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Monday, November 21, 2016

In terms of a percentage, how much oil is left in the ground compared to how much there was when we first started using it as a fuel?

In terms of a percentage, how much oil is left in the ground compared to how much there was when we first started using it as a fuel?

In terms of a percentage, how much oil is left in the ground compared to how much there was when we first started using it as a fuel?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 08:18 AM PST

An example of the answer I'm looking for would be something like "50% of Earth's oil remains" or "5% of Earth's oil remains". This number would also include processed oil that has not been consumed yet (i.e. burned away or used in a way that makes it unrecyclable) Is this estimation even possible?

Edit: I had no idea that (1) there would be so much oil that we consider unrecoverable, and (2) that the true answer was so...unanswerable. Thank you, everyone, for your responses. I will be reading through these comments over the next week or so because frankly there are waaaaay too many!

submitted by /u/RedStag86
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Why do EKGs require 12 leads, and why are they placed where they are?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 09:16 PM PST

Pretty much what the question said. Why do EKGs use 12 leads instead of any other number, and what's the significance of their placement, including the ones on the arms and legs?

submitted by /u/internetboyfriend666
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Is there a limit to how big a Rocky Planet like Earth can get?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 06:34 PM PST

Like can there be a Earth type planet the size of the Sun.

submitted by /u/Fallout3IsTheEnd
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Is the handedness of a subject important to know for doctors and scientists, and if so, why?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 12:27 AM PST

I've seen a couple of medical TV shows recently where they talk about patients or test subjects as follows:

Patient is a right-handed man in his 50s in generally good health etc. etc.

I'm just wondering whether that's considered important in real life and if so why? My doctor has never once asked me which hand I use, for instance.

submitted by /u/TwentySneventyTwelve
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What would happen when you microwave something with the window open?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 08:39 PM PST

Just a thought i had when i was microwaving some instant lunch

submitted by /u/HereticGrunt
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If my gravity and Earth's gravity are pulling ourselves together, can the same be said about a mountain and earth?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 05:00 AM PST

It's hard to explain, but is the mountain considered part of Earth so its gravity is just a part of the whole gravity of Earth? Or is it a separate mass which pulls on earth and earth pulls on it?

If I am standing between a massive mountain and a massive canyon is the gravity of Earth pulling me more towards the mountain?

submitted by /u/usernametaken1122abc
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How does the cysteine in cytochrome p450 make it more reactive than hemoglobin which has a histidine?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 08:27 PM PST

I understand the structural differences between cytochrome p450 and hemoglobin but I can't figure out why cytochrome is more reactive than hemoglobin in that the dioxygen is cleaved. I was thinking it had something to do with polarization/electronegativity but I couldn't find anything online.

submitted by /u/RecklessStarfish
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[Earth Science] How does the farmer almanac work?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 07:03 PM PST

I don understand what they use to predict weather so accurate. Who makes the almanac?

submitted by /u/33wolverine
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How accepted is I. Pigarev's theory that sleep is used by the brain to process input from internal organs?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:00 AM PST

TIL about Ivan Pigarev's "visceral" theory of sleep. Basically it states that sleep is required to switch the brain from processing of data from external sensors (eyes, ears etc.) to internal ones, like receptors in intestines, and do the adjustments accordingly. In his works he shows that if one stimulates e.g. the intestine of a sleeping animal it causes the response in visual cortex which is very similar to the response to flickers of light during the day, whilst there is no such response in waking state. He states that they conducted hundreds of experiments on animals in support of the view.

This was completely new to me (which is to no surprise, I'm quite illiterate in neurophysiology) and I'm fascinated by the idea. The first thing I did is checked if his works are legit and if he has publications in respectable magazines, which he seem to have. He also doesn't look like a usual "science freak" which are plenty around here. However, I tried to google some popular articles in English about that but haven't found much.

So I want to know if this view is known to Western scientists and if yes what is the common opinion on that? Community's opinion on the matter would be also great to hear!

submitted by /u/gaga666
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How does a website know a credit card number is invalid?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 01:38 PM PST

I have noticed before that if I make a typo, it can tell that a number is invalid. How? It can also tell if a number is Visa or MasterCard. How does it know?

submitted by /u/6piRTB
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Can someone explain the basics of Parity violation, in terms of a Lee and Yang's spinning radioactive nucleus?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 06:24 PM PST

I am trying to get my head around the principle of Parity violation.

