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Thursday, August 24, 2017

Does continental shift have any effect on man made structures like bridges and canals that connect them?

Does continental shift have any effect on man made structures like bridges and canals that connect them?


Does continental shift have any effect on man made structures like bridges and canals that connect them?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 11:40 PM PDT

i.e. a bridge between Africa and Europe and Panama Canal?

submitted by /u/Jesusloveskfc
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Why do wind turbines have 3 blades?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 11:13 PM PDT

Why do modern wind turbines typically have 3 blades?

The wind driven pumps in old movies had many blades filling that disk.

Doesn't the 3 blade approach mean some useful wind is wasted between the blades?

The obvious answer is because this is the most efficient design, but how is that conclusion reached?

submitted by /u/fairgodtroll
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Is the "Island of Stability" possible?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 08:24 AM PDT

As in, are we able to create an atom that's on the island of stability, and if not, how far we would have to go to get an atom on it?

submitted by /u/TheEmpressKim
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[biology] How is the jaw pulled down?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 10:00 AM PDT

How exactly does the clock drive a CPU?

Posted: 24 Aug 2017 06:33 AM PDT

I understand making simple counter circuits using relays- they 'do their thing' and process the hardwired calculation pretty much the moment that power is applied. Does a CPU work more or less the same? Does it process one calculation in one cycle, apply the result to another calculation another cycle, and repeats the cycle? I am trying to understand exactly how this works after reading this aricle. I have a basic understanding of electronics and what each component does- I want to understand this also.

submitted by /u/f0rgotten
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What is meant by "weapons grade" uranium/plutonium?

Posted: 24 Aug 2017 07:14 AM PDT

I'm not sure if it's just common slang or military talk. Is there an actual difference? Does the uranium and such used in weapons actually differ from that which naturally occurs or is used in energy. Also, tag on question - what is depleted uranium used in weapons such as artillery shells?

submitted by /u/joeket
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Has the average human IQ fluctuated significantly over the time it has been measured?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 10:19 PM PDT

If so, are there any generally accepted reasons for this change?

submitted by /u/Spartangreen5102
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Jacob Bekenstein proved that black holes grow by a Plank distance^2 every time it absorbs one bit of information. What does this mean exactly, what qualifies as "one bit"?

Posted: 24 Aug 2017 07:00 AM PDT

How much harder is Thorium to weaponize and is it as effective or more over Uranium if done correctly?

Posted: 24 Aug 2017 06:59 AM PDT

I've noticed a lot of posts about Thorium reactors stating the fact Thorium is harder to weaponize, but how much of a pro is this really?

It seems to me from the wording it's still possible to weaponize it and is there any real safety if these reactors were more prevalent over Uranium reactors in helping stop nuclear bombs?

submitted by /u/JustAKarmaWhore
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Why in the case of alloys (such as constantan and manganin), does the resistance and resistivity practically remain the same with increase in temperature?

Posted: 24 Aug 2017 04:53 AM PDT

In metals, the conductivity increases with decrease in temperature and in semiconductors the conductivity increases with increase in temperature but why in alloys (constantan and manganin) the conductivity practically remain the same with increase in temperature?

Note:English is not my first language

submitted by /u/navneet9431
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Can a planet rings rotate in a different angle and direction of it's planet?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 10:38 PM PDT

How did Einstein work out that the speed of light is the fastest speed there is? How do we know this?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 09:36 PM PDT

What causes Nichrome to have more electrical resistance than Copper?

Posted: 24 Aug 2017 06:12 AM PDT

I guess Nichrome has less free electrons in it's atom because of which the number of collisions with the current forming electrons is very high and hence it has high electrical resistance. Correct me if my wrong. I will be thankful for help.

submitted by /u/navneet9431
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What are the effects of strong magnetic field on a human body?

Posted: 24 Aug 2017 06:05 AM PDT

I was reading about magnetars and found some very interesting information. Could someone please explain what would happen if we got dangerously close (within 10 000km?) to a very powerful magnetic field (up to 1 trillion gauss)?
Especially interesting would be our nerve impulses and molecular structure. Would our senses pick up the magnetic field getting stronger as we approach a magnetar?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/noiwontfixyourpc
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How can a hexagonal crystal structure, such as wurtzite GaN, have an overall spontaneous polarisation when a gallium atom bonded to four nitrogen atoms is nonpolar?

