)?

submitted by /u/DeeDee_Z
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How is REM sleep avoided during an eye surgery with anesthesia?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 06:15 PM PST

Does the equator experience time dilation compared to the poles?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 11:00 AM PST

Friday, February 2, 2018

How much of the Mariana Trench have we explored?

How much of the Mariana Trench have we explored?


How much of the Mariana Trench have we explored?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 07:04 PM PST

There have been various dives and ROVs go down, but how many sq ft of the trench have we explored? Moreso, how much of the Challenger Deep have we explored? I've heard plenty about the dives, but not about how wide of an area they covered.

submitted by /u/JeffHwinger
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AskScience AMA Series: "I am Rhett Allain, physicist and technical consultant on Mythbusters and MacGyver. Ask me about the physics of pretty much anything!

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 04:00 AM PST

Hi r/AskScience. I'm Rhett Allain, a physics professor at Southeastern Louisiana University and writer of the Dot Physics column at WIRED, where I dissect the physics of everything from viral videos like the Invisible Box Challenge, to the (often flawed) science in TV shows and movies like 'Stranger Things' and 'Iron Man.' I also consult on Mythbusters and MacGyver to make sure the science in their shows is sound. I'm here to help you better understand the world around you through everday physics, and generally answer any questions you have about my work and science in general. Ask me anything!

I'll be here at 12 PM ET (17 UT), ask me anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What exactly is a hiccup? What causes them?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:00 PM PST

I always ask people and never get a straightforward answer

submitted by /u/mayomayo24
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Does the planet "use" the oil deep underground for some lubrication or anything like that?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 04:23 AM PST

Basically the title. Sorry if it's too vague.

Could the earth require all this oil we suck out each day? Does it serve a practical purpose, like tectonic plate lube, or some such?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/Rokman2012
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How were the tectonic plates formed?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:35 AM PST

And how do they keep their shape

submitted by /u/TheTroakster
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Is it possible there are major gold deposits still out there waiting to be discovered?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:12 AM PST

Could there be unknown surface gold waiting to be discovered in amounts akin to the gold rushes of San Francisco, Deadwood and Nome? Or has geological science and trial and error exploration ruled out that ever realistically happening?

submitted by /u/TomTheNurse
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Could a brown dwarf sustain a life-bearing planet/moon and if so what would be the goldilocks zone?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 11:56 PM PST

I'm curious about Arthur C. Clarke's idea of Jupiter becoming a brown dwarf and it's Galilean moons becoming habitable (I think this was from the novel 2010?). I wondered how realistic that was, or if they would be too close. Also for bonus points: what do we call a body that orbits a brown dwarf - is it a planet or a moon?

submitted by /u/IshtarJack
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Why is the single-strand nanopore DNA sequencing method so error prone?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 03:41 AM PST

I just read that a relatively new method of DNA sequencing - passing single strands of DNA through a nanopore, without requiring Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification - can do very long DNA reads, but also that it is very error prone compared to traditional methods. I also read that this method preserves epigenetic information, like DNA methylation which inactivates certain genes. So far, so good.

Then I stumbled upon this Nature Article, which tells us that post-reading protocols can effectively reduce the error rate, leaving us with an effective accuracy of 99.88%.

This is what I don't get. If longer chains can be read with single strand sequencing, wouldn't that make the method more accurate, compared to traditional sequencing methods?

Where exactly do the errors come from, and why do we need to use complicated protocols to reduce the error rate in the first place? Does the assembly process have anything to do with it?

Also, I'd be grateful if someone explained to me what exactly is the difference between the specific methods developed by Oxford Nanopore(tm) and PacBio(tm), which seem to be the "Big Two" competing in this field. Is there a freely available site or article that explains their differences?

Even better, is there an introductory article about DNA sequencing that you can recommend? Some of the concepts in here are simply way over my head, and I'd appreciate finding more accessible literature.

submitted by /u/otakuman
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Why does antimatter have opposite electric charge instead of opposite strong force color (or something)?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 06:58 PM PST

What caused these mountains in the Appalachians?