By holding a theoretical mirror up to a spinning nucleus which is ejecting an electron, the 'reflection' obviously shows the electron being released in the opposite direction of spin to that of the actual experiment(because it's a reflection - fine)

My question is:

Is the main issue here simply that , in order for parity to remain intact, many emissions should occur with equal probability in each direction relative to spin, just so that a hypothetical conclusion being drawn from mirror world would not differ from that drawn from the actual experiment? I believe that is the point, but that conclusion seems to require an assumption that there is nothing special about direction of spin (so nature "should not" be able to tell)? Where as, if there is something special, then it may be that it shouldn't be any surprise that it always is emitted in the direction of spin?

Why does concluding that "electron emmission favors the nuclear direction of spin" have to be a significant realisation?

submitted by /u/marmiteandeggs
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What percentage of people fall exactly at the median in a normal distribution (e.g. IQ of exactly 100)?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 05:14 PM PST

I realize that there's a confidence interval involved with IQ but it's the practical application of this that always bothered me. I've asked a variety of psychologists and various math professionals but no one seems to know off the top of their head or even really understand what I'm asking. I keep getting the answer of "50% of people have IQs of 100 because it's the 50th percentile" but the percentile just means that 50% of people are below 100, so that doesn't really make sense to me (correct me if I'm wrong, please!).

In statistics I know there's the 68, 95, 99.7 rule about standard deviations, which means that about 68% of people have IQs between 85 and 115 (on a test with an SD of 15). I've also heard that 50% of people fall between 90 and 110 (not sure how true that one is, not from a textbook).

Of course this isn't an exact science, especially with IQ tests specifically, but I'm just curious about how it works on a normal distribution. What percentage of the distribution lands exactly at the mean? Thank you anyone who can help!

submitted by /u/snazzychica2812
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Does a 'super moon' increase the chances of earthquakes or other serious geological activity?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 01:32 AM PST

Is their any correlation between the pull of the moon and earthquakes?

submitted by /u/SupaVillain
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For how long do you need to maintain 'escape velocity' in order to escape Earth's gravitational pull?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 02:29 PM PST

Does a computer heat the same way a heater heats ?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 05:10 AM PST

Hi guys

Let's say my computer uses 500W of electricity when I'm doing some heavy computation on it (I put a random number here, just for the example). Is it equivalent to having a heater using 500W ?

... Winter is coming ... :)

submitted by /u/chocopouet
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How do we know that "martian meteorites" are from Mars?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 01:17 AM PST

I read an article about this Rock that was found in Antarctica in 1984. Wikipedia says "Based on chemical analyses, it is thought to have originated on Mars".

I can imagine this rock having a chemical composition unlike anything we have ever seen on Earth. But how can you conclude that this rock is from Mars if you don't know what the chemical composition of Mars rocks is in the first place?

As far as I know we have a robot on Mars today capable of doing elemental analysis, thus we should be able to figure out whether the next space rock we find comes from that particular location on Mars or not. But how did they do this back in the 80s I wonder?

submitted by /u/Sidiabdulassar
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If I click through 100.000 random images, do some of my older memories get erased to store new ones of these images?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 04:49 AM PST

Or are these memories of irrelevant images are not stored in long term memory? Does working with clipart slowly write over my memories?

submitted by /u/ponyPharmacist
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Why does Aluminium foil make so much noise when manipulating it ?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 04:28 AM PST

Hi Reddit !

Ok so I was making a ball for my cat and when I was doing so I wondered why did the aluminium foil make so much damn noise, hope you can answer to it, have a nice day !

submitted by /u/ThatSlowBerry
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What actually happens in brain when it feels tired?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 04:27 AM PST

If you breathe against a cold surface and collect the condensation water, would your DNA be analyzable?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 04:22 AM PST

Massive bodies orbit in conic sections under Newtonian gravity. What shape would a photon's orbit be?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 01:35 PM PST

Assuming it makes sense to think of photons as bodies of constant speed and ignore relativistic effects. Does the shape of the orbit of such a body have a name?

submitted by /u/kendfrey
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Can an integer be infinite?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 03:46 AM PST

Must integers be finite? or is it okay to write one like ".....2112255"? because if they don't have to be finite then there exists an injection from R to N and thus they'd be the same kind of infinity.

submitted by /u/Abrahalhabachi
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Can a mitchochondria from a plant cell survive in an animal cell?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 03:43 AM PST

Why are batteries (especially disposable, but also the ones inside a laptop battery etc) always cylinder shaped? wouldn't they be able to fit more battery into more rectangular volumes?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 02:41 PM PST
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Sunday, November 20, 2016

What is the significance of 232 degrees Celsius?

What is the significance of 232 degrees Celsius?

