What is a "zip file" or "compressed file?" How does formatting it that way compress it and what is compressing?

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• What is a "zip file" or "compressed file?" How does formatting it that way compress it and what is compressing?
• What differentiates edible gold from the gold in my computer or a ring?
• What exactly is the Navier-Stokes millennium problem trying to solve?
• Why is Turner syndrome a thing when extra X chromosomes are usually inactivated anyways?
• How does a DNA change appear in a trillion cells?
• Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science
• What determines whether a spray bottle will release a stream or spray?
• A conductive cable over a light-year long is connected to a positive & negative pole, how long until current flows?
• How does an artificial neural network work? How does it "learn", "evaluate" and "use" data accordingly?
• Thought experiment: You have 100 coins. Flip each one: if heads remove the coin, if tails add 100 more coins. Keep flipping until you have no coins. Will this process ever terminate?
• Why does derivation for the infinitely deep potential well electron energies use the standing wave on a string equation?
• Is it possible to classically condition a function of the autonomic nervous system?
• How does premature birth affect development throughout life (epigenetics?)
• How can the difference between two binomial distributions not follow a known probability distribution, but the difference between two normal distributions follow a normal distribution?
• If we want to see things smaller than the wavelength of visible light, why can't we just make gamma ray microscopes?
• After learning a new language as an adult after a base language is known, what goes on in your brain as you speak the 2nd language? Does your brain translate the thoughts to the 1st language then to the 2nd language? How does this compare to learning 2 languages from birth?

What is a "zip file" or "compressed file?" How does formatting it that way compress it and what is compressing? Posted: 12 Apr 2017 04:35 AM PDT I understand the basic concept. It compresses the data to use less drive space. But how does it do that? How does my folder's data become smaller? Where does the "extra" or non-compressed data go? submitted by /u/TheRaven1 [link] [comments]

What differentiates edible gold from the gold in my computer or a ring? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 09:28 PM PDT I've been watching a Youtube series called "Most Expensivest Sh*t". And in it the rapper Two Chainz basically reviews super expensive versions of everyday items. In one episode he tries a 5 dollar kernel of popcorn covered in "edible gold", what makes this gold edible and the gold you normally see inedible? submitted by /u/Thenerdiest [link] [comments]

What exactly is the Navier-Stokes millennium problem trying to solve? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 05:37 PM PDT I just took fluid mechanics 2 and I saw that there was a millennium problem regarding the Navier-Stokes eqn. Can someone elaborate on what it involves? submitted by /u/Dab-O-Ranch [link] [comments]

Why is Turner syndrome a thing when extra X chromosomes are usually inactivated anyways? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 07:07 PM PDT submitted by /u/BrowAndBoogie [link] [comments]

How does a DNA change appear in a trillion cells? Posted: 12 Apr 2017 02:20 AM PDT Methylation in epigenetics, or even a random mutation in DNA happens in one or a few cells - but how does it suddenly appear in all trillion cells, especially all the sperm cells, so that it is passed on? submitted by /u/jnorris235 [link] [comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science Posted: 12 Apr 2017 08:04 AM PDT Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...". Asking Questions: Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists. Answering Questions: Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience. If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here. Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away! submitted by /u/AutoModerator [link] [comments]

What determines whether a spray bottle will release a stream or spray? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 06:22 PM PDT You can twist the nozzle on a spray bottle to change whether a stream of liquid or a spray comes out when you use it. Does that twisting action change the diameter of the orifice where the solution exits? Additionally, is there a simple relationship describing how the orifice diameter, spray velocity, solution viscosity, etc. affects whether a stream or spray comes out? submitted by /u/Quinos [link] [comments]

A conductive cable over a light-year long is connected to a positive & negative pole, how long until current flows? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 11:12 PM PDT Assuming an infinitely large power source for the current. What would the electrical dynamics be if a cable capable of carrying the current from the (-) end to the (+) end starting the second of creating the complete circuit? Do these electrical dynamics breakdown at some point of scale? At this scale could we watch the 'flow' of electricity? submitted by /u/FunkadelicAlex [link] [comments]

