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Sunday, November 20, 2016

What is the significance of 232 degrees Celsius?

What is the significance of 232 degrees Celsius?


What is the significance of 232 degrees Celsius?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 01:25 PM PST

I often see it in aviation as the max normal operating cylinder head temperature consistent across different airplanes. I'm wondering why is this number so common. I think it has something to do with specific heat capacity of a certain metal but I could be wrong. Can anyone shed some light on this?

submitted by /u/cnarberry
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What are some negative feedback mechanisms influencing global temperatures?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 12:17 PM PST

I often hear about positive feedback mechanisms that can push global temperatures towards the extremes.

For example:

  • Decreased ice coverage resulting in greater absorption of solar energy/increased ice coverage reducing absorption of solar energy
  • Increased ocean temperatures decreasing CO2 solubility/decreased ocean temperatures increasing CO2 solubility

If the earth has experienced extreme temperatures in the past, what mechanisms allowed for the return of global temperatures to more moderate values?

submitted by /u/psycadelia
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What if the Golbach conjecture get verified ?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 03:03 PM PST

Any odd number superior than three can be written as a sum of two prime numbers

What would be its implications -in mathematics ?

EDIT attempt : I am in the app, it's Goldbach.

submitted by /u/maths-n-drugs
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Is there a psychological reason we recognize happy/sad melodies, or is it just that we're used to the context?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 04:28 AM PST

Could Black Holes be Entropy Recyclers?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 08:26 PM PST

This is probably a stupid idea, but I'm in Chem II right now and just learned about entropy.

On the molecular level, entropy increases with the number of microstates possible where a microstate is defined by the number of possible variations of speed, position, rotation, and vibration a set of molecules can have. So, for example, if you have ten molecules in a small container and release them into a big container, the number of possible states has increased for those molecules, as they can be in a much greater number of physical positions in the larger container than they could in the smaller. Thus entropy has increased.

My text book concludes that as the number of molecules increases, as temp increases, and as volume increases, entropy increases because each of these attributes lead to more possibilities of position, direction of movement, spin, etc for the system to have (and thus more disorder).

This made me think about black holes. Molecules are so dense in a black hole, that I'd imagine entropy decreases. They have practically zero ability to move anywhere, they're essentially in a smaller container with fewer possible physical locations for them to be in, and in general they're more highly organized.

So how stupid of an idea is this?

submitted by /u/Humes-Bread
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Why did Pangea break apart and the continents move away in such a manner as if they were "floating", without regard for what lies underneath the ocean?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 11:58 PM PST

Why did Pangea break apart and the continents move away in such a manner as if they were "floating", without regard for what lies underneath the ocean?

What does this process look like if the oceans are removed? Why do the portions above sea level seem to remain largely unchanged if the plates are being driven together, underneath and above one another?

submitted by /u/neuromancer72
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Why are the hyperbolic functions useful?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 06:56 AM PST

It is easy for me to understand how and why sine and cosine are useful. They describe oscillatory motion, and so they are used to model periodic phenomena (waves, harmonic oscillators, sunlight intensity, temperature variations, etc.). My understanding is that they derive their usefulness at least partially from the fact that their values correspond to the (x,y)-coordinates of points on a circle.

Why are the hyperbolic functions useful? Whence do they derive their usefulness?

submitted by /u/gaysynthetase
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How do bacteria and other unicellular organism solve the issue of shortening DNA/RNA after replication?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 04:05 AM PST

Sorry if this sounds silly, and I'm probably mistaking the issue of the telomeres here, so I apologise if this' a stupid question.

Wouldn't the genomes in bacteria grow smaller every time there's replication process? Or do bacteria have other ways to ensure proper replication of their nucleotide sequences?

submitted by /u/Akabana01
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Is there a limit to the number of planets that can exist within a solar system?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 08:25 AM PST

I was looking through this wikipedia list of multiplanetary systems and noticed that our system seems to have the most at 8. I was wondering if there is any universal limit to the number of planets that can exist within a solar system.

submitted by /u/Lilgherkin
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So where does the energy from fusion come from?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 09:27 AM PST

If a deuterium nucleus and a tritium nucleus fuse and create helium-4 and a neutron where is the mass difference that as I have understood is turned into energy? Isn't the mass of tritium + deuterium the same as helium-4 and one neutron?

submitted by /u/salkinnn
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Will all steel and iron vehicles or objects rust throughout time even without water contact?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 01:41 PM PST

Say a truck is in a garage and is left to sit there for centuries, will it rust? I am aware that some things will rust easier than others due to the metal, such as aluminum is harder to rust when in contact with water.

submitted by /u/SpartanOfThePast
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What is mental energy, and why do depressed people have none of it?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 05:58 PM PST

It's a very real thing - people just crashing after hours of challenging mental tasks. But why should mental energy be a finite resource? Physical I understand, but is there a similar biological process that determines how much focus and mental energy someone has at any given moment?

submitted by /u/Heis3nberg
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Does changing to renewable energy sources actually reduce carbon emissions?

