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Sunday, January 8, 2017

My six year old daughter asked after clapping her hands, "How does the sound come out?"

My six year old daughter asked after clapping her hands, "How does the sound come out?"


My six year old daughter asked after clapping her hands, "How does the sound come out?"

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 07:40 AM PST

Can you help me explain it to her?

submitted by /u/MikeOxmaul
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How viable is the idea of using artificial wombs to help save endangered species?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 11:02 AM PST

I feel like this is a potential solution especially when getting animals to breed is difficult(pandas for example). The expense and scientific limitations could be an issue but I'm not sure. I would love to hear input on this

submitted by /u/ChromeGhost
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If you dissolve salt into water is it still H2O?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 01:08 PM PST

So.. its winter time and there has been a lot of salt applied to my driveway.. and I got to thinking. If you are dissolving a salt into water is the resulting solution still water? Or is it a new compound. H2O + NaCl = ? I'm mainly asking because we all know that adding salt changes some of waters properties such as the point at which is freezes.. so is it different?

submitted by /u/jdegraff89
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Whether grapes, Cacti or geraniums, cloning plants through cuttings has widely contributed to spreading desirable plants through time. What are the longest such cloned lineages and what can they teach us?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 09:19 AM PST

Just to be clear - the present discussion only aims artificially propagated clones. Naturally occurring clones, such as megagroups of genetically similar Aspen, are another topic.

Does the number of times new cuttings are taken have any effect downline? How long have reliably documented lines been maintained?

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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Is there any correlation between education and mental health?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 06:17 AM PST

Is there any correlation or causation between the level of education or occupation of a person to diseases sucj as alzheimers, dementia or other mental health problems?

submitted by /u/ZambiaZigZag
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How did early tetrapodomorphs breathe air?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 06:48 AM PST

From my understanding;

Some Sarcopterygians were capable of breathing air via their spiracular system, and some gulp air into vascularised swim bladders.

When early tetrapodomorphs such as Tiktaalik and Icthyostega started popping onto land for brief periods, did they breathe air primarily through their spiracular system, or did they further develop their swim bladders?

And where did the lung stem from? Was it a highly developed form of swim bladder or did it arise from the spiracular chamber?

I've been searching around but I can't seem to find a solid answer.

If anyone could point out lapses in my thinking or provide an answer I'd be very grateful!

submitted by /u/slyboner
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Study on Navy Special Operations candidates founds the "PEAS" scale was predictive of graduating the training. Where can I find the PEAS scale and has any other research corroborated or invalidated the study?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 09:54 AM PST

Link to study: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a200684.pdf

The "Physical Estimation and Attraction Scale" (PEAS) comes up with a ton of hits on scholarly archives yet I've been unable to find an actual damn copy of the scale. Where should I be looking?

Also, curious as to your knowledge of similar studies.

submitted by /u/figurativelypam
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How does UTR effect and regulate synthesis of RNA if it is untranslated? (As well as some other questions)

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 04:59 AM PST

1) During the transcription of mRNA , how does the 5'-UTR and 3'-UTR of the mRNA regulate production of RNA and protein? Surely if they're untranslated, they will have no effect on RNA regulation

I'm really confused about the this, my notes all point to the fact that UTR regulates RNA synthesis but I have no idea how or why.

Some other questions that are more of a 'Revise it as fact' thing but i'm still curious about

2) For a eukaryotic class II mRNA coding gene, why can the enhancer be in front or behind the promoter sequence? Wouldn't TF and cofactors need to be bound before the promoter so polymerase can bind at the correct sequence?

3) For transcription to mRNA, is the introns spliced out of the genetic sequence solely by snRNA?

submitted by /u/Thomas_Wales
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How accurate are total Earth population estimates and how do they determine them?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 03:56 AM PST

If I were to connect a spectrum analyzer to one of my Ethernet ports and have my computer send out a large number of all unique packets, could I figure out the protocols method of generating electrical signals simply based on the differences in the signal generated by each packet?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 09:10 PM PST

How does a change in Ploidy occur in evolution, and still produce fertile offspring?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 05:13 AM PST

Hello all!

 

Just been reading and thinking about the different ploidy that occurs in different species and curious to how this affects evolution.

Mostly how can this naturally occur and stick. For example oat plants are Hexiploid (I think) how did their evolution decide that 'yes, this is a good organisation of my chromosomes for evolution, I'll stop at 6'.

 

Hope this makes sense as a question, Thanks for any responses or discussion :)

submitted by /u/SirSharpest
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How do you weight a black hole ?

