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Monday, January 9, 2017

How does heat propagate in a vacuum if there are no particles for it to move through?

How does heat propagate in a vacuum if there are no particles for it to move through?


How does heat propagate in a vacuum if there are no particles for it to move through?

Posted: 09 Jan 2017 03:29 AM PST

How does a lightning bolt "know" where to strike?

Posted: 09 Jan 2017 02:52 AM PST

It's common that a lightning bolt will strike dominant points.

But how does the strike know where the highest points are if he goes from top to bottom?

submitted by /u/Lordidude
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What properties of beet juice make it a useful additive for combating snowy/icey roads?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 04:41 PM PST

Some municipalities in Canada are using white beet juice mixed with their road salt mixtures as an eco alternative. I'm curious what properties of beet juice make it useful in this purpose and if it's useful why not use entirely beet juice?

submitted by /u/wh33t
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What in the brain gives certain memories for a rememberer a sense of 'sureness'?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 09:28 PM PST

How are some memories rated by witnesses to an event from unsure to sure?

submitted by /u/pimpmastahanhduece
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I've read about going bellow 0K, to which the article referred as "the highest possible energy state". Does that mean that temperature loops around at 0K and absolute zero is also absolute hot?

Posted: 09 Jan 2017 01:36 AM PST

This is the article in question.

submitted by /u/Akaky_Akakievich
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What is the highest and lowest temperature that the human body can remain in direct contact with, without any damage?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 03:27 PM PST

For example, if someone were to create a heated or cooled suit to be worn during high/low temperatures. If a plate of some metal or plastic was in direct contact with the skin for an extended period, what range of temperatures could be used without causing damage to the body? Would this temperature be enough to keep someone warm during cold weather, or keep cool during the heat?

Edit: Side question Assume we have a piece of metal exoskeleton that is being heated constantly at 98.6 F. On a cold day, where the temperature outside is fairly cold, you decide to use the "suit" for warmth. Would continued exposure to the metal cause any damages to the body? Would your body temperature rise to the exact temperature of the metal?

submitted by /u/Tatsuya-
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How deep is the sand on a typical sandy beach? If you dug straight down, what would you find underneath it?

Posted: 09 Jan 2017 02:10 AM PST

Is it possible to get 0ms ping through entanglement?

Posted: 09 Jan 2017 04:33 AM PST

Title says it all. Was reading this article where quantum entanglement was briefly mentioned at the end hence got me curious.

submitted by /u/Emp3r0rP3ngu1n
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In topology, does something without boundaries have a centre?

Posted: 09 Jan 2017 12:11 AM PST

Like the surface of a sphere, would it make any sense to talk about a centre or would every point be a centre?

submitted by /u/TimoKerr
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I've heard that people with OCD feel like something terrible will happen if they don't give in to their compulsions. Is that terrible feeling related to or derived from the compulsion, or is a random fear?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 08:01 PM PST

This question came up because I've read comments on Reddit that went something like "if I don't wash my hands a thousand times my pets will die" or "if I don't triple-check the locks someone will date-rape my future daughter" when referring to a compulsion.

Is the irrational fear somehow related to the compulsion? Is it always unrelated? Is it a hyperinflation of a separate fear that somehow gets absorbed by the OCD? Is it random?

Is there perhaps a line that separates OCD from "normal" compulsions - so, for example, let's say a person is insanely afraid that a chainsaw murderer will attack them if they don't go around the house checking their locks fourteen times before going to bed. Would they be considered Obsessive-compulsive, or would it be considered somewhat "normal" because the need to check the locks is "logically" derived from the fear? And how would this compare with the "if I don't triple-check the locks" comment mentioned above?