What is the significance of 232 degrees Celsius?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 01:25 PM PST

I often see it in aviation as the max normal operating cylinder head temperature consistent across different airplanes. I'm wondering why is this number so common. I think it has something to do with specific heat capacity of a certain metal but I could be wrong. Can anyone shed some light on this?

submitted by /u/cnarberry
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What are some negative feedback mechanisms influencing global temperatures?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 12:17 PM PST

I often hear about positive feedback mechanisms that can push global temperatures towards the extremes.

For example:

  • Decreased ice coverage resulting in greater absorption of solar energy/increased ice coverage reducing absorption of solar energy
  • Increased ocean temperatures decreasing CO2 solubility/decreased ocean temperatures increasing CO2 solubility

If the earth has experienced extreme temperatures in the past, what mechanisms allowed for the return of global temperatures to more moderate values?

submitted by /u/psycadelia
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What if the Golbach conjecture get verified ?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 03:03 PM PST

Any odd number superior than three can be written as a sum of two prime numbers

What would be its implications -in mathematics ?

EDIT attempt : I am in the app, it's Goldbach.

submitted by /u/maths-n-drugs
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Is there a psychological reason we recognize happy/sad melodies, or is it just that we're used to the context?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 04:28 AM PST

Could Black Holes be Entropy Recyclers?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 08:26 PM PST

This is probably a stupid idea, but I'm in Chem II right now and just learned about entropy.

On the molecular level, entropy increases with the number of microstates possible where a microstate is defined by the number of possible variations of speed, position, rotation, and vibration a set of molecules can have. So, for example, if you have ten molecules in a small container and release them into a big container, the number of possible states has increased for those molecules, as they can be in a much greater number of physical positions in the larger container than they could in the smaller. Thus entropy has increased.

My text book concludes that as the number of molecules increases, as temp increases, and as volume increases, entropy increases because each of these attributes lead to more possibilities of position, direction of movement, spin, etc for the system to have (and thus more disorder).

This made me think about black holes. Molecules are so dense in a black hole, that I'd imagine entropy decreases. They have practically zero ability to move anywhere, they're essentially in a smaller container with fewer possible physical locations for them to be in, and in general they're more highly organized.

So how stupid of an idea is this?

submitted by /u/Humes-Bread
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Why did Pangea break apart and the continents move away in such a manner as if they were "floating", without regard for what lies underneath the ocean?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 11:58 PM PST

Why did Pangea break apart and the continents move away in such a manner as if they were "floating", without regard for what lies underneath the ocean?

What does this process look like if the oceans are removed? Why do the portions above sea level seem to remain largely unchanged if the plates are being driven together, underneath and above one another?

submitted by /u/neuromancer72
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Why are the hyperbolic functions useful?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 06:56 AM PST

It is easy for me to understand how and why sine and cosine are useful. They describe oscillatory motion, and so they are used to model periodic phenomena (waves, harmonic oscillators, sunlight intensity, temperature variations, etc.). My understanding is that they derive their usefulness at least partially from the fact that their values correspond to the (x,y)-coordinates of points on a circle.

Why are the hyperbolic functions useful? Whence do they derive their usefulness?

submitted by /u/gaysynthetase
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How do bacteria and other unicellular organism solve the issue of shortening DNA/RNA after replication?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 04:05 AM PST

Sorry if this sounds silly, and I'm probably mistaking the issue of the telomeres here, so I apologise if this' a stupid question.

Wouldn't the genomes in bacteria grow smaller every time there's replication process? Or do bacteria have other ways to ensure proper replication of their nucleotide sequences?

submitted by /u/Akabana01
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Is there a limit to the number of planets that can exist within a solar system?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 08:25 AM PST

I was looking through this wikipedia list of multiplanetary systems and noticed that our system seems to have the most at 8. I was wondering if there is any universal limit to the number of planets that can exist within a solar system.

submitted by /u/Lilgherkin
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So where does the energy from fusion come from?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 09:27 AM PST

If a deuterium nucleus and a tritium nucleus fuse and create helium-4 and a neutron where is the mass difference that as I have understood is turned into energy? Isn't the mass of tritium + deuterium the same as helium-4 and one neutron?

submitted by /u/salkinnn
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Will all steel and iron vehicles or objects rust throughout time even without water contact?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 01:41 PM PST

Say a truck is in a garage and is left to sit there for centuries, will it rust? I am aware that some things will rust easier than others due to the metal, such as aluminum is harder to rust when in contact with water.

submitted by /u/SpartanOfThePast
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What is mental energy, and why do depressed people have none of it?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 05:58 PM PST

It's a very real thing - people just crashing after hours of challenging mental tasks. But why should mental energy be a finite resource? Physical I understand, but is there a similar biological process that determines how much focus and mental energy someone has at any given moment?