Posted: 08 Jan 2017 01:55 AM PST

The black hole at the centre of the Sombrero Galaxy weighs in at 1 billion times that of the Sun, one of the most massive black holes ever measured how is it possible to measure the weight of a black hole ?

submitted by /u/bosborne93
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Is the depth of field in (human) eyesight affected by pupil size?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 04:44 PM PST

Hi, I'm a biology student that has recently been getting into photography. I've learned that in photography a smaller aperture size means a larger depth of field. A smaller aperture size also means less peripheral view.

My question is, does this work the same in (human) eyes? When we are in a brightly lit environment, do we have a larger depth of field (= a larger area in focus) and less peripheral view than when we are in a dark environment? I understand that the physics behind this phenomenon are the same with any kind of lens, but is it noticeable / measurable in our eyesight?

submitted by /u/Type_RX-78-2
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Eating can raise dopamine, but how exactly?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 10:49 AM PST

First of all english is not my first language, so pardon me for any grammar mistakes.

Now my question is whether dopamine levels raise while eating food or after, as our body realizes that there's food in the stomach? or how does this process work? I would appreciate any answers about this exact topic, because I couldn't find much information on it.

submitted by /u/72731372
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What would the magic numbers be if the sign of the spin-orbit interaction strength was reversed?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 08:16 AM PST

So talking about the nuclear shell model. I feel the title explains all you need to know. I am not too familiar with the equations around the magic numbers so would like to know a little background on that too!

submitted by /u/APsyduckOnCoffee
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What makes an element an element? (I dont mean the simple explanation of the # of protons) more in text section.

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 01:04 PM PST

Why are there variations of the number protons in the universe? What makes hydrogen have 1 proton and oxygen 8? Why is everything not simply hydrogen?

submitted by /u/Kevlaru
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Does the photoelectric effect only work on metallic solids?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 01:46 PM PST

What are the practical limitations of the photoelectric effect. Does it work on liquids, gases, or plasma? Does crystal structure have any effect? Are metallic solids the only efficient way too utilize it for energy production?

submitted by /u/adminmessage
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Where do the protons in the stroma of a chloroplast come from?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 08:11 AM PST

In the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis, the protons in the thylakoids (used to generate ATP) come from the photolysis of water and from protons being proton pumped from the stroma into the thylakoids. Where do this protons in the stroma originally come from?

submitted by /u/woop185
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Why are car starters powered by as low voltage as 12V?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 10:00 AM PST

I was wondering and could not find a definitive answer anywhere. Why are the car starters powered by as little as 12V? Would it not be more practical to use higher voltage so that the current drawn would not be so huge (like 400-500 amps for a typical diesel engine)?

It also seems to me that it would be cheaper, easier and more practical to use higher voltage and lower peak current battery as well as thinner cables connecting the starter to a battery.

I read somewhere about the 42V system but it was not much detailed and did not explain why this idea was abandoned.

submitted by /u/M_ish_A
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How does "flow" relates to this guy's definition of "fun"? (11 min video in comment)

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 09:48 AM PST

This video was posted on /r/gamedesign, and I mentioned that the speaker's definition of "fun" shared some similarities with the concept of "flow" in psychology (per my shaky understanding). What does an actual psychologist have to say about that?

And if you also have some input about "fun" in general, it would definitely be welcomed!

submitted by /u/OmeletteGenerator
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Saturday, January 7, 2017

Why do doctors bother with painkillers like oxycodon, etc, that barely differ from morphine?

Why do doctors bother with painkillers like oxycodon, etc, that barely differ from morphine?


Why do doctors bother with painkillers like oxycodon, etc, that barely differ from morphine?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 11:32 PM PST

Specifically what I'm asking is why bother having so many different strong opiates if they all have very, very similar profiles?

Besides duration, and the ceiling of the painkilling effects (i.e. codeine vs. morphine), the differences are very slight between these drugs. In fact I believe only morphine makes the WHO's list of essential medicines for a healthcare system. Why bother stocking all the rest?

Edit:To add to this, I'm mostly interested in what, if any, implications the often slight alterations in morphine's analogues have that make them more desirable than morphine itself. Primarily I'm interested in how these small changes effect a drug's structure-activity relationship. Opiates are really just an ideal example I picked, if you know something regarding this in other kinds of drugs, that's also of help.