I hope my question is clear, and that my previous knowledge and understanding of OCD is accurate.

submitted by /u/MonCalamariEstCuit
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Why is Streptococcus so uniquely susceptible to penicillin class antibiotics?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 11:41 AM PST

Currently a medical student on my internal medicine rotation and have run into a few cases of Group A strep cellulitis. Was wondering why this species hasn't developed resistance when every other case of staph infection is with MRSA now.

submitted by /u/CDR_Monk3y
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Given enough time, will a homogenous mixture of two non-identical liquids separate based on minute differences in density?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 10:39 AM PST

Would two liquids whose densities differ by say 0.001 g/ml separate given enough time?

submitted by /u/whotooksaffe
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Is there a sound analogue of one-way mirrors? Can we,do we have constructs that can look t sound through one way, but block it completely in the other direction?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 02:58 AM PST

Frozen pattern on trampoline, how did it form in such a way?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 03:54 PM PST

I went on my trampoline yesterday and it had froze, so i jumped on it a little. The ice shifted and formed a strange pattern. I had made a post on r/mildlyinteresting and was directed over here to figure out what caused the strange patterns to form on the trampoline.

Here are two pictures pictures I took as well as 2 videos showcasing the pattern

Close up 1

Close up 2

First time getting on the trampoline video

Little brother does a flip, lines clearly visible

submitted by /u/GGeoffK
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Why does thorium glass develop a yellow tint over time?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 01:40 PM PST

Some time ago radioactive thorium oxide was used to create glass with high refractive indices for use in the lens making industry. Examples of this glass have gained a yellow tint over time. What causes this coloration?

submitted by /u/bostwickenator
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If you were to create a material with a gradually increasing refractive index, would light follow a curved path through the material?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 12:54 AM PST

Is there an animal that can jump high enough (or fast enough) to reach escape velocity of the Moon?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 11:17 AM PST

Edit: I should have picked my words better. What about any living organism (i.e. insects).

submitted by /u/TheRealFakeMeOrIsIt
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Sunday, January 8, 2017

My six year old daughter asked after clapping her hands, "How does the sound come out?"

My six year old daughter asked after clapping her hands, "How does the sound come out?"


My six year old daughter asked after clapping her hands, "How does the sound come out?"

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 07:40 AM PST

Can you help me explain it to her?

submitted by /u/MikeOxmaul
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How viable is the idea of using artificial wombs to help save endangered species?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 11:02 AM PST

I feel like this is a potential solution especially when getting animals to breed is difficult(pandas for example). The expense and scientific limitations could be an issue but I'm not sure. I would love to hear input on this

submitted by /u/ChromeGhost
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If you dissolve salt into water is it still H2O?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 01:08 PM PST

So.. its winter time and there has been a lot of salt applied to my driveway.. and I got to thinking. If you are dissolving a salt into water is the resulting solution still water? Or is it a new compound. H2O + NaCl = ? I'm mainly asking because we all know that adding salt changes some of waters properties such as the point at which is freezes.. so is it different?

submitted by /u/jdegraff89
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Whether grapes, Cacti or geraniums, cloning plants through cuttings has widely contributed to spreading desirable plants through time. What are the longest such cloned lineages and what can they teach us?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 09:19 AM PST

Just to be clear - the present discussion only aims artificially propagated clones. Naturally occurring clones, such as megagroups of genetically similar Aspen, are another topic.

Does the number of times new cuttings are taken have any effect downline? How long have reliably documented lines been maintained?

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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Is there any correlation between education and mental health?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 06:17 AM PST

Is there any correlation or causation between the level of education or occupation of a person to diseases sucj as alzheimers, dementia or other mental health problems?

submitted by /u/ZambiaZigZag
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How did early tetrapodomorphs breathe air?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 06:48 AM PST

From my understanding;

Some Sarcopterygians were capable of breathing air via their spiracular system, and some gulp air into vascularised swim bladders.

When early tetrapodomorphs such as Tiktaalik and Icthyostega started popping onto land for brief periods, did they breathe air primarily through their spiracular system, or did they further develop their swim bladders?

And where did the lung stem from? Was it a highly developed form of swim bladder or did it arise from the spiracular chamber?

I've been searching around but I can't seem to find a solid answer.

If anyone could point out lapses in my thinking or provide an answer I'd be very grateful!

submitted by /u/slyboner
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Study on Navy Special Operations candidates founds the "PEAS" scale was predictive of graduating the training. Where can I find the PEAS scale and has any other research corroborated or invalidated the study?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 09:54 AM PST

Link to study: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a200684.pdf

The "Physical Estimation and Attraction Scale" (PEAS) comes up with a ton of hits on scholarly archives yet I've been unable to find an actual damn copy of the scale. Where should I be looking?