submitted by /u/Heis3nberg
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Does changing to renewable energy sources actually reduce carbon emissions?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 12:47 AM PST

This is an honest question. Because renewable energy costs more per kWh, manufacturing in places like Australia and the USA becomes less competitive. With many businesses shutting down or moving overseas to China, where emissions are less restricted, is this just shifting the problem elsewhere? Are there any studies on this? Could nuclear fission be considered more environmentally friendly than renewables as it doesn't cause the same displacement of industry?

submitted by /u/Undead_Cherub
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How much predictability is there in a quantum system? Is it theoretically possible for everything to be calculable? Are there any formulas for predicting quantum behavior with 100% accuracy?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 09:48 AM PST

Can light move slower than the speed of light?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 09:24 AM PST

I just read the /r/science thread about the new EM drive and someone said that light slowed down when it moved through cosmic clouds: link ...which seemed weird to me because I thought that the speed of light is static and can't be changed.

I searched a bit and found this and this.

Now I am confused and would appreciate any answer on the topic.

submitted by /u/MichiPlayz
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Is there a measure of 'elasticity'/'rigidity' for how much massive objects warp space-time?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 05:20 PM PST

It's pretty common to use pictures such as these to represent gravity as something that is warping space-time. Using the analogy of a trampoline for example, we would expect a very heavy object to create a bigger dimple in the trampoline.

However, trampolines may have different elasticities. A massive object may create a bigger dimple on one trampoline than another. I would imagine that this would be a result of the elasticity of the material/how rigid the material is. (You wouldn't expect a 1 kg ball to depress a concrete brick at all, but it would depress, for example, a water mattress).

Given the analogy between objects on a trampoline and massive objects in space "depressing" space-time, is there a similar analogy between the rigidity/elasticity of the surface of a trampoline and the rigidity/elasticity of space-time? What does this rigidity mean? Is it a universal constant?

submitted by /u/hippiechan
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Saturday, November 19, 2016

What is the fastest beats per minute we can hear before it sounds like one continuous note?

What is the fastest beats per minute we can hear before it sounds like one continuous note?

What is the fastest beats per minute we can hear before it sounds like one continuous note?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 04:19 PM PST

How can DNA tests determine relation in cases where there are identical twins involved, or when incest was involved?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 08:29 PM PST

For example, my grandmother had an identical twin. Would their daughters be genetically half sisters? Would a DNA test reveal my second cousin's relationship to me correctly, or would it say we were first cousins or something in between?

Also, could someone determine whether or not incest occurred with DNA of one person? How would this affect DNA readings? For example, I know of someone who sent in their DNA to a large database to find relatives. His father is unknown, but it seems he is only getting matches on his known mother's side. Could the DNA sample tell you if his father was actually his mother's father (without having samples from any other family members)?

submitted by /u/kehko
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Is energy expenditure directly correlated to heart rate? Could you use just heart rate and relative constants like age, sex, weight, and height to measure energy expenditure?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 07:20 AM PST

Given that the amount of glucose burned is dependent on the amount of oxygen available which is dependent on the rate of blood flow, is energy expenditure directly correlated to heart rate? Given that, can energy expenditure be measured using just heart rate and a few constants irrespective of the type of activity?

Would other factors, like variability in haem levels in the blood (and therefore oxygen delivered per rate of blood flow) or anaerobic respiration throw it off?

submitted by /u/mdhe
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What makes a video player better than others, why do twitter videos sometimes not load while I can always watch youtube videos?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 06:34 AM PST

What is a U-statistic?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 09:10 PM PST

Can you explain it intuitively to me, not mathematically?

I tried asking on ELIfive, r/answers and r/statistics, but got nothing to answer my question.

submitted by /u/dvorahtheexplorer
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If the split brain theory is right could something like schizophrenia, depression and other forms of mental illness be a miscommunication or disagreement between the two personalities in our head?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 02:18 AM PST

How does an interventional radiologist 'steer'?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 08:58 PM PST

When a doctor is performing an endovascular procedure, how do they steer? Do they just move forward until they wind up where they need to be?

submitted by /u/Senray
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'Biology' Are the barnacles that grow on whales harmful?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 12:56 PM PST

If your balance is determined by fluid in your inner ear, how does one "practice" their balance?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 05:35 PM PST

Why does thyroid medication have a longer/shorter half life in people with hypo/hyper thyroidism?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 05:43 AM PST

And does this explanation also apply to other medications?

submitted by /u/RealDonaldPump
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Why do we sometimes hear the same repeating sound as alternating between a higher and lower note? (tick tock of a clock) (click clack of high heels)

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 09:57 PM PST

How does natural selection work with traits whose absence still allows for survival?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 03:50 PM PST

From what I understand, natural selection happens when organisms with some traits reproduce, while those without the traits don't reproduce. How does this work for traits that cause non-essential changes (for example humans losing hair)? In the example I mentioned, does that mean that every human that didn't lose hair just died without reproducing?