Posted: 24 Aug 2017 05:57 AM PDT

GaN can be grown in a wurtzite crystal structure, where the two components of the alloy form interlocking hexagonal close packed structures. The gallium and nitrogen atoms bond into a tetrahedral structure, which would be inherently nonpolar, however, this isn't the case for the bulk structure, which exhibits a spontaneous polarisation along the {0001} growth axis.

The only reason I've found is that it is due to the 'intrinsic asymmetry of the bonding in the equilibrium wurtzite crystal structure', but can anyone explain what this actually means?

submitted by /u/SeGleave
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[Biology] Will my children turn out any differently depending on how "in-shape" I happen to be at the time of conception?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 08:59 PM PDT

Depending on my level of physical conditioning at the time of intercourse, could it alter the genes I pass on to my children?

Basically, if I were to get into top physical shape before I start trying to have kids, would my children turn out any differently than if I were overweight or generally out of shape.

submitted by /u/SergeantR
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What causes lens flares, and why don't we get them with our eyes?

Posted: 24 Aug 2017 07:16 AM PDT

Also, when driving at night, I get a kind of lens flare when looking at street lights through the windshield. Is that the same concept at play?

submitted by /u/PitaJ
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Do different screen colours drain different amounts of battery?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 09:43 PM PDT

So... For example, let's say I got a white background on my phone... Will my battery last longer than it would if I got a black one? My theory is that, as white is made by adding up all colours, while black's basically no colour at all, I'd have to power more polarisation filters for black. However this could be the other way round, maybe black is produced by less input all together. This question isn't just about LCD Displays, maybe there are big differences, depending on the display type.

submitted by /u/Orovo
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Will dry ice set off a household smoke detector when it sublimates?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 06:09 PM PDT

If I add a few chips of dry ice to a bowl of hot water in order to make fog, can it activate the smoke detector? Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/Kill_Pencilvester
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Since supernovae explode and spread the matter out, how can there be matter at the center that gets compressed into a white dwarf, neutron star, or a black hole?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 08:06 PM PDT

In the many-world interpretation of quantum mechanics, how many worlds are there? (a) finite (b) countably infinite (c) uncountably infinite (d) all of a, b, or c lead to a contradiction?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 09:58 PM PDT

For reference:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation

https://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/manyworlds/pdf/dissertation.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_wavefunction

It appears there is an answer here (101016):

https://phys.org/news/2009-10-physicists-parallel-universes.html

... so that seems to be answer (a). Does anyone disagree or want to clarify? Does (a) imply a contradiction that isn't mentioned in that article?

submitted by /u/fbriggs
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Wednesday, August 23, 2017

Why are clouds all fluffy on top but flat on the bottom?

Why are clouds all fluffy on top but flat on the bottom?


Why are clouds all fluffy on top but flat on the bottom?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 03:24 PM PDT

How many of the 118 elements on the periodic table are located on our planet and how many do we suspect exist outside of our world?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 02:53 PM PDT

I'm just curious, do we suspect there could be thousands/millions of unidentified elements within our universe or are we confident that we've identified most of them?

Also, we are constantly searching the universe for potentially inhabitable planets (i.e., oxygen, h2o rich). Do we know if there are elements similar to these which could allow for human consumption? In other words, what are the odds of an unidentified element that humans could breath that is different than oxygen or drink other than water?

Edit: words and rephrasing

submitted by /u/v0xmach1ne
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What is the probability of the number 3 being the middle square of a sudoku puzzle?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 04:59 AM PDT

I've been debating with my SO's father as I thought it would just be 1/9. However, he is adamant that this is not the case and claims his maths teacher friend agreed with him but couldn't give an exact figure. He claims that because the numbers in the surrounding squares influence it it's not simply one in nine, but I'm having trouble seeing it.

submitted by /u/Coza_1812
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When a nuclear bomb goes off underwater. Does it create a giant air bubble?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 08:26 PM PDT

If so how large is it? And how long does it last?

submitted by /u/MaxNickwell
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As we gain weight, do we store more blood?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 02:16 PM PDT

Why does air conditioning start to smell when the compressor turns off but the fan keeps running?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 06:54 AM PDT

How can the constituents of carbon-12 add up to more than 12 u?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 06:21 AM PDT