Posted: 02 Feb 2018 12:16 AM PST

https://imgur.com/0ringul These are in Pennsylvania. I suspect that they're made by glaciers from the last ice age, but I was wanting to make sure.

submitted by /u/SomePoorAfricanChild
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Do the orbital periods of the planets and other known bodies in our solar system change? If so, do they speed up or slow down?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 09:56 PM PST

I'm also interested to know if at some point since our system's creation there have been any recognizable instantaneous-moment patterns in orbits as viewed from "above/below" and "to the side"? Hollywood has shown that the planets conveniently all eclipse each other every time they need a plot hook, but I'm skeptical.

submitted by /u/tyketonic
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Why go through an artery in the leg to remove a blood clot in the brain?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 02:44 PM PST

I just saw a TEDEd talk that talked about strokes. One of the treatments they mentioned is an endovascular thrombectomy, in which surgeons insert a catheter into an artery in the leg and move it to the blocked artery to remove the clot. Why don't they start somewhere closer, like the patient's neck?

submitted by /u/andrewmaxedon
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If a person breaks their neck and becomes paralyzed from the neck down, how does the brain continue telling the heart and other organs to keep working?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:03 PM PST

Could the fusion process theoretically be used to produce rare metals?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 10:48 PM PST

I am asking specifically about the theories and knowledge about how fusion works, not about what we can or can't do today.

submitted by /u/Cryhavok101
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How do energetically excited atoms give off light?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:34 PM PST

I understand that if you excite an electron in an atom (say, by hitting it with another electron or smashing it with another molecule), it can "spontaneously" decay to ground state and release a photon with energy equal to the difference in energy between the excited and ground states (by conservation of energy).

How does this decay process actually happen, and why does an electron decaying to a lower-energy state produce an electromagnetic wave?

submitted by /u/sgt_zarathustra
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Does your body hydrate at all when you take a shower?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 08:26 AM PST

Does your body absorb any H2O whilst in the shower?

submitted by /u/ultralord527
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Why do nuclear bombs form a mushroom cloud when they explode?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 01:11 PM PST

How can the blackbody emission spectrum of a transiting exoplanet be measured?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:18 PM PST

I have been wondering about the spectroscopy of exoplanets and so far I have not encountered a paper where the thermal emission has been measured for a transiting exoplanet, but without having done anything close to a proper literature search. Has this been done? If it has been done (for extrasolar planets) can someone provide a reference and if not, are there proposals in the literature for doing so? What spectroscopic techniques are there for determining the surface temperatures of transiting exoplanets experimentally? E.g. would fitting the bands in transmission spectra be one such method? I was thinking that it should be easier to extract blackbody emission from the extremely strong background of the star than a high-resolution spectrum due to the very fact that it would need a far lower resolution than what is needed for identifying individual IR absorption bands.

submitted by /u/Uraneia
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Why are galaxies the colour they are?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 11:58 PM PST

How powerful were telescopes used by Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Cassini?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:51 PM PST

Specifically, can anyone describe to me the level of detail telescopes at the time were possible of producing? Even better would be an image that could be used as a comparison.

I always hear about how these people of old managed to see bodies halfway across the solar system and further and I always wonder if they were just looking at dots of light in the sky or if they could see the Great Red Spot plain as day and how clearly they could discern the rings of Saturn.

I just want to see what they could see back then.

submitted by /u/Dakto19942
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Do people who take public transit to work have higher rates of infectious diseases (ex. flu, cold) than people who don't?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 09:02 AM PST

For people with destroyed optic nerves, will their eyes still dilate?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 06:50 PM PST

Thursday, February 1, 2018

How realistic is the cancer "vaccine" talked about recently?

How realistic is the cancer "vaccine" talked about recently?


How realistic is the cancer "vaccine" talked about recently?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 12:36 AM PST

A recent post to /r/worldnews is talking about a cancer "vaccine" talked about in this article.

All sorts of claims have been made about cancer in the post. So, how realistic is this?

submitted by /u/SomeCoolBloke
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Is self-awareness biologically useful, and is it subject to selective pressure?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 03:10 AM PST

Do other planets have techtonic plates? Why or why not?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 04:34 AM PST

What is the main cause for polar vortexes and arctic oscillations and what makes them similar or different?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 07:15 AM PST

Why is there a flu season? What does the time of year have to do with the spread of influenza strains? Is it temperature? Are there parts of the world that don't get the flu? How does northern vs southern hemisphere impact the flu season?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 07:00 PM PST

Why is rat race coupler named so?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 04:32 AM PST

For GW150914, the first observation of gravitational waves, the stretch was miniscule upon reaching Earth. What would the stretch have felt like closer (ex. 1 light-year away) from the event?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 03:26 PM PST

Would it have been a similarly small amount, or would the energy have decayed far less at that point?