Sorry I could only come up with that one example. I had a plethora of them earlier, but now I can't seem to remember any.

Note: I tried posting this earlier, but it was removed. I contacted a moderator, and they suggested I resubmit it.

submitted by /u/totalcalories
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How many squares must a Rubik's cube have so that the number of cube permutations is greater than or equal to Graham's number? Would this cube fit inside the observable universe?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 02:23 PM PST

I recently discovered the unfathomably large Graham's number and (like most people) was completely blown away by how big it is!

We know that even the simple 3x3x3 rubik's cube has 43 quintillion possible states, and this number explodes with each step up in cube size.

My questions is this, is it possible to calculate how large a cube would have to be to have a number of permutations equal to Graham's number, and would this cube be able to fit in the observable universe?

submitted by /u/_intrinsic_
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What is the real future of solar power? Is it as possible as the media is making it seem, or are the disadvantages too great?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 12:02 PM PST

A buddy of mine has made several claims about why solar energy isn't viable at all in the long term. He's a huge proponent of nuclear energy - which I don't disagree with him on, but his adamant denial of the viability of solar has me torn.

His claims include:

  1. Solar is incredibly inefficient, with most of the solar energy wasted.

  2. Storing the excess energy for night time in lithium batteries is irresponsible, as they are not great long term solutions for power storage.

  3. The lifeline of a solar panel, as he describes it, is 8-10 years along with whatever battery would accompany it to assist at night time. He says that both components make this fiscally irresponsible.

A lot of the sources of information on the internet that I've been exposed to have been solar hype machines. I live in Florida where I think solar is exceptionally viable, but he's started to make me doubt its impact going into the future.

What are your thoughts on solar energy and its future?

submitted by /u/b-aaron
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What is the limiting factor on how fast I can tap my finger on my desk?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 02:38 AM PST

When I try to tap my finger on my desk as fast as possible I can't go any faster than 4 or 5 beats per second. Is it my muscles, my brain or something else that won't let me change the direction of movement any faster?

submitted by /u/ChronoX5
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What is the difference between the trigonometric functions and the hyperbolic functions? Also, why is it that the inverse hyperbolic functions can be expressed as logarithmic functions but not the trigonometric ones?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 02:31 PM PST

Can our organs respond to external stimuli?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 01:22 AM PST

If we cut open our body and expose our internal organs (just an example), in a condition where we're not given anaesthetic and our minds are fully awake, if something touches our organs can we feel them?

submitted by /u/INKPRTD
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Does intelligence in human population exhibit a bell curve?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 01:48 PM PST

People joke how people are dumb and that 50% of people are dumber than that, but considering how intelligence is a polygenic trait, I would have thought it would follow a similar pattern of distribution as other traits with continous inheritence. Mostly, I would like to know aside from the IQ test, what other reliable methods of measuring intelligence have been developed and have they been trialled widely, and what did they find? edit: population should be populations

submitted by /u/unused_doorbell
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Why is tactile reflex faster than auditory reflex?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 02:40 PM PST

To clarify, why do we consciously (for example during a reaction test) react faster to touch than to sound?

submitted by /u/jabi3jabi3
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Does mysostatin have a benefit or purpose beyond checking muscle growth, and are there similar proteins in other types of tissue?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 02:20 PM PST

Is it possible to convert kinetic energy into light?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 12:59 PM PST

Before a celestial body becomes tidally locked, will it reach equilibrium point based on the shapes of the objects, could it ever reverse direction to reach equilibrium?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 09:17 AM PST

I am thinking of a ball at the end of a wound string. Gravity acts upon the ball causing it to spin and release the tension in the string, however, it will likely spin beyond the equilibrium and have to reverse spin to some extent.

submitted by /u/pusmottob
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How does electromagnetic radiation interact with mirrors to cause it to reflect?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 09:35 AM PST

So, I know that light reflects off of some surfaces, mirrors being particularly good at it. However I don't know exactly why it does so. I'm of an understanding that it is to do with the electrons being in the same energy states as those wavelengths of light that it reflects but I don't really get the whole picture. If someone could shed some ahem light on the subject that would be fantastic. Thank you.

submitted by /u/tip-top-honky-konk
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