The unified atomic mass unit (u) is defined as a twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom. According to Wikipedia and other sources, a proton is about 1.007 u and a neutron about 1.009 u. That means carbon-12 should be about 12.10 u, even though by definition it is exactly 12 u. Using more significant figures or accounting for the electrons doesn't change the fact that the result is more massive than 12 u. What gives? Shouldn't a proton, a neutron and an electron together add up to exactly 2 u?

submitted by /u/donri
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 08:07 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How do antibiotics work?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 02:00 AM PDT

Around what voltage is needed for you to actually feel yourself being shocked?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 08:10 PM PDT

Since most electrical devices operate at a frequency of 50 Hz from an AC supply (from what I understand, the current is “switched on” and “switched off” 50 times a second), why do we not see electrical appliances switching on and off 50 times a second?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 07:26 AM PDT

Why do a punch and a slap sound different?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 07:15 AM PDT

Obviously they're different actions and disturb the surrounding air in different ways, but what about the fist vs open hand makes the sound a low thud vs a high pitched smack?

submitted by /u/hippocamper
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Does cold exist? Or is cold something we just label as the absence of heat?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 02:58 AM PDT

What is the difference between normal space time and Euclidean space time?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 08:24 PM PDT

From what I understand, normal space time is flat and Euclidean space time sounds like a sphere

submitted by /u/DiaperDaddy69
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Why do electrons carry energy (like, in a wire)?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 08:51 PM PDT

I was thinking about how the would be a shortage of copper if all people had equal access to electricity. And it followed that silver is better for moving electrons than copper, but more rare and thus more expensive. Then I thought about glass, which is used for fiber optics---sending photons very fast through a wire---and I thought, why can glass moving photons NOT carry usable energy but electrons moving through a copper wire can? What makes an electron carry that energy that can be used in our appliances?

submitted by /u/reddit01010101010101
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Do vaccine immunities get passed down to your children?

Posted: 23 Aug 2017 03:29 AM PDT

I know in the past different colonies have had different immunities which would suggest they were passed down through genes. Although I've never heard anything about not vaccinating your kid because you were vaccinated.

submitted by /u/Sir_Coffe
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How long does it take for us to complete replace all the water in our body?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 01:40 PM PDT

Since we lose water constantly by for example breathing or sweating i was wondering how long does it take for us to completely replace the water in our bodies?

submitted by /u/Niclazzhi
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What exactly is bitcoin mining? Why is it worth anything to anyone - why would anyone accept it as payment?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 12:13 PM PDT

I read that mining is "racing" to solving an algorithm, resulting in one bitcoin. What I don't know is what algorithm is it solving?

submitted by /u/nice_usermeme
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Can Radiation (Nuclear or Otherwise) melt skin?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 11:01 PM PDT

I'm writing a story that's post apocalyptic and I want to be as realistic as possible, so I want to know that, if one were to survive radiation of some sort, would the radiation itself cause your skin to melt, or would it just be the intense heat?

submitted by /u/DarkSkinnedPrince
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Is UV light reflected by a mirror - or is it absorb into the actual glass?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 12:44 PM PDT

After the PSA everyone recieved that starring into a UV light source may not be the greatest idea, I wondered if sunlight could transfer damaging UV rays when refelected e.g Sun reflection from a mirror.

Thanks.

submitted by /u/SilverQuick08
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What happens to a text sent to a phone that doesn't have texting capabilities?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 01:06 PM PDT

Like a landline. Does it sit waiting somewhere to be delivered? Or does something somewhere detect that it can't be delivered and deletes it?

submitted by /u/greree
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If someone can't feel pain, do they technically have endless physical endurance?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 09:18 PM PDT

Isn't the build up of lactic acid the only factor/pain preventing humans from performing gruelling exercises for prolonged periods of time?

submitted by /u/Stock_Fanatic
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how do stylus pens with buttons (bamboo-wacom) never run out of battery?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 02:52 PM PDT

I can't get an answer any were so I thought Reddit could help

submitted by /u/Hell_kell
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Tuesday, August 22, 2017

Is an X-ray essentially a camera that operates on a higher frequency of light?

Is an X-ray essentially a camera that operates on a higher frequency of light?