Is there an amount we could calculate for the stretch? The stretch on Earth has been described as follows:

"For example, the waves given off by the cataclysmic final merger of GW150914 reached Earth after travelling over a billion light-years, as a ripple in spacetime that changed the length of a 4-km LIGO arm by a ten thousandth of the width of a proton, proportionally equivalent to changing the distance to the nearest star outside the Solar System by one hair's width."

submitted by /u/Schamson
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Do larger stars have more planets in their Goldilocks zone?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 06:29 AM PST

Some stars are enormously bigger than Sol. Would they have a larger Goldilocks zone where we might find life-supporting planets?

submitted by /u/photolouis
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Do fish form cliques within the school they swim?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 04:12 AM PST

How do scientists select or create mice with cancer for testing vaccines?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 04:00 AM PST

Why doesn’t diesel have different grade levels at gas stations like gasoline?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 05:30 AM PST

Where do the blood cells of earthworms form?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 05:08 PM PST

If humans blood cells are created in bone marrow, then where are they formed in earthworms?

submitted by /u/Drazker
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Would the cross sectional shape of a wire (circular, square, or even star) make a big impact on how electricity flowed through it?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 06:50 PM PST

I read that most of the current flows near the surface of a wire due to eddy currents and the skin effect. What would happen if you changed the shape of the wire?

submitted by /u/madethisforoneremark
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If human cells can repair themselves, why is radiation cumulative over a lifetime?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 10:14 PM PST

I am aware that the radiation experienced by humans (background radiation, x rays, CT scans, etc) is cumulative over a person's lifetime, and harmful because it can alter the construction of cells in the body. Yet, at the same time, human cells are able to repair themselves rather quickly. Given the the fact that radiation alters cells but they are constantly being repaired by the body, why is radiation exposure cumulative over one's life?

submitted by /u/dylan1200
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How was the 'calorie' discovered? How was energy expenditure first measured?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 09:51 PM PST

How were microprocessors made before automated robots (which use microprocessors) were invented?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 07:09 PM PST

This seems like a paradox - since microprocessors require a level of precision beyond what is humanly possible, we use computers to do the precise work. How were the processors made before those computers were even invented?

submitted by /u/saucenpops
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Do we share diseases with dogs or other domesticated animals?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 09:34 PM PST

We have been hanging around with dogs for over 10,000 years. Have any diseases been able to jump the species gap in that time?

submitted by /u/Luke-Is-Cooler
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If dogs and cats use urine to mark their territory, do individual animals have unique-smelling urine? How do dogs and cats produce this unique scented urine?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 07:47 PM PST

If dogs (and cats) pee to mark their territory, I infer that different dogs will recognise their own urine and, therefore, that dogs have uniquely-scented pee. Is this true?

Assuming that it is, how do animals produce these scents, and when (or where) in the lifetime of urine, is the urine laced with the scented-substance?

submitted by /u/CortillionTheDancer
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How are sharks “immune” to cancer?

Posted: 01 Feb 2018 04:28 AM PST

I know they aren't fully immune but can we use them as research create better medicine in the future?

submitted by /u/Assinmik
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How do engines of different numbers of cylinders but the same displacement per cylinder (bore X stroke) compare?

Posted: 31 Jan 2018 06:58 PM PST

It seems that more and more cars have .5L per cylinder and it got me to wondering-

Now, I know that most of the time V8>V6>I4 but I'm hoping for a more specific answer than bigger engines = moar power. If you had a naturally aspirated engine that had cylinders with a bore of 89mm and pistons with a stroke of 80 as: a 2.0L I4, a 3.0L V6 and a 4.0L V8- assuming all other relevant factors are identical, how would the power output and delivery differ between the engines?

Would the V6 have ~50% more power than the I4? Would the V8 have ~33% more than the V6 and double that of the I4? How would the losses due to internal friction vary by engine and affect that engine's output? Would they all see similar power curves and redlines to each other or would they be similar to other I4/V6/V8 engines?

I appreciate any answers and please be gentle, I'm just trying to learn!

submitted by /u/howdyfrickindo
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