How does an artificial neural network work? How does it "learn", "evaluate" and "use" data accordingly? Posted: 12 Apr 2017 02:53 AM PDT Hello, I've recently started getting interested in Artificial Neural Networks and, even though I'm a programmer, I can't grasp how the whole process works in terms of searching, scanning and evaluating, let alone storing and using new data as new criteria. Does anybody have experience on the matter? I've checked wikipedia and similar results for a brief introduction on ANNs, but the concept is still far for me. Thanks, have a great day :) submitted by /u/IAMZizzi05 [link] [comments]

Thought experiment: You have 100 coins. Flip each one: if heads remove the coin, if tails add 100 more coins. Keep flipping until you have no coins. Will this process ever terminate? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 01:21 PM PDT It seems like it's never technically impossible, and it's an infinite process, which makes me think it must terminate eventually, but the process gets statistically more and more difficult to complete with each flip. What happens mathematically? submitted by /u/Goodbye_Galaxy [link] [comments]

Why does derivation for the infinitely deep potential well electron energies use the standing wave on a string equation? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 05:57 PM PDT In my textbook, the derivation for the infinite potential well energy formula: E(n) = ((h2 / (8m(L2 )) *(n2 ) (1) Is derived from considering the states of a fixed at 2 nodes: L = (n*lambda) / 2 (2) To derive the (1) I pasted, if we substitute lambda for the second equation into lambda = h / p we arrive at the first formula. My question is however: this must imply that (2) is not merely used for an analogy to describe the energy states of an electron, we literally consider the wave formations of a string with two nodes and apply to the energy states of an electron. I'm new to learning this, so I'm still getting the concepts down, but how is this not only not used for analogy but actually used in the derivation? This has to do with an actual string with two nodes, not an electron pushed away with at two ends x = 0 and x = L. Could someone illuminate this logic for me? Thanks! submitted by /u/sangstar [link] [comments]

Is it possible to classically condition a function of the autonomic nervous system? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 04:44 PM PDT The autonomic nervous system, for those who do not know, is what controls all the involuntary functions of the body, such as breathing, digestion, etc. By classical conditioning from psychology, is it possible, or have there been any examples of, organisms having a specific function of the autonomic nervous system triggered by an neutral stimulus? submitted by /u/B_Wilks [link] [comments]

How does premature birth affect development throughout life (epigenetics?) Posted: 11 Apr 2017 09:04 PM PDT I was born two months premature, and at face value Im a pretty normal and fit guy, though I have atrocious ADD, I've never been the quickest on my feet in a conversation, and my personality feels a bit "cold". I don't feel I have any defects, but my joints do feel a bit "loose", for lack of a better word. I never really considered how being born premature may have affected me, but as I started studying for a human biology degree I've started to think more about the possible epigenetic factors that influence development while in the womb, and maybe the added stress at birth from being separated in an incubator. Before I simply thought it would only impact somatic development, which would eventually catch up, but now I'm wondering if it may directly affect HOX genes. Ive not really been able to find any good literature on the subject. Does anyone possibly know how premature birth can affect gene signalling? submitted by /u/artesen [link] [comments]

How can the difference between two binomial distributions not follow a known probability distribution, but the difference between two normal distributions follow a normal distribution? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 04:51 PM PDT Why doesn't the difference in binomial distributions follow a binomial distribution? Is it possible that the difference between binomial distributions follows a probability distribution that we just haven't discovered yet? submitted by /u/Jdazzle217 [link] [comments]

If we want to see things smaller than the wavelength of visible light, why can't we just make gamma ray microscopes? Posted: 12 Apr 2017 12:01 AM PDT I'm sure that there's a very good reason, but I don't know it. submitted by /u/lirannl [link] [comments]

After learning a new language as an adult after a base language is known, what goes on in your brain as you speak the 2nd language? Does your brain translate the thoughts to the 1st language then to the 2nd language? How does this compare to learning 2 languages from birth? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 05:58 PM PDT submitted by /u/undeadchair [link] [comments]

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Does pupil constriction only happen when your eye is exposed to light in the visible spectrum?