Also, curious as to your knowledge of similar studies.

submitted by /u/figurativelypam
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How does UTR effect and regulate synthesis of RNA if it is untranslated? (As well as some other questions)

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 04:59 AM PST

1) During the transcription of mRNA , how does the 5'-UTR and 3'-UTR of the mRNA regulate production of RNA and protein? Surely if they're untranslated, they will have no effect on RNA regulation

I'm really confused about the this, my notes all point to the fact that UTR regulates RNA synthesis but I have no idea how or why.

Some other questions that are more of a 'Revise it as fact' thing but i'm still curious about

2) For a eukaryotic class II mRNA coding gene, why can the enhancer be in front or behind the promoter sequence? Wouldn't TF and cofactors need to be bound before the promoter so polymerase can bind at the correct sequence?

3) For transcription to mRNA, is the introns spliced out of the genetic sequence solely by snRNA?

submitted by /u/Thomas_Wales
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How accurate are total Earth population estimates and how do they determine them?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 03:56 AM PST

If I were to connect a spectrum analyzer to one of my Ethernet ports and have my computer send out a large number of all unique packets, could I figure out the protocols method of generating electrical signals simply based on the differences in the signal generated by each packet?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 09:10 PM PST

How does a change in Ploidy occur in evolution, and still produce fertile offspring?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 05:13 AM PST

Hello all!

 

Just been reading and thinking about the different ploidy that occurs in different species and curious to how this affects evolution.

Mostly how can this naturally occur and stick. For example oat plants are Hexiploid (I think) how did their evolution decide that 'yes, this is a good organisation of my chromosomes for evolution, I'll stop at 6'.

 

Hope this makes sense as a question, Thanks for any responses or discussion :)

submitted by /u/SirSharpest
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How do you weight a black hole ?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 01:55 AM PST

The black hole at the centre of the Sombrero Galaxy weighs in at 1 billion times that of the Sun, one of the most massive black holes ever measured how is it possible to measure the weight of a black hole ?

submitted by /u/bosborne93
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Is the depth of field in (human) eyesight affected by pupil size?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 04:44 PM PST

Hi, I'm a biology student that has recently been getting into photography. I've learned that in photography a smaller aperture size means a larger depth of field. A smaller aperture size also means less peripheral view.

My question is, does this work the same in (human) eyes? When we are in a brightly lit environment, do we have a larger depth of field (= a larger area in focus) and less peripheral view than when we are in a dark environment? I understand that the physics behind this phenomenon are the same with any kind of lens, but is it noticeable / measurable in our eyesight?

submitted by /u/Type_RX-78-2
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Eating can raise dopamine, but how exactly?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 10:49 AM PST

First of all english is not my first language, so pardon me for any grammar mistakes.

Now my question is whether dopamine levels raise while eating food or after, as our body realizes that there's food in the stomach? or how does this process work? I would appreciate any answers about this exact topic, because I couldn't find much information on it.

submitted by /u/72731372
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What would the magic numbers be if the sign of the spin-orbit interaction strength was reversed?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 08:16 AM PST

So talking about the nuclear shell model. I feel the title explains all you need to know. I am not too familiar with the equations around the magic numbers so would like to know a little background on that too!

submitted by /u/APsyduckOnCoffee
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What makes an element an element? (I dont mean the simple explanation of the # of protons) more in text section.

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 01:04 PM PST

Why are there variations of the number protons in the universe? What makes hydrogen have 1 proton and oxygen 8? Why is everything not simply hydrogen?

submitted by /u/Kevlaru
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Does the photoelectric effect only work on metallic solids?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 01:46 PM PST

What are the practical limitations of the photoelectric effect. Does it work on liquids, gases, or plasma? Does crystal structure have any effect? Are metallic solids the only efficient way too utilize it for energy production?

submitted by /u/adminmessage
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Where do the protons in the stroma of a chloroplast come from?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 08:11 AM PST

In the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis, the protons in the thylakoids (used to generate ATP) come from the photolysis of water and from protons being proton pumped from the stroma into the thylakoids. Where do this protons in the stroma originally come from?

submitted by /u/woop185
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Why are car starters powered by as low voltage as 12V?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 10:00 AM PST

I was wondering and could not find a definitive answer anywhere. Why are the car starters powered by as little as 12V? Would it not be more practical to use higher voltage so that the current drawn would not be so huge (like 400-500 amps for a typical diesel engine)?