I am aware of the following points: Pharma pressures doctors to use new but not very innovative products, and that doctors like to rotate a person's pain medication to reduce tolerance effects.

submitted by /u/FuzzerPupper
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What makes a particle radioactive?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 02:28 AM PST

Does an equation exist which is used to calculate the melting temperature of compounds?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 07:54 PM PST

Does an equation exist which is used to calculate the melting temperature of compounds? Research tells me that melting temperature is determined by the ion and covalent bonding, but that was all that I could find. If there is such an equation, could you please provide a link to the source to confirm? Thanks in advance for any guidance. This is needed for the production of a prototype for a new type of battery cathode.

submitted by /u/SavannahWinslow
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If John Dalton's model of the atom was wrong, how do we know Rutherford's model right?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 05:39 PM PST

How ubiquitous are drugs in the ambient atmosphere?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 06:58 PM PST

So I've read that researchers detected drugs from caffeine to cocaine in the ambient atmosphere in some major cities like Rome. I want to know: how far can they spread? If I live in the suburbs, am I technically consuming a few molecules of caffeine or nicotine every time I breath? What about out in the country? Do drugs in the air end up in rain water?

submitted by /u/PicketScout
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If electrically charged particles were fired into a black hole, what would happen? Would there be a point at which the electro-static repulsion of the particles overcame the force of gravity?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 11:58 AM PST

What is the ultimate destination of the voyager probe and has it been calculated where it will inevitably end up if it continues on its current trajectory?

Posted: 07 Jan 2017 01:28 AM PST

Why does DNA pack itself into Chromosomes for replication and how/what makes it know to do so?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 12:34 PM PST

Hi all!

 

Hope this question makes sense, been doing some self-study on this and can sort of understand the process of DNA packing into Chromosomes and that it's to make it smaller and easier to transfer (I think, is the main reason).

But what really gets me is how does it know to do this? Did it try to do it without packing in the past and evolution decided it was a bad idea?

 

Hope someone is able to give me a bit of a hand with this, as has quite stumped me. Thanks for any answers!

 

p.s. I have a load of other smallish questions if anyone in genetics would be happy for me to ask them personally some questions, as I feel bad making posts for what could be simple questions, please let me know as it would be a great help :)

submitted by /u/SirSharpest
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How does CO2 have such a dramatic impact on thermal insulation, despite comprising less that 0.5% of the atmosphere?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 01:21 PM PST

Heard this counter argument against global warming the other day, and it made me wonder

submitted by /u/cxKYLEcx
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How do archaeologists/anthropologists determine the sex of human remains (not limited just to skeletons)?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 02:19 PM PST

Also, presuming there are different methods, how relatively reliable are different methods?

Also, if there is a mismatch between the presumed sex of bodily remains and the presumed gender signaled by any burial goods found with the remains, how is this usually interpreted?

submitted by /u/CalibanDrive
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What coordinate system do various space missions use? Are different ones used for different missions (e.g. centered on Earth and rotating, centered on the Sun and stationary, etc)?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 07:07 AM PST

How representative/accurate are the samples in the surveys of Americans' opinions? Is it really possible to say with any level of certainty that xx% of Americans feel one way or the other?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 04:57 PM PST

Does the body convert macronutrients into other macronutrients?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 08:32 PM PST

So my friends and I had a discussion. They think that the human body can convert carbs and proteins into fats and pretty much all of them into each others. While I agree that you can get "fat" by eating too much carbs and proteins ( because of the calories) I have to disagree that the body can really convert those into others. I see it as your body needs those three macronutrients to survive and body fat is an entirely different fat from the macronutrient.

I hope you can help us.

submitted by /u/Moby2107
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What causes swelling from injuries with humans?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 06:45 PM PST

Why does the body cause swelling, sometimes some more massive than others when we receive particular types of injuries? I.e. sprains/breaks/fractures. Why does the body cause such a discomfort? How does this help us?

submitted by /u/SebasCbass
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Are there any other snow-like substances?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 07:58 AM PST

Are there any other elements, molecules, compounds, etc. that naturally form crystalline structures similar to snow?

Like, if we were to visit a planet with a different composition could it possibly have methane snow or nitrogen snow or something?

If so, what would it be like? Would it be a different color? Bigger or smaller flakes? Unstable in some way? Useful for anything?