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• Does pupil constriction only happen when your eye is exposed to light in the visible spectrum?
• How do lasers measure the temperature of stuff?
• Can we say that the molecular formula of a compound shows that exact ratio of atoms of elements in it?
• Why does water conduct AC better than DC?
• Does gravity affect sound waves (or other types of waves)?
• Why does music make my hair stand on end and my skin feel all tingly?
• When a star explodes are the elements it has created, through nuclear reactions, distributed evenly?
• When i put a strong flashlight in my mouth my cheeks glow. What's happening? Are photons traveling through my skin?
• Is chocolate actually poison to dogs? If so, why?
• In fusion reactors, how do they use magnets to control the heat?
• Can electrical circuits make noise?
• Isn't convection just conduction through a fluid medium?
• Why do electrons come in pairs?
• Is it possible to measure magnetic field strength? What is it measured in?
• Can one use microwaves from satellites to melt the iron core of mars in an attempt to reactivate the magnetic field?
• Why can't cars reach 300mph?
• Can someone explain the solution of the Monty Hall problem?
• What natural phenomenon used to occur back in prehistoric times that we wouldn't see now?
• [Computing] Does streaming a YouTube video use the same amount of cell data as downloading the entire thing?
• When you heat an unstable isotope, does it decrease its half-life time and does the opposite happen when you cool it?
• What geological processes formed Vulcan Point Island in the Philippines?
• Are there any species that have more than 2 genders? If so, how would reproduction work for them?
• Why doesn't the phase of the moon change when it's in the sky overnight?
• Has an animal ever evolved some kind of wheel-like feature for efficient transportation?

Does pupil constriction only happen when your eye is exposed to light in the visible spectrum? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 07:27 AM PDT submitted by /u/B4DL4RRY [link] [comments]

How do lasers measure the temperature of stuff? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 03:27 PM PDT submitted by /u/flyingteabag [link] [comments]

Can we say that the molecular formula of a compound shows that exact ratio of atoms of elements in it? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 09:43 AM PDT submitted by /u/Canoldavin [link] [comments]

Why does water conduct AC better than DC? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 06:55 AM PDT It is a fairly common notion that AC can pass through water at lower voltage than DC can. I tried to prove this notion by passing AC and DC through some regular tap water. Link to the spreadsheet: https://gyazo.com/bc8f212d9f4575f3e35886a4effd1b85 In the graph, the blue line is DC, the yellow one is AC at 50Hz and the red one at 500Hz. The voltages are, despite the the markings in the screenshot, in millivolts. The experiment was carried out with regular volt meters and a power supply that can output fairly decent DC and AC at different frequencies. And it shows that water does, in fact, conduct AC better than DC. Why is that, however? Is it due to the ions, impurities, in the water or do the features of water molecules cause this? Could polarity have anything to do with this? submitted by /u/aero_ch [link] [comments]

Does gravity affect sound waves (or other types of waves)? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 04:35 PM PDT submitted by /u/hugglesthemerciless [link] [comments]

Why does music make my hair stand on end and my skin feel all tingly? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 08:06 AM PDT I understand that the brain is very good at recognising patterns, and music is simply a pattern filled audio input to the brain, but why do certain solos, certain riffs, certain instruments make it feel like my heart swells, a mini burst of energy floods into my legs as I'm walking and everything goes tingly from my head and down my arms. submitted by /u/MegaJackUniverse [link] [comments]

When a star explodes are the elements it has created, through nuclear reactions, distributed evenly? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 12:39 PM PDT If I understand correctly all the elements we see around us were created in the nuclear reactions within stars. So when a star explodes does it send out those elements in a predictable pattern? For example, do iron atoms get shot out further than oxygen atoms? Are there distribution tables that show the likelihood of planets containing certain elements based on the distance they form from stars. If so are planets that form further out from their stars more likely to contain certain elements? Is this why Earth and Mars have so much H20 but other planets don't seem to have much H2O? submitted by /u/x62617 [link] [comments]

