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Sunday, July 23, 2017

How Does the Equipment in Hospitals/Labs Produce Gamma Rays in the MeV range?

How Does the Equipment in Hospitals/Labs Produce Gamma Rays in the MeV range?


How Does the Equipment in Hospitals/Labs Produce Gamma Rays in the MeV range?

Posted: 23 Jul 2017 07:37 AM PDT

Do they just use radioactive material decays or do they have machines that concentrate/focus them in a way? I know that Cobalt 60 can produce up to 1.3~ MeV during its decay into nickel. I have also seen alpha bombardment of boron using polonium but that only gets up to 3~ MeV. I could not find any information on how higher values are achieved. How are values above let's say 7 MeV reached?

submitted by /u/greatnameforreddit
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What would the world look like if electrons were spinning at 2/5 instead of 1/2?

Posted: 23 Jul 2017 04:43 AM PDT

Why does it seem as though it's more common to get sick when the seasons or weather change?

Posted: 23 Jul 2017 07:03 AM PDT

Is there any herbal medicine that has clinical evidence about its efficacy ?

Posted: 23 Jul 2017 07:10 AM PDT

How effective is water (say, clear pool water) at blocking UV radiation?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 01:53 PM PDT

I know that light bends as it passes through a different medium, but how does it affect the UV radiation? Can pool water act as a type of sunblock for submerged skin?

submitted by /u/Archerweiss
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Why does a glass full of water, when tapped on a marble tile, make a distinctly different noise as opposed to when empty?

Posted: 23 Jul 2017 07:48 AM PDT

It makes a slightly more deeper noise, as if its hollow. Always intrigued by that.

submitted by /u/Jango214
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Does a warm/hot bath increase or decrease blood pressure? I've read/heard conflicting info.

Posted: 23 Jul 2017 07:42 AM PDT

Why do leaves appear to "turn over" before it rains?

Posted: 23 Jul 2017 07:37 AM PDT

The underside of deciduous leaves are clearly visible before it rains.

I've seen many different speculations as to why, including wives tales, humidity, change in winds, barometric pressure, etc. Is there a concrete explanation?

submitted by /u/JuliettePapaFoxtrot
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On average each generation is taller than the previous, then theoretically we would continue to grow. What would stop our growth?

Posted: 23 Jul 2017 07:16 AM PDT

Who feels the umbilical cord being cut? Mother, child or both?

Posted: 23 Jul 2017 07:08 AM PDT

Why won't honey freeze solid?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 03:05 PM PDT

Why does log P matter when determining if a drug will work well?

Posted: 23 Jul 2017 05:22 AM PDT

I understand that since there's a lot of different solutions in the body and some are immiscible the drug needs to be soluble in all of them, but why does it matter how MUCH more soluble the drug is in one solution than another?

submitted by /u/smrnnm
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Do animals enjoy music to any extent?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 10:56 AM PDT

Does it annoy them? Do they like it? Do they even care or notice?

submitted by /u/Theolaa
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How can E=mc^2 have a negative solution?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 12:45 PM PDT

Paul Dirac showed that there is negative energy but how did he prove this? I don't doubt that it is true, i just don't understand it.

c ist the speed of light squared so it defenitely is positive. For this equation to be true there would have to be negative mass then, right? But negative mass sounds so unintuitive.

Thanks for the help!

submitted by /u/TheRunics
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What is effective field theory?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 03:34 PM PDT

How did it solve the issue of infinite numbers?

submitted by /u/cedobor
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How did the elements form after the big bang?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 09:50 AM PDT

If Salmonidae (steelhead, salmon, etc) all return to the same tributary/stream that they were born in, why aren't there thousands of species?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 09:06 AM PDT

I have always been under the assumption that salmon and related species always return to the same stream they were born in to spawn. If that is the case, why aren't there many more species of them? If my assumptions are correct, wouldn't that create isolated genetic groups which over time would become different species?

Do they crossbreed, sometimes go to other streams, or is this just a common misunderstanding?

