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Friday, November 3, 2017

Uranus' axis is rotated onto its side, meaning it spins "up and down" instead of "side to side". Does this different rotation have a significant effect on the planet's climate? Could an earth-like planet with that sort of rotation sustain life if all other conditions were ideal?

Uranus' axis is rotated onto its side, meaning it spins "up and down" instead of "side to side". Does this different rotation have a significant effect on the planet's climate? Could an earth-like planet with that sort of rotation sustain life if all other conditions were ideal?


Uranus' axis is rotated onto its side, meaning it spins "up and down" instead of "side to side". Does this different rotation have a significant effect on the planet's climate? Could an earth-like planet with that sort of rotation sustain life if all other conditions were ideal?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 10:08 PM PDT

Will planting trees offset my cars carbon emissions?

Posted: 03 Nov 2017 04:22 AM PDT

What determines how a drug is administered (e.g. orally, anally, injected)?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 08:44 PM PDT

Why does an oil/soap film look colored due to interference when everyday light is not coherent?

Posted: 03 Nov 2017 01:55 AM PDT

Quarks can change flavours but can they change colour?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 08:18 PM PDT

I know that weak interactions can change quarks' flavour but now I'm wondering can the weak force or any force that is applied to it, can it change the quarks colour? Because in QCD it says that the total colour of a particle has to be white so all its quarks have to, once 'combined', equal white but could a force change one of the colours and therefore turn the whole particle from white to another colour and therefore break the particle apart? if that makes any sense? I hope someone understands me because I think I explained my reasoning poorly! Thanks a lot in advance!

submitted by /u/JackTalle
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Is there a limit to how long a radio wave can be? Would extremely long waves be of any use?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 06:54 PM PDT

What's the maximum height a fly or a mosquito can reach?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 02:33 PM PDT

I mean flying of course! Is there a limit? How high is that? Why?

submitted by /u/Il_biga
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Does the severity of an anaphylactic response increase with each exposure to an allergen?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 06:17 PM PDT

Why do our bones regenerate?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 04:35 PM PDT

In the wild, animals don't have the option to set their bones back into place. So why have our bodies evolved to bother allocating energy into bone regeneration?

submitted by /u/Robesc
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Can I use two point sources to accurately simulate a bar magnet?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 04:27 PM PDT

I'm trying to write a magnetic simulator in a video game engine that lets magnets attract and repel each other in zero gravity. So far, in order to avoid integrating over the length of the magnets, I have the code written to represent bar magnets as two different 'monopoles' (a North and a South) at a fixed distance from each other.

It's delightful to watch these pairs spin around, repel and attract each other, but I really am not sure if this is an accurate approximation of how this would really play out in space with bar magnets... Am I accurate as is? Or will I need to start over with full bar integration?

submitted by /u/Tycho234
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If a photon is emitted and absorbed by high-level and low-level electrons respectively, is it stored in the electron and drawn out or does it just pop into existence? If it just pops into existence, where does that energy come from?

Posted: 03 Nov 2017 01:19 AM PDT

I was reading a book by Kauffmann titled Discovering the Universe in which he states that high-level electrons create photons and low-level electrons absorb them. I was wondering if photons exist independently from electrons or if they are part of them, and if they are independent where does their energy come from?

submitted by /u/Azazel-IMX
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Why does staring at a fixed point in a dark room create the illusion of blindness?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 07:20 PM PDT

Staring at a fixed object in a mostly dark room will lead to the object fading out slowly in your field of view. Why does vision become impaired when the point of reference remains stagnant? Why does the autokinetic effect on the eyes work in well lit areas, but not as well in dark areas?

submitted by /u/Josiah425
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Would we be able to differentiate between an engineered biological weapon and a natural super-virulent flu?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 11:09 AM PDT

Let's suppose some country uses modern gene editing techniques to engineer a new hyper-virulent, deadly flu virus. Would scientists be able to positively identify genetic engineering within the virus, or would it be indistinguishable from a naturally mutant virus?