When i put a strong flashlight in my mouth my cheeks glow. What's happening? Are photons traveling through my skin? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 06:34 AM PDT submitted by /u/bentonetc [link] [comments]

Is chocolate actually poison to dogs? If so, why? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 10:12 AM PDT Growing up we're always taught the chocolate is just about the worst thing you can feed to a dog. However, my dog (a roughly 8 year old black lab mix) has gotten into her fair share of chocolate in her days. She has never once gotten sick from it. Somebody please explain to me if this chocolate rule is just a myth or if there are exceptions. What reason do we have to believe that chocolate causes dogs harm in the first place? submitted by /u/Z-Fishizzle [link] [comments]

In fusion reactors, how do they use magnets to control the heat? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 12:08 PM PDT submitted by /u/pipinstalluniverse [link] [comments]

Can electrical circuits make noise? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 09:08 PM PDT My laptop (UX305C) doesn't use a fan nor a mechanical hard drive, but I hear a very soft kind of zzz - zz -zzz noise in especially quiet environments. What might be the cause of this? Edit: sorry, the title should say "sound." submitted by /u/Senrinn [link] [comments]

Isn't convection just conduction through a fluid medium? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 07:29 AM PDT Title says it all really. I was told there were three methods of heat transfer: conduction, radiation and convection. It seems to me convection is just a convenient way to model heat transfer and fluid mechanics, but the actual heat energy must be transferring via conduction and radiation. submitted by /u/APleasantLumberjack [link] [comments]

Why do electrons come in pairs? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 01:19 PM PDT A lot of chemistry talks about bonding pairs, lone pairs etc., but is there a specific reason why they don't come in threes or more? Also I have read about electron spin, but I'm still rather unsure about what that actually means. submitted by /u/xkimlam [link] [comments]

Is it possible to measure magnetic field strength? What is it measured in? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 01:47 AM PDT Title. Is there a name for magnetic field strength (like how current is measured in amps)? Bonus: what is the average strength of an audio cassette tape? Hard drive? Loud speaker magnet? submitted by /u/crazyman50000 [link] [comments]

Can one use microwaves from satellites to melt the iron core of mars in an attempt to reactivate the magnetic field? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 12:45 AM PDT Sorry, im not a very educated man when it comes to physics. Im guessing the mantle is too thick and it would need too much energy but in theory, can this work? submitted by /u/etinbs [link] [comments]

Why can't cars reach 300mph? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 07:05 AM PDT I read that the Bugatti Chiron has an engine powerful enough to do so but it can't? Why is this? submitted by /u/tenletters124 [link] [comments]

Can someone explain the solution of the Monty Hall problem? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 10:43 AM PDT Suppose you're on a game show, and you're given the choice of three doors: Behind one door is a car; behind the others, goats. You pick a door, say No. 1, and the host, who knows what's behind the doors, opens another door, say No. 3, which has a goat. He then says to you, "Do you want to pick door No. 2?" Is it to your advantage to switch your choice? PS The answer is- Switch submitted by /u/meethil9 [link] [comments]

What natural phenomenon used to occur back in prehistoric times that we wouldn't see now? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 09:43 AM PDT submitted by /u/bumbara55 [link] [comments]

[Computing] Does streaming a YouTube video use the same amount of cell data as downloading the entire thing? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 12:05 PM PDT Title. For example if I streamed a normal YouTube video, would I use more or less data streaming it compared to downloading it with say: YouTube Red? submitted by /u/HPA_m33k [link] [comments]

When you heat an unstable isotope, does it decrease its half-life time and does the opposite happen when you cool it? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 03:20 PM PDT submitted by /u/The6thmate [link] [comments]

What geological processes formed Vulcan Point Island in the Philippines? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 05:37 AM PDT I saw the post about an island in a lake on an island in a lake on an island, and was really intrigued. How does something like this form? https://www.google.co.nz/maps/@14.0093635,120.9961742,147m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en submitted by /u/mcampo84 [link] [comments]

Are there any species that have more than 2 genders? If so, how would reproduction work for them? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 05:22 PM PDT submitted by /u/IndustryInk [link] [comments]