Thanks in advance for any explanations you could give.

submitted by /u/CyberSpork
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What is the technical difference between a rectilinear lens and a fish-eye lens and why does one keep the lines straight while the other doesn't?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 12:53 PM PDT

What is the explanation given for how the contribution of Feynmann diagrams of electron scattering to the total integral depends on the amount of vertices?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 10:56 AM PDT

[disclaimer, not a physicist] I watched this video on electron scattering, feynmann diagrams, and perturbation theory, in relation to solving infinities with path integrals, and from what I understand the total contribution to the behaviour in electron scattering is a sum of all possible interactions. That's fine and all, just typical Quantum weirdness, but why do 4 vertices interactions contribute with a factor of 100 less?

Basically the question is:

Is it correct that "every additional vertex in an interaction reduces its contribution to the (total) probability by a factor of around a hundred, and why"?

  • What is the physical basis of this, and how generalisable is this to quantum physics?
  • Is generally speaking the relation between total behaviour/integral always a sum of weighted* possible sub-scenarios? Can this weight always be arguably described as some form of complexity?

The reason why I'm asking this is I've always been fascinated and curious about an 'it-from-bit' kind of approach to the foundation of physical reality. I've been exploring quantum computation and quantum gravitation in relation to this, basically just looking for observations that hint to information or computation being more fundamental than matter and energy itself. Apart from the above question, if you have something else interesting I would love to see that as well!

Thank you in advance!

submitted by /u/u_can_AMA
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Saturday, July 22, 2017

Why are reflections (especially in liquid) clearer when viewed at an angle, as opposed to straight-on?

Why are reflections (especially in liquid) clearer when viewed at an angle, as opposed to straight-on?


Why are reflections (especially in liquid) clearer when viewed at an angle, as opposed to straight-on?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 11:36 AM PDT

Just like in supersonic motion, the object that creates the sound can move faster than the waves it produces, is it possible for the E-field or B-field that make up light to move faster than the light?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 07:47 AM PDT

What's the implication of the mass of a proton?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 05:56 AM PDT

According to a recent paper in Physical Review Letters the proton may weight less than we thought.

What are some implications of this difference in how we understand the universe?

submitted by /u/mc8675309
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Two Drones Flying Away From Each Other Along the Equator; Does the Earth's Rotation Affect the Length of Ground Covered By Each Drone?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 06:11 PM PDT

Sorry if this has been asked before, it's difficult to come up with an appropriate search term.

If two identical drones, hovering a foot off the ground, are placed back-to-back on the earth's equator (parallel with it), and each is then propelled forward along the equator (i.e. directly away from each other) at a fixed speed, would one travel "further" than the other given the direction the earth is rotating? By "further" I mean relative to the surface of the earth, as opposed to a direct ass-to-ass measurement of the drones from their starting point to the end point, which would obviously be the same for each drone.

To keep it simple, let's assume there are no other factors involved (such as variable wind resistance, sunlight/time zones, anti-drone activists with shotguns, that the equator of the earth isn't a perfectly smooth surface, etc.)

This feels like a physics 101 question, but I was educated in science by a rotation of substitute teachers whose actual area of expertise was P.E. or Home Economics, so I'm learning all of this stuff by the seat of my vast adult pants.

Thanks for reading/answering/directing me to previous threads which cover the same question!

submitted by /u/chumlies
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Is it pure coincidence that the rotation rates of Mars and Earth are both 24 hours (-4 & +39 min)?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 09:07 AM PDT

And maybe this isn't the same question, but: Is there such a thing as non-coincidental rotational resonance between bodies not orbiting each other?

submitted by /u/orbitalengineer
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is there a theoretical limit on the magnification provided by telescopes?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 06:27 PM PDT

Or, does light have a 'resolution limit' as we try to look at smaller and smaller objects from greater and greater distances?

Suppose we had an absolutely colossal telescope, that magically scaled up to whatever size was necessary to get a good view of the target, whether that was a radius of 1 million miles, 10,000 AU, 5 billion light years, whatever. My first assumption would be that there would be some sort of issue due to the travel time of light when we think on these scales. Ignoring that, is there some point at which no level of magnification could ever be enough due to the constraints of light itself?