Just curious, and wondering what blue or orange snow would look like.

submitted by /u/kumachaaan
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How do transparent TVs display "black"?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 09:38 AM PST

Seen here: https://youtu.be/MvEaGB42EjE

In a phone for example, the default screen is black, so to display black, just shut off the pixels, this makes sense to me. But how can a piece of glass add light to create something darker than it is? I know how stupid my wording sounds and trust me i will also post on /r/ nostupidquestions. This has actually been bothering me for quite a while.

submitted by /u/pm_me_ur_hairy_feet
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Why does Carbon-14 have a longer half life than Carbon-10?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 05:25 AM PST

If the two were positron emitters, why would Carbon-10 have a shorter half-life? They are both equally distant from stability, I can't seem to find a good answer.

submitted by /u/CrazyBananaa
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Are there known solar systems with planets NOT all orbiting in the same plane?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 05:40 AM PST

I could find that the planets in our own solar system all orbit in the same plane due to how the solar system was formed. Is this the only possibility or would it be possible for the planets to orbit in let's say, 2 planes?

submitted by /u/Maxusy
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How can an evanescent wave be attenuated if it carries no energy?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 06:18 AM PST

I was reading this description of ATR in IR-spectroscopy but I have a hard time understanding how the absorption is actually measured.

submitted by /u/Loke98
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Very bright star or more?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 05:55 PM PST

I live in the NW near Mt. Hood, as I'm walking my dog, I noticed a very bright star, South West of mars(to the 5 o'clock). What is it? It's much brighter than Mars but much smaller the moon. I couldn't tell if it was moving but it was definitely abnormally bright. Anyone know what it could be?

submitted by /u/SubieB503
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Why is sativa so commonly used in plant names?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 09:41 AM PST

I'm curious why sativa is so common such as in cannabis sativa and oryza sativa etc.

submitted by /u/captainkardigan
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Friday, January 6, 2017

Would a superconductor pass through a walk through metal detector without being detected?

Would a superconductor pass through a walk through metal detector without being detected?


Would a superconductor pass through a walk through metal detector without being detected?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 05:52 PM PST

As walk through metal detectors rely on metal disturbing a magnetic field, and superconductors through the Meissner effect eject magnetic fields, would a walk through metal detector (like at airport security) detect a superconducting superconductor?

submitted by /u/I14
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Are there simple studies proving or disproving the effectiveness of SSRI antidepressants?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 07:18 PM PST

Sorry if this is the wrong place to ask but I've been searching for days and am getting desperate. I have found hundreds of meta-analyses on everything depression related, but does anyone have actual studies in which patients are given SSRIs and the improvement is measured? I have only found one of these using fluoxetine, despite scouring many databases and references of so many analyses and articles. Thanks for any help!

submitted by /u/ewagn12
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Has googles "GO" AI figured out a way to solve NP problems?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 06:30 AM PST

I am am rather interested to know how the AI works. if it is truly unbeatable doesn't that mean Its effectively solving an NP problem in polynomial time?

Edit: link http://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-program-vanquishes-human-players-of-go-in-china-1483601561

submitted by /u/brockchancy
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Is there an intrinsic property of smaller numbers that makes them more useful?

Posted: 06 Jan 2017 01:05 AM PST

Disclaimer: I know nothing about high level math and the entire premise of my question could very likely be flawed.

Out of all the numbers ever used in mathematical proofs, smaller numbers occur much more often than astronomically large numbers. For example, numbers between 1 and 10 are used far more frequently than numbers larger than grahams number. I'd be willing to bet that there's some sort of exponential correlation between the value of a number and the frequency with which it has been used in a proof.

My question is this: is the reason for this that there is a property of smaller numbers that makes them more "useful"? Or is this simply a byproduct of human brains not being complex enough to find more use in larger numbers?

submitted by /u/mandarin_blueberry
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Does plate tectonic activity have a measurable effect on the weather?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 10:54 PM PST

[Physics] When a collision occurs in a particle accelerator what is the fate of the subatomic particles?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 03:32 PM PST

Always wondered how the subatomic particles behave after they are liberated from the collision....where do they go?

submitted by /u/JNYHC
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Is there a known explanation on why post-primary infections of tuberculosis have a strong predilection for the upper zones of the lungs?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 05:14 PM PST

Also, paracoccidioidomycosis have a predilection for the middle and lower zones. I would like to understand how those particular places of the lungs are the most affected.

submitted by /u/cty981
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Saw a video that race cars have sometimes 1 metric ton of downforce, how does the car not just grind the ground with that much added weight?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 09:16 PM PST

gt500 cars from japan in particualr, saw it on best motoring international where keiichi tsuchiya drove an nsx around tsukuba.

submitted by /u/goldenwooftriever
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Does picking a fruit or vegetable before ripening, change the nutritional elements?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 07:05 AM PST

Does picking a fruit or vegetable before ripening, change the nutritional elements found in that fruit or vegetable? For example does the amount of lycopene change if you pick a tomato while it's green and let it ripen on the window sill vs ripening on the vine?

submitted by /u/rogueit
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Is the exact cause behind the loss of touch with reality in the Stanford Prisoner Experiment known, and how far could that psychological process go?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 09:25 AM PST

The results of it are obvious enough, but all I've been able to find is relatively surface-level stuff. People went into their roles, lost touch with reality, and temporarily completely changed their identity and personality. But what is the psychological process behind this phenomenon, and what does it relate to?