Why doesn't the phase of the moon change when it's in the sky overnight? Posted: 11 Apr 2017 05:47 AM PDT As the moon orbits around the Earth, and the Earth rotates on it's axis, why doesn't the moon's phase change (ex: go from full to crescent) when in the sky overnight? submitted by /u/adamarchitect [link] [comments]

Has an animal ever evolved some kind of wheel-like feature for efficient transportation? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 12:18 PM PDT submitted by /u/BoHanZ [link] [comments]

You are subscribed to email updates from AskScience: Got Questions? Get Answers.. To stop receiving these emails, you may unsubscribe now.	Email delivery powered by Google
Google Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States

On average, and not including direct human intervention, how do ant colonies die? Will they continue indefinitely if left undisturbed? Do they continue to grow in size indefinitely? How old is the oldest known ant colony? If some colonies do "age" and die naturally, how and why does it happen?

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• On average, and not including direct human intervention, how do ant colonies die? Will they continue indefinitely if left undisturbed? Do they continue to grow in size indefinitely? How old is the oldest known ant colony? If some colonies do "age" and die naturally, how and why does it happen?
• Why is Radioactive Iodine in the treatment of Thyroid Cancer administered orally as a pill rather than through IV?
• Why do some animals have shorter lifespans than others? What keeps humans live for ~80 years versus a cat for only ~15 years?
• Why are things like vanilla extract advised NOT to be stored in the fridge, and away from light?
• Has there been any known examples of non-valence electrons being used in a chemical bond?
• How close to the galactic center would I need to be to see orbiting systems moving with the naked eye?
• Do passing photons attract each other gravitationally?
• What's the texture of our bones like?
• I know that a certain percentage of adults who were diagnosed with ADHD tend to "grow out of it" as they reach adulthood. Is the reason simply that they were misdiagnosed?
• If breast milk contains Lymphocytes how come breast feeding babies don't have Graft vs Host Disease ?
• Why is mitochondria only passed down through the mother?
• Why doesn't naloxone/naltrexone block endorphins?
• How is information coded in fiber optic cables?
• Why are there no small aquatic mammals?
• Why are all medicines that relieve pain also reduce fever?
• How long ago did humans colonize the planet? How were people able to get to places like Australia and Greenland?
• How does an atom absorb or emit light?
• How do antiinflammatory drugs work? How do they know there is an inflammation? Do they de-flammate the entire body?
• What would be the environmental impact of eradicating mosquitoes entirely?
• Just a High School Question; we learn in chem that each element when excited releases a certain wavelength of light. Why does the sun release the whole spectrum evenly when it doesn't contain all elements?
• How is momentum conserved in a Gauss Rifle?
• How come miRNA/siRNA are not degraded in the cytosol by exonucleases?

On average, and not including direct human intervention, how do ant colonies die? Will they continue indefinitely if left undisturbed? Do they continue to grow in size indefinitely? How old is the oldest known ant colony? If some colonies do "age" and die naturally, how and why does it happen? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 07:14 PM PDT How does "aging" affect the inhabitants of the colony? How does the "aging" differ between ant species? I got ants on the brain! submitted by /u/Unoewho [link] [comments]

Why is Radioactive Iodine in the treatment of Thyroid Cancer administered orally as a pill rather than through IV? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 02:04 PM PDT I'm trying to understand the rationale and reason for why radioactive iodine therapy used to treat thyroid cancer is administered orally as a pill rather than as an IV directly into the blood. From what I understand, thyroid cells are the only cells of the body which will readily absorb iodine - thus making this radiation a very safe form as it won't damage other cells. But as the RAI is taken as a pill, the radiation irritates the stomach lining and salivary glands, causing nausea and vomiting as a side effect. Wouldn't having an RAI infusion avoid that particular side effect? submitted by /u/Heterozygoats [link] [comments]

Why do some animals have shorter lifespans than others? What keeps humans live for ~80 years versus a cat for only ~15 years? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 09:38 PM PDT If beings want to be alive for as long as possible, why would some die faster than others (We're also talking dying by an animal's "old age")? What keeps a human to be considered younger longer than animals with shorter lifespans? submitted by /u/FireThePyro [link] [comments]