If I pointed my magical telescope at the distant galaxy GN-z11 which, according to wikipedia, is 32 billion light years away, is there a level of magnification at which we could observe a single star of that galaxy, or would that be physically impossible due to, say, a lack of photons coming from that source to the telescope?

Is there a hard limit to the transmission of light that bars us from, given this potentially infinitely-sized telescope, seeing specific objects on certain planets at a given distance? Is there any reason aside from limits of construction and resources that keeps us from being able to see a single rock on a planet 80 million light years away? A single cell? A molecule?

submitted by /u/theaveragejoe99
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Why is it easier to cook/warm certain foods in the microwave?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 04:03 AM PDT

Can extreme tidal forces have an effect on the half life of an atom?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 07:40 AM PDT

So one of first thing people hear when they are told about black holes, is that they have the power to even rip apart atoms due to extreme tidal forces produced by the gravity. Well I was thinking is this somehow a linear capability. Say we have an Uranium atom orbiting an Earth mass black hole 2cm above the event horizon. Ignoring time diliation, would the Uranium be more likely to give up a helium nucleus (alpha decay) due to the nucleus being pulled apart by the black holes tidal force? Could such a scenario even make an otherwise stable isotope unstable? A Roche limit of sorts, but instead of breaking apart objects held together by gravity, orbiting closer than this limit breaks apart objects held together by the strong force.

submitted by /u/empire314
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How would you calculate the the probability of winning the Monty Hall if you switched and there were 'n' amount of doors?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 07:29 AM PDT

I've seen explanations of the Monty Hall problem, and they make sense, and I was wondering how you would go about calculating the probability of winning if you

  • Had 'n' doors.
  • Had 1 correct door.
  • Had the number of doors reduced by (n-2) after you made your first choice.
  • Had Switched doors.
submitted by /u/8thPawn
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How big is the universe?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 05:46 PM PDT

If the universe was created 13.772 billion years ago from a singular point, then why wouldn't the observable universe be exactly 27.554 light years in diameter?

submitted by /u/Iznoe
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Is there a theoretical limit to the field strength of an ideal permanent magnet at room temperature? If so, how would we calculate it?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 05:57 PM PDT

I've been reading about new powerful iron nitride and manganese-bismuth magnets that are under development, and began to wonder whether there's an upper limit to the strength of a permanent magnet at room temperature and if so how we'd calculate it.

I searched around and found some threads on this topic (like this one on Quora) but no one seemed to attempt to answer the question of what that limit would be.

Some people suggest that an upper limit could be determined by identifying atoms with the highest magnetic dipole moment and find out what the magnetic moment/field strength would be if all of the particles composing it were spinning in the same direction and multiply that by the number of atoms in a solid, but that approach seems to completely omit the fact that the same atoms in different crystal structures produce significantly different macroscopic magnetic effects (like magnetite vs austenite).

Does anyone know if a good answer exists for this question or it's incalculable for some reason?

submitted by /u/squakmix
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How do dielectric boots work?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 06:09 PM PDT

When inflating a balloon using your lungs, are you effectively filling it with Carbon Dioxide and will this affect it in comparison to inflating it via a compressor?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 03:09 PM PDT

Is there an upper bound to how long an electromagnetic wave can be?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 12:41 AM PDT

If light is a result of changing electric and magnetic field, can I create visible light by using just an A.C source and a wire?

Posted: 22 Jul 2017 12:21 AM PDT

By varying the direction of current I can set up a changing electric field which will in turn will create a changing magnetic field and hence should produce EM waves, right?

submitted by /u/iOfTheApple
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Why do some antibiotics make it so one cannot go into the sun?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 11:07 AM PDT

How do non-contact voltage detectors work without any current running through the wire?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 11:33 PM PDT

I was using my non contact voltage detector and it seemed to be working even without any current running through the wire, I googled to confirm and I was correct, so how does this work?

submitted by /u/captainboggle100
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How can strong gravitational lensing create multiple images, especially four images?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 11:08 PM PDT