It also seems to me that it would be cheaper, easier and more practical to use higher voltage and lower peak current battery as well as thinner cables connecting the starter to a battery.

I read somewhere about the 42V system but it was not much detailed and did not explain why this idea was abandoned.

submitted by /u/M_ish_A
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How does "flow" relates to this guy's definition of "fun"? (11 min video in comment)

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 09:48 AM PST

This video was posted on /r/gamedesign, and I mentioned that the speaker's definition of "fun" shared some similarities with the concept of "flow" in psychology (per my shaky understanding). What does an actual psychologist have to say about that?

And if you also have some input about "fun" in general, it would definitely be welcomed!

submitted by /u/OmeletteGenerator
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Saturday, January 7, 2017

Why do doctors bother with painkillers like oxycodon, etc, that barely differ from morphine?

Why do doctors bother with painkillers like oxycodon, etc, that barely differ from morphine?


Why do doctors bother with painkillers like oxycodon, etc, that barely differ from morphine?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 11:32 PM PST

Specifically what I'm asking is why bother having so many different strong opiates if they all have very, very similar profiles?

Besides duration, and the ceiling of the painkilling effects (i.e. codeine vs. morphine), the differences are very slight between these drugs. In fact I believe only morphine makes the WHO's list of essential medicines for a healthcare system. Why bother stocking all the rest?

Edit:To add to this, I'm mostly interested in what, if any, implications the often slight alterations in morphine's analogues have that make them more desirable than morphine itself. Primarily I'm interested in how these small changes effect a drug's structure-activity relationship. Opiates are really just an ideal example I picked, if you know something regarding this in other kinds of drugs, that's also of help.

I am aware of the following points: Pharma pressures doctors to use new but not very innovative products, and that doctors like to rotate a person's pain medication to reduce tolerance effects.

submitted by /u/FuzzerPupper
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What makes a particle radioactive?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 02:28 AM PST

Does an equation exist which is used to calculate the melting temperature of compounds?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 07:54 PM PST

Does an equation exist which is used to calculate the melting temperature of compounds? Research tells me that melting temperature is determined by the ion and covalent bonding, but that was all that I could find. If there is such an equation, could you please provide a link to the source to confirm? Thanks in advance for any guidance. This is needed for the production of a prototype for a new type of battery cathode.

submitted by /u/SavannahWinslow
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If John Dalton's model of the atom was wrong, how do we know Rutherford's model right?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 05:39 PM PST

How ubiquitous are drugs in the ambient atmosphere?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 06:58 PM PST

So I've read that researchers detected drugs from caffeine to cocaine in the ambient atmosphere in some major cities like Rome. I want to know: how far can they spread? If I live in the suburbs, am I technically consuming a few molecules of caffeine or nicotine every time I breath? What about out in the country? Do drugs in the air end up in rain water?

submitted by /u/PicketScout
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If electrically charged particles were fired into a black hole, what would happen? Would there be a point at which the electro-static repulsion of the particles overcame the force of gravity?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 11:58 AM PST

What is the ultimate destination of the voyager probe and has it been calculated where it will inevitably end up if it continues on its current trajectory?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 01:28 AM PST

Why does DNA pack itself into Chromosomes for replication and how/what makes it know to do so?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 12:34 PM PST

Hi all!

 

Hope this question makes sense, been doing some self-study on this and can sort of understand the process of DNA packing into Chromosomes and that it's to make it smaller and easier to transfer (I think, is the main reason).

But what really gets me is how does it know to do this? Did it try to do it without packing in the past and evolution decided it was a bad idea?

 

Hope someone is able to give me a bit of a hand with this, as has quite stumped me. Thanks for any answers!