I realize that the flu isn't necessarily the best example of a biological weapon, but it might be able to "slip under the radar" more successfully than antibiotic resistant plague.

submitted by /u/siliconlife
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Gravity on an ellipsoid?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 08:54 PM PDT

Say you're walking around an elliptical planet. It's a magical planet, and isn't rotating, yet retains its elliptical shape. Give it a mass and mean radius equal to earth.

Here are my questions, based on this diagram:

1) Which point has a stronger gravitational pull towards the center, point A or point B? Point A is closer to the center of mass, but B has more mass directly beneath it. Are the forces equal for this reason? Or does the inverse square law make point A the winner?

2) What is the magnitude and direction of point C's gravitational pull relative to point A and B? What would it be like to be standing on this point?

3) How do these questions change as the eccentricity of the ellipse increases/decreases?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/IIIBRaSSIII
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What is actually happening when helium affects the sound of our voice?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 06:56 PM PDT

Why do songs get stuck in our head?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 01:53 PM PDT

Why does faster than light travel equal time travel?

Posted: 03 Nov 2017 02:54 AM PDT

Hello!

I'm an aspiring novelist currently writing a science fiction piece. I'm a stickler for scientific accuracy, thus when implementing FTL-travel in my story, I'm trying to wrap my head around everything to get stuff accurate.

Now. I've read a whole bunch on the topic, and invariably, everyone says that FTL equals the possibility for time travel. I can parrot the explanations given to me, but that doesnt mean I understand WHY. In a way, I guess the title could be "Why isnt there any cosmological clock?" The way I've had it explained to me in the past is the following. If I'm writing a letter and send this letter using a faster-than-light mailman from Earth to Mars it would arrive at Mars before a person on Mars, using a superstronk telescope would be able to see me write this letter. Thus, it is explained, that if the person at Mars recieves the letter, writes a reply and sends it back to me using the same FTL-mailman, it would arrive at Earth before I started writing the first letter in the first place.

The thing is.. I dont get why. Take the star Betelgeuse for example. We know its gonna go supernova within the next million years or so. For all we know, it already has, the light from said supernova just hasnt reached us yet. However, when we do recieve the light from Betelgeuse, we can say that the supernova happened 642 years ago (the distance between Betelgeuse and Sol is 642ly). The way I want to understand it, in an entirely hypothetical scenario, if the light from Betelgeuse had travelled at 3c, it would just have reached us 428 years faster, but we could still say that it happened 214 years ago. If we then had a ginormous mirror and reflected that light back, at the same speed it had, it would arrive at Betelgeuse 428 years after the supernova happened local time, or 214 years before light travelling at c would have reached us on Earth. But people have told me, using the mailmans example, this would somehow constitute time travel and the light would arrive at Betelgeuse before the supernova. Which makes no sense.

Can you please explain to me what I'm not understanding?

submitted by /u/WhenTheGodsSleep
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Does putting alcohol into a fancy looking decanter necessarily make it taste better?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 02:18 PM PDT

How do different nuclear bombs fuse or fizz materials?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 09:38 PM PDT

I know that hydrogen bombs fuse hydrogen into helium and that fission bombs start a chain reaction involving uranium, but how do these bombs trigger quickly enough to cause detonation? What is used to compress the hydrogen in hydrogen bombs, and what gets the uranium fission going so much faster than in a reactor? If anyone knows the principle behind a neutrino bomb, I am also interested in this.

submitted by /u/RogerGodzilla99
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In what cases would you want a leading vs. a lagging power factor and vice versa?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 09:37 PM PDT

Started learning some power electronics and i'm trying to get a better grip on leading vs lagging currents/voltages and if it is ever desirable. In general I assume you can play around with capacitors and inductors to adjust the real power from a system but would there be a reason why you would want to purposely lag a voltage or current?

submitted by /u/pjcircle
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Considering the relative nature of velocity, are momentum and inertia the same thing?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 07:18 PM PDT

As far as I understand, the difference between momentum and inertia is that momentum involves velocity, inertia doesn't. If the measure of an objects velocity can be altered depending on the frame of reference, it would make sense that it's influence on momentum could be neglected.

