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Friday, August 11, 2017

From the point of view of evolution, is there a particular advantage or disadvantage to having one eye color over the other?

From the point of view of evolution, is there a particular advantage or disadvantage to having one eye color over the other?


From the point of view of evolution, is there a particular advantage or disadvantage to having one eye color over the other?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 11:46 PM PDT

We have evolved to have skin colors based on the environment that our ancestors lived in, for example, greater sun exposure in the tropical latitudes meant it was advantageous to have a darker skin. Is there a similar story with eye colors?

submitted by /u/elni
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Does an insect, like a fly or a mosquito, have itches?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 11:03 PM PDT

Do all salts taste like table salt?

Posted: 11 Aug 2017 06:27 AM PDT

How can our brain distinguish the sound of a single note vs. a chord?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 09:37 PM PDT

I wondered this when I was listening to piano chords on my computer. My headphones produced a singular sound, yet I knew it was a chord compared to when only a single note is played. How can we tell the difference if they are both just single sounds?

submitted by /u/janidorr
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Is there any combination of distance, mass, and volume of two planetary bodies where one of them can look like this from the surface of the other?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 10:11 PM PDT

Image in question, all credit to the original artist

submitted by /u/IG_BansheeAirsoft
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If Earth were the same mass but half as dense, would we weigh the same?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 10:31 PM PDT

Curious if the increased volume would put us further from the center of mass making gravity less strong at the surface, or if that wouldn't be a factor.

submitted by /u/ubernatural
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Graph Theory: In a directed graph, how can I find all components of all loops? (head, body, tail)

Posted: 11 Aug 2017 03:55 AM PDT

I hope I dont break any rules here, because /r/reverseengineering doesnt like questions, so I try here again. Essentially I have graphs like this and want to indentify all loops (jackson's algorithm) and then find their parts, header = loop start, body = all nodes inside loop, tail = loop conditional node, which does the iteration check. has anyone some good resources or approach on how to solve this? thanks in advance for your time

submitted by /u/WarrantyVoider
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Is there much inbreeding in the wider animal kingdom? If so, are there major genetic problems that arise? If not, how is inbreeding avoided?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 04:55 PM PDT

How do we quantify wind speeds on gas giant planets?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 05:29 PM PDT

I recently read that Saturn has wind speeds up to 500m/s. On Earth we measure wind speeds relative to the solid ground, but since gas giants have no solid ground how do we distinguish the speed of their winds from the rotation of the planet itself?

submitted by /u/hamar123
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Is it possible to create black holes in a ring instead of a spherical object?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 07:30 PM PDT

What is the formula for conversion between Celsius and Fahrenheit, how did scientists manage to find this formula initially, and why were only these two units of temperature embraced by science and not any other units that existed in that time?

Posted: 11 Aug 2017 05:31 AM PDT

Why do radioactive atoms have a half-life where only 1/2 of them decay at a time? Why don't they all decay at about the exact same time?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 05:18 PM PDT

Why is the order of attaching electrical leads when jump starting a car significant? As well, why put the disabled cars negative lead to a ground and not to the negative terminal?

Posted: 11 Aug 2017 05:00 AM PDT

Why does ice in my glass crack after pouring water into it?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 11:40 PM PDT

What standard are diseases compared to to determine their rarity?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 10:07 PM PDT

You're in orbit around the Earth in a spaceship. You point the pointy end of your spaceship exactly at the center of the earth and fire your engines for 10 sec. What happens to your orbit?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 07:26 PM PDT

I understand the basics of orbits (falling around the earth and all), but I've been pondering this for a while now. Assume a circular orbit, never mind the atmosphere. Your control system is nimble and keeps your rocket always pointed at the center of (mass of) the earth.

My (wrong?) thinking is that since your thrust is perpendicular to your direction of motion, your orbital velocity does not change. Physics says your orbital altitude depends on your orbital velocity.