I've read several articles including wikipedia about strong gravitational lensing. They all explain in detail with animations how Einstein rings can appear, and then go on to mention the possibility of multiple clean images as a matter of fact, no explanation given. The animation on wikipedia somewhat pictures how double images appear before and after the Einsteing Ring due to a transition - but how can four rather crispy images appear?

submitted by /u/andreasbeer1981
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Simplest proof that |R^2| = |R|?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 11:34 AM PDT

Just watched this video on Hilbert space-filling curves. I realized that the existence of a bijection from R to R2 like the Hilbert curves in the video is effectively a proof that the cardinality of R and R2 are the same, but what is the simplest proof? Is it a matter of finding the simplest space-filling curve?

submitted by /u/graciousgroob
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What is the shape of space?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 06:39 AM PDT

Does space have a geometrical form? And if so what form? Flat? Hyberbolic? Squared?

submitted by /u/LeFrosch
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What makes a beach?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 05:09 AM PDT

I'm currently on holiday in Sydney (marvellous city. Shame about the 24 hour commute to get here) and around Sydney harbour are many, many beaches; some big (Bondi), some small (the 3' wide example near Jeffrey St. Wharf).

Through my incredibly limited knowledge of geology, I'd assume it would be something to do with erosion of the sandstone, and something to do with tides in deciding (for lack of a better word) where beaches form, but Bondi is in a cove, so why has only some of that cove turned to beach and the rest remained as a sandstone cliff?

Basically, what forces act on one area of coastline to form a beach, and not others?

submitted by /u/TheReverend210
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Friday, July 21, 2017

Do carbonated drinks lose their fizz faster or slower depending on the altitude?

Do carbonated drinks lose their fizz faster or slower depending on the altitude?


Do carbonated drinks lose their fizz faster or slower depending on the altitude?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 07:37 AM PDT

I just had a big move down to sea level from a much higher elevation, and I feel like my soda all goes flat much faster here, so I was wondering if black magic air pressure could be affecting it?

Edit: People have guessed that it is also much hotter here in China than where I lived before (Northern USA). So even though the lower altitude should be preserving my fizz, the heat is kicking its butt.

submitted by /u/middleupperdog
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What would happen if I started to rotate a 100,000km rod at 1 round per second?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 11:31 PM PDT

Made out of the strongest lightest material possible. https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=100000km+radius+circle The perimeter is larger than the speed of light per second.

submitted by /u/daniel_eff
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Why do some allergies only affect certain parts of the body?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 11:05 PM PDT

Many allergies seem to only affect the respiratory system or the digestive tract. Why can the same allergen be rubbed on skin in some cases and no reaction occurs, or post stomach not cause reactions throughout the rest of the digestive systems?

I am assuming there is no reaction after leaving the stomach due to the acid denaturing the protein responsible, but why is this the case for other parts of the skin/body?

submitted by /u/bad_omens1
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If opposite charges attract, why do electrons orbit the atomic nucleus instead of collapsing in on it?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 07:26 AM PDT

Are atoms perfectly spherical?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 11:05 PM PDT

I was thinking about how atoms are depicted as spheres, and were wondering how perfect they are? Thanks

submitted by /u/jimmy7979
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The sun is roughly 400x bigger than the moon but also 400x further away from earth, making them look exactly the same size. Is that rare in a solar system?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 01:35 PM PDT

Are there seasons on the moon or on the other planets in our solar system?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 05:38 PM PDT

Is there autumn/winter/summer on the moon?

How about on different planets?

submitted by /u/TheAwesomeButler
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How do you explain the photoelectric effect as a result of the wave function?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 08:25 PM PDT

So in class, I've only been taught the photoelectric effect as a result of the particle nature of light. However, is there a way to describe it using QM tools like the wavefunction?

submitted by /u/yelron
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Was shell-shock in WWI caused by the percussive blasts themselves or was it a more psychological effect?