To put it another way: we can change an objects measure of velocity to whatever value we want by changing the frame of reference we measure against. So, can't we just neglect whatever influence velocity has on momentum by simply changing the frame of reference to one that facilitates such a response?

submitted by /u/mooseman77
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Thursday, November 2, 2017

Why is the magnetic force vector perpendicular to the magnetic field?

Why is the magnetic force vector perpendicular to the magnetic field?


Why is the magnetic force vector perpendicular to the magnetic field?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 07:39 PM PDT

When a child get's an organ/limb transplant, will the transplanted organ/limb grow with the child? If so, will the organ/limb grow according to the donor child's body genetic makeup or the recipient's?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 06:34 PM PDT

Would a boat with its hull sprayed by a hydrophobic coating have an advantage over an otherwise identical boat in a race?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 05:51 AM PDT

What temperature would be required for a modern match to spontaneously ignite under normal atmospheric conditions?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 02:28 PM PDT

What is gauge symmetry? I’ve come across the term a few times in the past few weeks. I don’t quite understand it and I’d like to know more.

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 05:16 PM PDT

Why do bees swing side to side when looking at objects?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 08:15 PM PDT

This Halloween I as hanging around outside waiting to spook some kids when I noticed a bee flying around the driveway (looking for food I suppose). The bee seemed to be inspecting scattered things on the drive way, a leaf, a worm that had crawled up and died, a beer cap. Each time, the bee would approach (in flight) and swing side to side for 5-8 seconds and then move on to the next object. It did this for each one.

My question is, why? Is it something with their eyes?

submitted by /u/StannisBaratheon_AMA
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Why do electron shells form?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 06:14 PM PDT

I'm doing year 11 chemistry right now and covering the nature of the behaviour of different elements (Effective Nuclear Charge, Atomic Radius, Ionic Radius, etc.). I'm just wondering why atoms form electron shells.

submitted by /u/hypnotoad15
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What would happen if I fired a gun on the moon?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 04:06 AM PDT

What are these lines in the ocean of the Bermuda Triangle?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 05:38 AM PDT

If radioactive elements decay, and have a half-life, how come we can observe elements with very short half-lives? Why haven't they decayed long before ever being discovered?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 02:03 AM PDT

I'm thinking perhaps these naturally occurring radioactive decaying elements have already decayed away long ago (but also with the exponential decay, it'll get smaller and smaller and smaller which is why we measure half-life, because it'll decay "until infinity", right?). So then how can we observe these elements decaying in any meaningful way if these elements have been around for billions of years? Do they need to be 'activated' or extracted in some way before they begin to decay?

submitted by /u/Skylineblue
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Why does the Hawaiian hotspot create a chain of islands, rather than a single long ridge?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 07:56 AM PDT

I know that the Hawaiian islands are caused by a geological hotspot moving under the Pacific plate. Why does it create a number of small islands rather than one large, long one? Does it stop as it moves? Would it take too much energy to break through the crust many times rather than just a few?

submitted by /u/Mr_Quinn
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What actually happens on a biological level when you burn your tongue?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 07:22 AM PDT

I did this yesterday so I want to know

submitted by /u/Sandythelittleone
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How much of one's personality is due to genetic predisposition as opposed to external factors?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 06:51 PM PDT

Is there a theoretical limit to fish size in the ocean?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 05:23 PM PDT

Hello, with mammals like the blue whale and fish like the sleeper shark, I have gotten curious to whether or not there is a limit to the mass of a marine animal (with comparable density to sharks and whales). Is it possible fish of unseen size could exist in places like the Mariana trench? Would a larger animal prefer to be closer to the surface or deeper? And I'm aware that large whales and sharks stay near to the surface (relatively), but please don't use that as an argument as to whether or not it is possible, I want the reasons why or why not. Thanks.

submitted by /u/xaxys
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How do radiation levels of microwave ovens compare to radiation coming from incandescent, florescent, and led light bulbs?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 03:43 PM PDT

I'm tired of people complaining about microwaves emitting dangerous levels of radiation and want to compare it to something they use all the time. Thanks in advance. -sonusario7

submitted by /u/Sonusario7
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If a keyboard were made in alphabetical order would we be able to type as efficiently as we can with a QWERTY keyboard given we have the same amount of practice?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 05:24 PM PDT

What would happen if there was a planet-sized object in space that was not spherical?