So, when you have your burn, do you dip towards the earth and then...pop back up to the same orbital altitude?

submitted by /u/Might-I-Inquire
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Why do cows have four stomachs and what does each stomach do?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 04:34 PM PDT

Where is all the nuclear contamination from the atmospheric nuclear tests decades ago?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 04:08 PM PDT

According to the CTBT, the United States has conducted 219 atmospheric nuclear tests. Did this not cause worry once we knew radiation travels? Are these regions still contaminated? Do we avoid them altogether in flight/sea travel?

submitted by /u/athausmann
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Why did scientists like Slotin and Daghlian do their criticality experiments manually?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 05:51 PM PDT

I was reading about the demon core, and I was wondering why the two scientists involved ever attempted to do their experiments manually? Maybe I'm just being a wimp, but I would think of anyone on the planet, Slotin and Daghlian would know best how dangerous that was. I understand that a remote system for doing these experiments was built after the second incident. Is there a reason this wasn't developed and used earlier?

submitted by /u/MadDoctor5813
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Why is the dihedral angle 180° and 0° instead of 90° in molecules with sp2-Carbons?

Posted: 11 Aug 2017 04:40 AM PDT

Shouldn't molecules like ethylene also be in a staggered conformation?

submitted by /u/hamar-tolos
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Can two stars in a binary system orbit each other so closely that they will heat each others' surfaces and change their spectral type?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 11:41 AM PDT

When a battery loses its energy as it sits in the drawer, where does that energy go?

Posted: 11 Aug 2017 04:20 AM PDT

Thursday, August 10, 2017

Solar Eclipse Megathread

Solar Eclipse Megathread


Solar Eclipse Megathread

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 08:19 AM PDT

On August 21, 2017, a solar eclipse will cross the United States and a partial eclipse will be visible in other countries. There's been a lot of interest in the eclipse in /r/askscience, so this is a mega thread so that all questions are in one spot. This allows our experts one place to go to answer questions.

Ask your eclipse related questions and read more about the eclipse here! Panel members will be in and out throughout the day so please do not expect an immediate answer.

Here are some helpful links related to the eclipse:

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How come otorhinolaryngology is a single discipline if it concerns three different body parts? Are these connected in some way? Are there other examples of specialties that include multiple minor subspecialties?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 06:33 AM PDT

How to sum orbital angular moments to get Russell-Saunders coupling's L?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 07:19 AM PDT

On this site I have found the following sentence:

Consider, as an example, the excited helium atom in the atomic electron configuration 2p3p. By the triangular conditions the one-electron spins s = ½ can couple to |½−½|, ½+½ = 0, 1 (spin singlet and triplet) and the two orbital angular momenta l = 1 can couple to L = |1−1|, 1, 1+1 = 0, 1, 2.

I sort of understand the spin part but I have trouble with the orbital angular momentum, why can it be equal to 1 if I have two electrons both with l=1. Maybe a better example can be found in Linus Pauling's book titled General Chemistry (and this is what I couldn't understood first but even after trying to find it out on my own I'm stuck.). He shows us an example with a carbon atom. Here's my thought process on getting the Russel-Saunders symbol:

  • C's electron config: 1s2 2s2 2p2, we don't have to look at the first two orbitals because both S=0 and L=0
  • 2p2 can be 2px2, 2px1 2py1 (and other basically the same variations), in the first case S=0 in the second S=1 This is what I don't get, both sources says L=0,1,2, but I can't make sense of L=1, (although I can't really make sense about the other values either, but at least I can arithmetically get to those). They are vectors and I understand that px py and pz orbits all point to directions perpendicular to each other, in which case adding them together should result in values 2 (if same direction) or sqrt(2) in every other case. Not even 0 should be a correct answer, so I definitely don't understand something basic here.

Also, if it wouldn't be that big of a trouble, could you please explan what J actually is (the subscript on the right)?

submitted by /u/Muoniurn
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What is the scientific definition of temperature?

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 07:12 PM PDT

I have been googling this and having a great deal of trouble finding definitions that don't seem circular. In particular, the following is bothering me. Temperature seems to be defined by internal energy (u = 3/2RT) for an ideal gas. Internal energy can be theoretically defined (velocity + vibration + rotation, etc). But specific heat capacity increases with temperature for a real gas, meaning there is more energy per degree of temperature increase. How can there be more energy increase per degree if a degree is literally defined in terms of the amount of energy increase?