Posted: 21 Jul 2017 12:02 AM PDT

Many primary sources list severe physical trauma that troops had from heavy shelling even miles away from the line. Any biological break down helps. Thanks.

submitted by /u/Skynetiskumming
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What happens to the bones of animals that snakes eat?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 02:43 PM PDT

If there's no ultimate frame of reference, how do we know the Universe's age?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 12:28 PM PDT

Could some other civilization in a different galaxy measure CMBR and derive an age other than 13.7 billion years?

submitted by /u/Negative-One-Twelfth
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What exactly is happening when we sweat?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 03:55 PM PDT

How can we measure the mass of a proton in terms of AU, which are defined mostly by the mass of a proton?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 02:17 PM PDT

A team of researchers in Mainz, Germany just measured the mass of a proton to a record new precision as 1.007276466583 AU. I was under the impression that 1 AU ≡ mass of one proton. How can you measure the mass of a proton in terms of itself and have that number not be 1?

Furthermore, if AU is separate from the mass of a proton, then what is it? And how can we know what it is with more precision than they got for the mass of a proton? If we only knew what an AU was up to 60 decimal places for example, then wouldn't we only be able to know what a proton is to 60 decimal places just by how error works?

submitted by /u/EhC_DC
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Based on the theory of inflation, what is a rough estimate of the size of the entire universe, not just observable?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 11:59 AM PDT

Seeing as like speed is finite we arent able to see beyong 43 billion light years away. But if we know generally how fast the universe is expanding, is there a rough estimate to how far it extends to where we cant see?

submitted by /u/T00LBOX
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Does the cosmic expansion of the universe change the universe's "flatness"?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 06:08 PM PDT

Minute Physics released a video that explained that the amount of matter in the universe affects its shape (less matter makes space negatively curved and more matter makes it positively curved). Given that the universe is expanding, but new matter isn't popping into existence, does that mean that the universe will eventually become extremely curved?

Follow up question: if it becomes more curved, does that mean that inevitably, space will eventually become so curved as so create points that become infinitely dense (as space curves in on itself?)

submitted by /u/Jabacasm
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If a person gets an organ transplant (and assuming their body doesn't reject it) is there a point, after the body's cells have been refreshed with new ones, in which the replacement organ will have no DNA of the person that it originally belonged to?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 11:31 AM PDT

Is there a finite amount of prime numbers?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 01:31 PM PDT

I was watching a recent Numberphile video where they explained that

 x! + [1 , x ] 

formula can be used to calculate a gap of primes of any size.

So taking that and using ∞ as x, wouldn't that mean that there is an infinitely long prime gap and couldn't be any primes after the gap, because the gap never ends?

Thanks.

EDIT: thats not an equation, it's a formula!

submitted by /u/Lenart12
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40,000+ sq mi. area in Russia potted and covered with small circular ponds, almost every major pond has some kind of industrial site on it. What is this?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 08:36 PM PDT

Edit: Wish I could adjust title: Specifically what type of geography is this and how did it come to be? What are all these industrial sites near each of the ponds?

https://www.google.com/maps/@61.5628831,72.9922958,11454m/data=!3m1!1e3

--this one includes a street view of some drilling machine? https://www.google.com/maps/@64.1883935,74.2266735,10016m/data=!3m1!1e3

--another example of the hundreds of industrial sites that dot the area: https://www.google.com/maps/@61.547417,72.732247,3a,15y,189.37h,93.65t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sQkLPkbJHCVCpm_cp7KuKsw!2e0!7i13312!8i6656

submitted by /u/ihaveasandwitch
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In a blind double slit experiment, particles go through two slits, which show up on a backboard in a wave form. However, the wave form is not physical, It's a probability distribution. Can anyone explain what a "probability distribution" in this case is, and what happened to the initial particles?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 11:44 AM PDT

Am I misunderstanding the experiment? Like, what do they mean when they say "probability distribution"? That sounds just like math. Is the entire experiment just done via math, or with physical tiny bits of matter? Are particles actually hitting a backboard? What does it mean for particles to become a "probability distribution"? For some reason this is not making sense, but I may just be entirely missing something.

submitted by /u/CarefreeCastle
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How will the world look in a few years, in terms of climate?

Posted: 20 Jul 2017 11:24 AM PDT

I don't mean things like "temperatures/sea levels will rise", since I already know that. I mean, if things continue as they are right now, how bad will the world be? How will it affect my life, basically? I'm scared for my future :(

submitted by /u/Popopopper123
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