Is an X-ray essentially a camera that operates on a higher frequency of light?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 03:11 AM PDT

Is an X-ray (the machine) essentially a camera that operates on a higher frequency of light? If so, could we hypothetically make a Gamma ray camera? an AM/FM camera?

submitted by /u/nattack
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Is all stainless steel manufactured in an electric arc furnace?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 11:38 PM PDT

Do they ever use alternative processes to make stainless steel or is this particular type of steel always manufactured in an electric arc furnace?

submitted by /u/ygh552
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How does taking potassium iodide help with radiation?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 09:39 PM PDT

Follow up question: whats the difference between iodide and iodine? Do they do different things or is the only difference in their composition

submitted by /u/lukes1230
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Can Radiation kill someone instantly?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 05:20 PM PDT

Less assume, for arguments sake, that instantly here means 1 minute or less.

Also is there a correlation between the mass of an object and how much Radiation it can give out? A formula? does it change by type, like gamma, alpha, or neutron?

submitted by /u/141_1337
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How does the rotation of an Earth-like planet affect its weather?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 07:22 AM PDT

I imagine that fast spinning planets would have very volatile weather and slow spinning planets have very strange weather at sunrise and sunset. Is this true? How does the planet's rotation affect the weather patterns?

Of course I'm assuming planets similar to earth that have atmosphere.

submitted by /u/photolouis
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Why is solubility of gases inversely proportional to tempreature?

Posted: 22 Aug 2017 07:20 AM PDT

This question came when talking with some friends about saunas after a scuba trip. Why does gases get less soluble when the temperature increases? For normal reagents, it is directly proportional. Why is it different?

BTW, could you explain why solubility of normal stuff increases as temperature increases? If it is an equilibrium process, and dissolution mean the formation of intermolecular bonds (exothermic), wouldn't an increased temp discourage dissolution by le chatelier's principle?

submitted by /u/LatitudeSurfer
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Where exactly would one look to find moths during the day and butterflies at night?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 06:09 PM PDT

Google has failed me hard on this one, saying only things like "they find a hiding place" which really doesnt tell me anything about the kind of hiding place one could find moths. For some reason I'm really curious where one would find them. Do they look for dark places to hide? If so how do they know when to venture out at night? Then I thought about Butterflies at night and my mind fell deeper into this question. Do butterflies hide in moths spots and move out when the moths return from the night at sunrise? I need to know :(

submitted by /u/Shabakanoid
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How do felines know when they are fighting or just playing around?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 02:06 PM PDT

Felines normally play with their siblings or "friends" by scratching and biting, how do they know they are not in danger and how do they know they don't need to fight for their lives?

submitted by /u/iagooliveira
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Are humans the only species that can get a tan?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 01:32 PM PDT

What exactly causes wind/air flow and how does it work?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 08:14 PM PDT

Is there a difference in nutrition between a cheese sandwich (bread, butter, cheese) and a grilled cheese sandwich (bread, butter, cheese + heat)? Is one more healthful than the other? Does cooking it affect things the same way it does certain vegetables etc?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 01:20 PM PDT

Why is Plutonium considered to be so dangerous?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 06:55 PM PDT

It has a very long half life so it's not throwing out a lot of radiation, yet it is still considered to be bad.

submitted by /u/General_Landry
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What causes neutron degeneracy to break down when a neutron star becomes a black hole?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 09:33 AM PDT

From what I've read about how degeneracy works, it's not something that can 'fail', as such: it's absolutely forbidden for particles to share a quantum state, so they resist compression past the point where they would have to. When electron degeneracy 'fails' at the Chandrasekhar limit, that's not the electron degeneracy itself failing-- it's that it becomes energetically favourable for the protons and electrons to react to form neutrons. So what happens at the upper limits of pressure for a neutron star, when it becomes unable to resist gravitational collapse? Do the neutrons react into something else, do they just get dense enough that an event horizon forms, or do they somehow start violating degeneracy?

submitted by /u/ConcernedInScythe
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How much heat does the reflected sunlight off the moon give Earth?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 09:46 PM PDT

What makes a material better or worse heat conductor on a molecular level?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 07:31 PM PDT

I imagine there are a multitude of reasons for a material to be better at conducting heat then another, but I was wondering if there was a more "fundamental" characteristic of a material that could justify it all other factores ignored.

submitted by /u/lokedan
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Why are there so many craters on the moon but not on earth?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 08:16 PM PDT

Why are humans more susceptible to allergies than animals?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 02:13 PM PDT

I meet people all of the time who have allergies to different types of food and animals. But I rarely hear of animals being allergic to certain foods or humans/other animals. Why is this?

submitted by /u/BenjiManCan
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Is there a solution to the three body problem?

Posted: 21 Aug 2017 12:22 PM PDT