Does temperature actually only depend on particle velocity, and other effects just happen to be negligible at normal temperatures? What gives?

submitted by /u/spacemonkeyzoo
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For how long can a typical housefly stay airborne before it runs out of energy?

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 01:52 PM PDT

It's impressive how long it can buzz around and be super annoying without needing to eat.

submitted by /u/manofredgables
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What purpose does Iron serve in our bodies? Are there any elements that could theoretically replace it, in an environment where iron wasn't abundant/available?

Posted: 10 Aug 2017 08:31 AM PDT

2 parts curiosity, 1 part research for a story I'm mulling over.

submitted by /u/Avenmar
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From 2010 to 2016, student loan debt has approximately doubled, and the average student loan debt in 2016 has seen a 50% increase from 2010. What factors are driving this growth and what's the outlook of it's sustainability?

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 08:14 PM PDT

How exactly does cancer physically kill you?

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 08:11 AM PDT

Schizophrenia: Are voices ever perceived as benevolent?

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 09:33 AM PDT

From popular fiction, the voices schizophrenic people hear are always angry, insulting, or downright evil. However, do some schizophrenics hear more benevolent or supportive voices?

submitted by /u/Tendy777
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Why is the ideal gas law selective to certain types of energy?

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 03:21 PM PDT

Today in school I learned about the ideal gas laws. As we know, the formula is PV=nRT, t being temperature. Temperature is the average kinetic energy. We learned that there are several ways energy can be absorbed by gas molecules. This includes collision, rotating, vibration, bending. However, my teacher said collision is the only way that energy can be absorbed and that can be accounted for the ideal gas laws. Why is that? Why can't all types work for ideal gas laws?

I probably said something wrong so I'll try to clarify.

submitted by /u/XXXtaxation
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How exactly does cancer work?

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 02:02 PM PDT

I hear things like "cancer attacks" but I don't understand how a cell made incorrectly can do that. It's not like a virus who is programmed to attack body, so how and what does it do.

submitted by /u/bushdiid911
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How long/many organ transplants did it take for us to truly understand how our body rejects new organs and how to fight this process?

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 07:43 AM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 08:07 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why are there different types of seismic waves? Why do P waves, S waves and L waves occur/travel seperately?

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 06:15 AM PDT

If there was an ocean in Mars, which color would it have?

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 02:33 AM PDT

Wednesday, August 9, 2017

If telomers get shorter with every split of a cell, doesn't this mean we can pretty accurately calculate when someone will die of old age?

If telomers get shorter with every split of a cell, doesn't this mean we can pretty accurately calculate when someone will die of old age?


If telomers get shorter with every split of a cell, doesn't this mean we can pretty accurately calculate when someone will die of old age?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 02:02 PM PDT

What's the coldest flames can be?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 09:16 PM PDT

How is corruption measured?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 12:04 PM PDT

Organizations like Transparency International publish corruption data from all over the world. How do they get their data? It's obviously a crime that is attempted to be hidden.

submitted by /u/MonsterPhilosophy
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What determines whether ancient plant/animal material turns into oil vs coal?

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 06:17 AM PDT

Also, how much coal/oil would a house cat sized animal produce and/or a plant with the mass of a house cat?

submitted by /u/DadThrowsBolts
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Why aren't pixels made up of 'RYB' LEDs instead of RGB ones?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 01:59 PM PDT

Was wondering that since the 3 primary colours are red, yellow and blue would it not make more sense in some applications for yellow LEDs to be used instead of green LEDs for pixel based displays.

submitted by /u/Jman____
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Is it possible to estimate the economic impact of corrupt leadership (I'm thinking Marcos, Mugabe and Suharto levels of corruption) on a country's economy?

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 03:52 AM PDT

Or, to rephrase that, let's suppose we could access news from a parallel universe where Suharto, Marcos and Mugabe never came to power and leaders of integrity had been in place instead ... how would the economies of the alternate versions of those countries differ from what we know?