I was also thinking of other contexts and how weird of roles people could adjust to. The David Rosehan experiments where normal, healthy people were sent to a psychiatric hospital and told to act normal and the doctors failed to notice. If someone were to be in a modified situation, and for longer, then could they possibly develop symptoms of the mental illnesses they were treated like they had? Not just the confirmation bias the doctors were experiencing, actual positive and negative symptoms.

Could straight men temporarily become homosexual?

Going even farther, and stretching what is rational a little bit, could we even adapt to the "roles" of other species? Think of feral children, who were raised by animals and acted exactly like them. Of course, that was all they knew, so it's different, but I really don't see adults adapting to be too much of a stretch. Those in the Stanford Prisoner Experiment adapted in 36 hours and lost contact with reality.

Lastly, and this is just plain stupid, could we adapt to made-up roles? Fictional species and the like. Kind of like somataform disorders, made-up symptoms physically manifesting.

submitted by /u/Zephandrypus
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What causes the Congo River, the deepest river in the world, to be so deep?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 08:53 AM PST

It's over 750 feet, how did it become so deep?

And why aren't other rivers so deep?

submitted by /u/Texas_Rangers
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Why does adding an iron core to a coil increase the flux density?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 08:40 AM PST

So the current in the coil generates a magnetic field. Why does adding an iron core to the centre increase the flux density? I know it's something to do with the generated magnetic field reinforcing the domains that reinforce the field, and shrinking those that oppose it. But I don't exactly know what that means. What is a domain?

submitted by /u/RavernousPenguin
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Two quantum entangled particles, one enters a black hole, whats the effect on the entangled particles?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 08:22 AM PST

How do scientists calculate the necessary fuel to shoot a rocket (with astronauts) into space?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 09:17 AM PST

If you could go into detail about elucidating the force required, while also taking into account the fuel used to propel the object also has mass and will add weight!

submitted by /u/afburnham
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Could we produce a micro kugelblitz with the proper application of current laser tech?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 09:48 AM PST

Black Holes, (as I understand) can exist in many different sizes. From the supermassive ones in galaxy centers, to micro black holes that are so tiny they exist with a mass of just over 22 micrograms. With our current (or near future) high power lasers, and perhaps some use of slow light mediums, would it be possible for us to create a micro kugelblitz?

submitted by /u/MrDowntempo
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How do we know for sure that ALL elements beyond Oganesson (Z=118) are radioactive?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 04:40 AM PST

Hi,

I was reading about Oganesson, the element with the highest proton count yet synthesized. The article talked about the Island of Stability, possibly centered around Z=126. It further said that Z=184 and Z=196 are hypothesized to have closed neutron shells, which if true qouldmake them more stable.

My question is, is it possible that one day we will synthesize some Z=184 or Z=126 and it won't be incredibly unstable/radioactive? How do we know for sure that ALL elements past 92 are radioactive? What if we're just currently in a part of the table where all the elements are radioactive but as we synthesize more and heavier elements we move out of the "radioactive" area of the table?

Thanks.

Edit: not sure if this should be tagged chemistry or physics. I don't like the tags because every time I ask a question it seems to fit more than one tag. I'm choosing chemistry for now, mods change it if you want.

submitted by /u/Checkma7e
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What is the relationship between natural lifetime and bandwidth?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 12:28 PM PST

As per title, What is the relationship between natural lifetime and bandwidth at given wavelength? (i.e. 694.3nm for Ruby laser)

submitted by /u/Archimedas
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Is entropy relative? Why are some configurations of matter inherently more disordered than others?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 10:12 AM PST

Entropy is usually interpreted as a measure of 'disorder.' A common example is that a pile of sand has more entropy than a sand castle with the same number of sand grains - there are more arrangements of the sand such that it is a disordered pile than there are such that it is a sand castle. 'Disorder,' however, is a human concept. All piles of sand look similar to us, but are actually distinct in their arrangement of grains. Why is a sand castle inherently less disordered than a pile of sand?

submitted by /u/FrijjFiji
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How do allergies occur?

Posted: 05 Jan 2017 12:50 PM PST

What makes the human body allergic to certain things? Why would the body be allergic?

submitted by /u/devilcry147
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