Posted: 02 Nov 2017 04:08 AM PDT

I have a reasonable understanding of gravity in space, but nothing past an internet/high school level, so please correct me if I have anything wrong here. If objects are pulled toward the center of planets in space due to gravity, then what if the planet was a cuboid? What if it were a giant person? What point would objects caught in the planets gravity be pulled toward?

submitted by /u/toomanyeels
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Why does rubbing alcohol hurt when we apply it?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 08:49 PM PDT

Rubbing alcohol hurts intensely on just a small area, even though it helps us. Why would the body react this way? Doesn't it make more sense to give us a good feeling to encourage us to use it to decrease infection?

submitted by /u/JustATadOfSugar
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What were the properties of the four fundamental forces when they were unified?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 08:48 PM PDT

How does an electrical signal in the brain know where to go to cause a movement in the body?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 04:58 PM PDT

I am working on a project and it is important to know where exactly can one probe to understand a nerve signal going to a hand. To put it more clearly, I want to be able to put sensors somewhere and try to differentiate a signal for the pinky finger to curl closed, from a signal for a thumb to curl closed, etc. I initially thought the way this worked was a specific nerve was responsible for a specific muscle, but when I looked into it I saw that the radial nerve is responsible for all hand movement.

If this is true, how does a signal go from the brain to the finger using one line of information exchange? How does an electrical signal know which muscle to stimulate?

I feel like I did a poor job at explaining my question so here's an analogy from my current understanding: If the nervous system is a highway that has many branches and those branches can have branches and exits (the muscles) how does a vehicle (a signal from the brain) know how to navigate its way down to a particular exit?

submitted by /u/Fenrir55
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Does a portable speaker run out of power faster if it is playing audio louder?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 10:54 PM PDT

Im assuming yes, but im just not sure.

submitted by /u/cocmaster420
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Do astronomers adjust for the speed of light when they sync data using telescope arrays?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 08:32 PM PDT

Wednesday, November 1, 2017

Why has Europe's population remained relatively constant whereas other continents have shown clear increase?

Why has Europe's population remained relatively constant whereas other continents have shown clear increase?


Why has Europe's population remained relatively constant whereas other continents have shown clear increase?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 02:43 AM PDT

In a lecture I was showed a graph with population of the world split by continent, from the 1950s until prediction of the 2050s. One thing I noticed is that it looked like all of the continent's had clearly increasing populations (e.g. Asia and Africa) but Europe maintained what appeared to be a constant population. Why is this?

Also apologies if social science is not the correct flair, was unsure of what to choose given the content.

submitted by /u/Zyxtaine
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 08:07 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What are historical sea levels measured in reference to?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 05:32 AM PDT

I'm very confused and have lots of questions.

Looking at a graph like this one, link, I'm struggling to understand what it means given how different the continents and sea beds were 500 million years ago.

Are these actually estimates of ocean volume that are then converted to what sea level that volume would give if placed in current ocean basins?

If some time in the past all volcanic activity had stopped and the rain eroded every bit of land to below the surface of the ocean what would these measurements say the sea level was?

What measurements do climate scientists use if sea level is actually just a more understandable figure to use when explaining things to tell public?

submitted by /u/timrs
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If a person has heavily used antibiotics, does that specific person have a weaker immune response than normal, or has that person just contributed to antibiotic resistance in general?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 09:23 PM PDT

Would playing a black & white video use less battery power on my phone than an identical color one of equal resolution?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 06:32 PM PDT

Are electrons real or a theoretical construct that helps us explain data?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 11:59 AM PDT

I'm a teacher, and today I had to attend a lecture on epistemology. The speaker brought up electrons as an example for theoretical constructs that help us interpret data:

"Students (in high school) often refer to electrons when trying to explain how electricity works. They tend to think of electrons as having a material form."