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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Why do some people have an allergic reaction to pollen, while others do not?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 05:16 PM PDT

As an added question, why are allergic reactions to pollen so different from allergic reactions to food?

submitted by /u/TheRealLinuxRebel
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How many particles in the universe?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 02:26 PM PDT

So people always say there's like 1082 particles in the universe or something like that. But how many particles are estimated to be in the actual universe? I know we don't know the size of the universe but assuming it's finite and we know what the expansion rate is would it be possible to estimate it? Or would it just be the same as the observable universe?

submitted by /u/Onuha
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During a solar eclipse, why/how does the moon always seem to be the exact 'width' of the sun? Is it just a coincidence?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 08:36 PM PDT

In forming binary star systems, why doesn't the solar wind from the first star's initial fusion stop the formation of the second star?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 07:30 PM PDT

Intuitively, I would think that the material that is currently condensing as a second protostar would be blown away by the new star's solar wind.

submitted by /u/gerbot150
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When glaciers scraped away so much soil and other material during the Ice Ages, where did it go?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 07:29 PM PDT

The soil in most of Northern Europe and much of North America is less than 10,000 years old due to glaciers scraping away so much soil compared to areas that didn't have glaciers in the Ice Ages.

Glaciers also flattened the land. I used to live in the US in Indiana. Over there the northern half of the state is flat while the southern half has a lot of hills because the northern half was scraped flat by glaciers.

Where did all of this material go?

submitted by /u/Idle_Redditing
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Why is gravity referred to as a "force"?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 08:46 PM PDT

I'm not a physicist, and my formal physics education ended my freshman year in college. That said, I still have to wonder why people refer to gravity as a "force"? I have been under the impression - at least since I started reading about relativity decades ago - that gravity wasn't a "force" (like electromagnetism and the other two quantum forces) so much as an emergent property of the curvature of spacetime. That's why it's been so difficult to reconcile quantum theory and relativity: we're talking about apples and oranges.

The quantum forces are described as fields and seem to exist superimposed (somehow) on the larger "canvas" of curved spacetime. Gravity can certainly affect the quantum forces - light bends in the presence of a strong spacetime curvature - but the quantum forces seem to have no effect whatsoever on gravity.

Forgive me if my understanding of physics is faulty but every time I read an article that refers to the "force of gravity" it makes me think they don't know what they're talking about.

submitted by /u/Frebdignabliaq
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[Physics] How does dew form? And also, what exactly does the dew point mean?

Posted: 09 Aug 2017 05:03 AM PDT

I was up early this morning and was looking around my yard. And also looking at the few, and wondering how it formed, and what the dew point has to do with it. My best idea is that condensation comes down overnight and makes dew stick to everything? At least until the sun comes and "melts it off"?

submitted by /u/Darwinism21
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Is it possible for a terrestrial planet to be something other than solid and spherical in shape?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 03:15 PM PDT

How do you determine the height of an island?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 03:34 PM PDT

If I am on an island and push a 7 ft. boulder to it's highest point, did I just raise it's height by 7 feet? What determines how tall it is?

submitted by /u/Riftus
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Are there certain ethnic grouos that tend to have a higher number of Neanderthal gene variants?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 06:45 PM PDT

A few of my family members and I recently took the 23&Me genealogy test which tells you how many Neanderthal gene variants you have. My grandfather, who had a higher percentage of Southern European ancestry had a much lower number of Neanderthal genes than my grandmother, and father (not the son of thse two people, they are my maternal grandparents) who have a much higher percentage of Northern/Northwestern European ancestry. This led me to think that perhaps Neanderthal genes are more prevalent in North/Northwest Europe. Is there any validity to my thought? If not, is there any observed tendency that Neanderthal gene variants have in certain population?

submitted by /u/sphericpanda3
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Is an electron "matter"? What state of matter is it?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 11:32 PM PDT

Can bees tell the difference between their own hive's honey and another hive's honey?

Posted: 08 Aug 2017 07:11 AM PDT