Why are things like vanilla extract advised NOT to be stored in the fridge, and away from light? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 04:23 AM PDT Can someone please give a scientific explanation, perhaps in terms of the molecules? I can't find any scientific reasoning anywhere! Much appreciated :) submitted by /u/yeahrightthanks [link] [comments]

Has there been any known examples of non-valence electrons being used in a chemical bond? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 02:15 AM PDT submitted by /u/MrIddles [link] [comments]

How close to the galactic center would I need to be to see orbiting systems moving with the naked eye? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 12:11 AM PDT Sure I can see satellites moving across the sky, but how close to the center of the Galaxy would I need to be to see systems/stars moving across the sky with the naked eye? submitted by /u/brendan87na [link] [comments]

Do passing photons attract each other gravitationally? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 04:53 PM PDT submitted by /u/kendfrey [link] [comments]

What's the texture of our bones like? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 09:10 PM PDT Assuming that I've never broken a bone, are all my bones smooth? Or are they rough/scratched? submitted by /u/gureum [link] [comments]

I know that a certain percentage of adults who were diagnosed with ADHD tend to "grow out of it" as they reach adulthood. Is the reason simply that they were misdiagnosed? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 06:02 PM PDT submitted by /u/MeetTheHannah [link] [comments]

If breast milk contains Lymphocytes how come breast feeding babies don't have Graft vs Host Disease ? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 06:23 PM PDT Immunology will forever be a mystery to me. Just reviewed heme onc and realized that there are lymphocytes in breast milk, usually this would mean bad news (GvH. TA-GvHD) but somehow breast feeding babies are fine? submitted by /u/Alcoholic_Gingerbeer [link] [comments]

Why is mitochondria only passed down through the mother? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 06:16 PM PDT submitted by /u/Moonslayer101 [link] [comments]

Why doesn't naloxone/naltrexone block endorphins? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 06:32 PM PDT In other words: Why don't opiate free people experience some sort of withdrawal-like symptoms (or dysregulation syndrome) from opioid antagonists like naltrexone? Background: Neuro and pharmacology student. Recently I found out a friend of my is taking Vivotrol (naltrexone). I was a bit shocked to find that he seemed utterly normal in every way. His eating's fine, sleep fine, exercise fine. No apparent catastrophic anhedonia, deathly anxiety, or loss of the will to live that is characteristic of opioid withdrawal. Not even a little bit of anything that would suggest that. Huh. This is slightly strange as pharmacology goes. Scopolamine produces the opposite effects of arecoline in a normal person. Quetiapine will make you less psychotic whether you're on methamphetamine or not, even if that just means making you sleepy. It raises the question (not begs the question people) of why Vivotrol is not a weapons-grade torture drug (that would be scary!). I've asked professors this and they don't seem to have a clue. One told me he believes opioid agonists, antagonists, and endorphins bind at the same site on the mu-opioid receptor, but he didn't seem too sure, so feel free to correct. Now I have one small clue as to the answer. In my understanding (again feel free to correct) whether an agonist or an antagonist overpowers the other is mostly due to binding affinity, to a lesser extent intrinsic activity. I imagine some nebulous steric property of receptor proteins may also be at play. I gather that these two properties are also important in determining potency. Anyway, here it claims that beta-endorphin has at least 18x the analgesic potency of morphine. It also claims that it is blocked by naloxone. Interesting to say the least. If beta-endorphin has a potency closer to some of the weaker fentanyl analogues than it goes to say that perhaps only a large dose of naloxone can reverse it's effects, much like fentanyl, and that perhaps a standard dose of naltrexone cannot. This brings us to one answer I've heard before (and at least needs more explaining): "Well, if you aren't in pain then you don't need endorphins" or something to that effect. This answer seems a little naive. From what I understand most transmitters/hormones etc are found in fluctuating amounts in the body but are not either there or totally absent. Yes I know how action potentials work, no I don't mean that. Since your body is constantly being damaged and being repaired to some extent, as well as the fact that pain in the absence of corresponding stimuli is a thing, I'd assume that pain, perhaps of a potentially debilitating degree, is constantly suppressed by your nervous system. Thus it would seem reasonable that endorphins and the like are there, on the macroscopic scale, at all times to some degree. I understand directly supporting an answer may be difficult. A sound argument perhaps with circumstantial evidence would do in that case. Bonus Questions Is it likely possible that a drug capable of "causing opiate withdrawal in normal people" could be developed? If so how would it differ from current opioid antagonists? What about the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil (I'd imagine not)? Other GABA-blockers? Thank you for your time. submitted by /u/cryptictryptich [link] [comments]