 

p.s. I have a load of other smallish questions if anyone in genetics would be happy for me to ask them personally some questions, as I feel bad making posts for what could be simple questions, please let me know as it would be a great help :)

submitted by /u/SirSharpest
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How does CO2 have such a dramatic impact on thermal insulation, despite comprising less that 0.5% of the atmosphere?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 01:21 PM PST

Heard this counter argument against global warming the other day, and it made me wonder

submitted by /u/cxKYLEcx
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How do archaeologists/anthropologists determine the sex of human remains (not limited just to skeletons)?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 02:19 PM PST

Also, presuming there are different methods, how relatively reliable are different methods?

Also, if there is a mismatch between the presumed sex of bodily remains and the presumed gender signaled by any burial goods found with the remains, how is this usually interpreted?

submitted by /u/CalibanDrive
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What coordinate system do various space missions use? Are different ones used for different missions (e.g. centered on Earth and rotating, centered on the Sun and stationary, etc)?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 07:07 AM PST

How representative/accurate are the samples in the surveys of Americans' opinions? Is it really possible to say with any level of certainty that xx% of Americans feel one way or the other?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 04:57 PM PST

Does the body convert macronutrients into other macronutrients?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 08:32 PM PST

So my friends and I had a discussion. They think that the human body can convert carbs and proteins into fats and pretty much all of them into each others. While I agree that you can get "fat" by eating too much carbs and proteins ( because of the calories) I have to disagree that the body can really convert those into others. I see it as your body needs those three macronutrients to survive and body fat is an entirely different fat from the macronutrient.

I hope you can help us.

submitted by /u/Moby2107
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What causes swelling from injuries with humans?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 06:45 PM PST

Why does the body cause swelling, sometimes some more massive than others when we receive particular types of injuries? I.e. sprains/breaks/fractures. Why does the body cause such a discomfort? How does this help us?

submitted by /u/SebasCbass
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Are there any other snow-like substances?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 07:58 AM PST

Are there any other elements, molecules, compounds, etc. that naturally form crystalline structures similar to snow?

Like, if we were to visit a planet with a different composition could it possibly have methane snow or nitrogen snow or something?

If so, what would it be like? Would it be a different color? Bigger or smaller flakes? Unstable in some way? Useful for anything?

Just curious, and wondering what blue or orange snow would look like.

submitted by /u/kumachaaan
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How do transparent TVs display "black"?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 09:38 AM PST

Seen here: https://youtu.be/MvEaGB42EjE

In a phone for example, the default screen is black, so to display black, just shut off the pixels, this makes sense to me. But how can a piece of glass add light to create something darker than it is? I know how stupid my wording sounds and trust me i will also post on /r/ nostupidquestions. This has actually been bothering me for quite a while.

submitted by /u/pm_me_ur_hairy_feet
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Why does Carbon-14 have a longer half life than Carbon-10?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 05:25 AM PST

If the two were positron emitters, why would Carbon-10 have a shorter half-life? They are both equally distant from stability, I can't seem to find a good answer.

submitted by /u/CrazyBananaa
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Are there known solar systems with planets NOT all orbiting in the same plane?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 05:40 AM PST

I could find that the planets in our own solar system all orbit in the same plane due to how the solar system was formed. Is this the only possibility or would it be possible for the planets to orbit in let's say, 2 planes?

submitted by /u/Maxusy
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How can an evanescent wave be attenuated if it carries no energy?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 06:18 AM PST

I was reading this description of ATR in IR-spectroscopy but I have a hard time understanding how the absorption is actually measured.

submitted by /u/Loke98
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Very bright star or more?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 05:55 PM PST

I live in the NW near Mt. Hood, as I'm walking my dog, I noticed a very bright star, South West of mars(to the 5 o'clock). What is it? It's much brighter than Mars but much smaller the moon. I couldn't tell if it was moving but it was definitely abnormally bright. Anyone know what it could be?

submitted by /u/SubieB503
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Why is sativa so commonly used in plant names?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 09:41 AM PST

I'm curious why sativa is so common such as in cannabis sativa and oryza sativa etc.

submitted by /u/captainkardigan
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