"The electron is a theoretical model that has not been observed directly, but has been invented because it can consistently explain experimental data."

That was a bit weird for me, as I know that electrons have in fact been observed before (https://phys.org/news/2008-02-electron.html) and their footprints are well recorded, so it's more than a theoretical construct.

I asked the speaker afterwards about it, and she said that she wasn't aware of anything about anyone observing electrons, but I was perhaps missing the point she was trying to make. I clarified that I understood her point, but her statement had borne a question regarding the nature of electrons and was trying to understand where she got the idea for this example from.

What does /r/AskScience think? Are electrons real or a merely a theoretical construct? Have we observed them or am I misunderstanding the article I linked?

submitted by /u/Ornlu_Wolfjarl
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How does AC travel further than DC?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 10:30 PM PDT

in the field of electricity, direct current doesn't travel very far in a wire. Historically, this problem was solved when Tesla invented alternating current, the opposite of direct. What is it about the alternating property of electricity that allows it to travel further distances in wire?

From what I recall in high school, direct current travels through the center of the wire, while AC mysteriously travels on the outer skin of the wire and away from the core. But this has more to do with resistance...more conductor molecules in the way of the electrons--but the electrons must still pass through a conductor. They cannot escape resistance. I don't see this as an explanation.

submitted by /u/glass_1_water
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Considering the enormous amount of energy produced by the merger of a pair of stellar-mass black holes, what kind of energy output could be expected from the merger of two supermassive black holes, and what effects would that have on the dense stellar environment of the galactic center?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 11:51 AM PDT

What are the uses of GM crops outside of human consumption?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 06:30 PM PDT

So as the titles suggests, I'm interested in the uses of Genetically Modified Crops (such as Maize) outside of the realm of human consumption. I understand that there have been advancements made regarding using plants to develop specific kinds of protein for pharmaceutical uses, but what are some other uses and how do they work?

submitted by /u/fr00tl00picus
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Is a difference in pH the only consideration when it comes to an acids ability to dissolve substances?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 08:09 AM PDT

What if we never find WIMP's or MaCHOs to explain dark matter? What else could possibly explain this looming physics mystery?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 02:21 PM PDT

Double-Slit Experiment: How did early scientists "observe" the photons causing the interference to be destroyed?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 03:09 PM PDT

Popular culture obviously loves this experiment. But especially the part about how observing which way the particle goes stops them from behaving like waves has always been bugging me because the choice of words implies consciousness has an influence.
Would it be accurate to say "observe" simply means the photon interacting with anything at all, even some random molecule in the air?
What exactly did observe mean in this context? How did they measure a single photon without absorbing it?

And since by now similar experiments have been performed without collapsing it, what is the main difference there?

submitted by /u/Drycee
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What is the hardware difference between RAM advertised as 3000MHz vs say 4000MHz?

Posted: 01 Nov 2017 05:15 AM PDT

I have a firm grasp of computers and how they work, however I have always been curious as to what makes each tier of RAM different and worth the extra money, is it just marketing? Or is there actually a difference?

submitted by /u/Cr3s3ndO
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Can perception of temperature affect mood?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 11:59 AM PDT

Does being in a cold environment, for example, cause a worsening of mood compared to a warmer environment?

submitted by /u/Zhieyen
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What volcanos in the Cascade range are most likely to erupt next and approximately when?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 09:30 PM PDT

What does it mean that astrocytes regulate the electrical responses of neurons?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 10:49 AM PDT

I understand they do this but I'm not sure how or why.

submitted by /u/oneultralamewhiteboy
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What, in layman’s terms, is a Boltzmann brain?

Posted: 31 Oct 2017 01:28 PM PDT

I've read a lot about this online but I still don't understand. Is there a semi-simple explanation?

submitted by /u/SkeeevyNicks
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