How is information coded in fiber optic cables? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 11:13 AM PDT I've been wondering how a single fiber in an optical cable can carry so much information. How is it coded? As pulses? Does the light change wavelength to code information? submitted by /u/prithnator [link] [comments]

Why are there no small aquatic mammals? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 06:58 PM PDT The smallest I can think of are others. Meanwhile there are fish and amphibians that are super small, and lots of small land mammals. submitted by /u/thewrittenrift [link] [comments]

Why are all medicines that relieve pain also reduce fever? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 11:54 PM PDT Is the same part of our brain that control pain sensory also control body temperature? submitted by /u/junkgle [link] [comments]

How long ago did humans colonize the planet? How were people able to get to places like Australia and Greenland? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 05:05 PM PDT I recently read an article about a village found in British Columbia that is estimated to be over 14,000 years old. It got me wondering at what period in time were there civilizations on all the continents there are on today. submitted by /u/jboogie18 [link] [comments]

How does an atom absorb or emit light? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 06:40 PM PDT What happens when a photon reaches the electrons orbiting an atom? What is the mechanism of 'absorption', and what happens to the properties (such as energy or wavelength) of a photon when it is absorbed? Similarly, how does emission occur and what determines how much time passes between absorption and emission? submitted by /u/HK_Aorta [link] [comments]

How do antiinflammatory drugs work? How do they know there is an inflammation? Do they de-flammate the entire body? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 02:54 AM PDT submitted by /u/seamstress80 [link] [comments]

What would be the environmental impact of eradicating mosquitoes entirely? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 08:07 AM PDT submitted by /u/FTLSquid [link] [comments]

Just a High School Question; we learn in chem that each element when excited releases a certain wavelength of light. Why does the sun release the whole spectrum evenly when it doesn't contain all elements? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 02:14 AM PDT Please keep to 'high school friendly' phrases! This really confused our class/teacher.... Thanks! submitted by /u/Juiciestmilk [link] [comments]

How is momentum conserved in a Gauss Rifle? Posted: 10 Apr 2017 12:54 AM PDT It seems that the ejecting steel ball has gained momentum and that momentum hasn't been conserved at all in this system. Both the incoming steel ball and the outgoing steel ball have the same mass but different velocities so when you calculate momentum using mass*velocity, won't the momentum values for each ball be different and therefore momentum isn't conserved in this system? EDIT: I am referring to this setup here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiSd91sLtS4 The slight difference for my case is that the magnet is held in place so there is no recoil submitted by /u/Kixro [link] [comments]

How come miRNA/siRNA are not degraded in the cytosol by exonucleases? Posted: 09 Apr 2017 08:14 PM PDT I'm taking a genetics course and we talked about mRNA transcription and about mRNA processing (5' cap, the Poly A tail, splicing, etc) and how it helps prevents the degredation of the mRNA from 5' and 3' exonucleases. However, when we talked about RNA interference, we learned that miRNA starts off with having a Cap and Poly-A tail (pri-miRNA) but they are removed by the Microprocessor complex (turning into pre-miRNA). How come pri-miRNA, pre-miRNA are able to "float" around in the cytosol without getting destroyed by things like the 5' and 3' exonucleases immediatly? Or is RNA interferance a process of chance and the miRNAs are able to bind to RISC before they are destroyed? submitted by /u/v1c1ous0dst [link] [comments]

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