Posted: 20 Nov 2016 12:47 AM PST

This is an honest question. Because renewable energy costs more per kWh, manufacturing in places like Australia and the USA becomes less competitive. With many businesses shutting down or moving overseas to China, where emissions are less restricted, is this just shifting the problem elsewhere? Are there any studies on this? Could nuclear fission be considered more environmentally friendly than renewables as it doesn't cause the same displacement of industry?

submitted by /u/Undead_Cherub
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How much predictability is there in a quantum system? Is it theoretically possible for everything to be calculable? Are there any formulas for predicting quantum behavior with 100% accuracy?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 09:48 AM PST

Can light move slower than the speed of light?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 09:24 AM PST

I just read the /r/science thread about the new EM drive and someone said that light slowed down when it moved through cosmic clouds: link ...which seemed weird to me because I thought that the speed of light is static and can't be changed.

I searched a bit and found this and this.

Now I am confused and would appreciate any answer on the topic.

submitted by /u/MichiPlayz
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Is there a measure of 'elasticity'/'rigidity' for how much massive objects warp space-time?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 05:20 PM PST

It's pretty common to use pictures such as these to represent gravity as something that is warping space-time. Using the analogy of a trampoline for example, we would expect a very heavy object to create a bigger dimple in the trampoline.

However, trampolines may have different elasticities. A massive object may create a bigger dimple on one trampoline than another. I would imagine that this would be a result of the elasticity of the material/how rigid the material is. (You wouldn't expect a 1 kg ball to depress a concrete brick at all, but it would depress, for example, a water mattress).

Given the analogy between objects on a trampoline and massive objects in space "depressing" space-time, is there a similar analogy between the rigidity/elasticity of the surface of a trampoline and the rigidity/elasticity of space-time? What does this rigidity mean? Is it a universal constant?

submitted by /u/hippiechan
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Saturday, November 19, 2016

What is the fastest beats per minute we can hear before it sounds like one continuous note?

What is the fastest beats per minute we can hear before it sounds like one continuous note?


What is the fastest beats per minute we can hear before it sounds like one continuous note?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 04:19 PM PST

How can DNA tests determine relation in cases where there are identical twins involved, or when incest was involved?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 08:29 PM PST

For example, my grandmother had an identical twin. Would their daughters be genetically half sisters? Would a DNA test reveal my second cousin's relationship to me correctly, or would it say we were first cousins or something in between?

Also, could someone determine whether or not incest occurred with DNA of one person? How would this affect DNA readings? For example, I know of someone who sent in their DNA to a large database to find relatives. His father is unknown, but it seems he is only getting matches on his known mother's side. Could the DNA sample tell you if his father was actually his mother's father (without having samples from any other family members)?

submitted by /u/kehko
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Is energy expenditure directly correlated to heart rate? Could you use just heart rate and relative constants like age, sex, weight, and height to measure energy expenditure?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 07:20 AM PST

Given that the amount of glucose burned is dependent on the amount of oxygen available which is dependent on the rate of blood flow, is energy expenditure directly correlated to heart rate? Given that, can energy expenditure be measured using just heart rate and a few constants irrespective of the type of activity?

Would other factors, like variability in haem levels in the blood (and therefore oxygen delivered per rate of blood flow) or anaerobic respiration throw it off?

submitted by /u/mdhe
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What makes a video player better than others, why do twitter videos sometimes not load while I can always watch youtube videos?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 06:34 AM PST

What is a U-statistic?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 09:10 PM PST

Can you explain it intuitively to me, not mathematically?

I tried asking on ELIfive, r/answers and r/statistics, but got nothing to answer my question.

submitted by /u/dvorahtheexplorer
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If the split brain theory is right could something like schizophrenia, depression and other forms of mental illness be a miscommunication or disagreement between the two personalities in our head?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 02:18 AM PST

How does an interventional radiologist 'steer'?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 08:58 PM PST

When a doctor is performing an endovascular procedure, how do they steer? Do they just move forward until they wind up where they need to be?

submitted by /u/Senray
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'Biology' Are the barnacles that grow on whales harmful?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 12:56 PM PST

If your balance is determined by fluid in your inner ear, how does one "practice" their balance?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 05:35 PM PST

Why does thyroid medication have a longer/shorter half life in people with hypo/hyper thyroidism?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 05:43 AM PST

And does this explanation also apply to other medications?

submitted by /u/RealDonaldPump
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Why do we sometimes hear the same repeating sound as alternating between a higher and lower note? (tick tock of a clock) (click clack of high heels)

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 09:57 PM PST

How does natural selection work with traits whose absence still allows for survival?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 03:50 PM PST

From what I understand, natural selection happens when organisms with some traits reproduce, while those without the traits don't reproduce. How does this work for traits that cause non-essential changes (for example humans losing hair)? In the example I mentioned, does that mean that every human that didn't lose hair just died without reproducing?

Sorry I could only come up with that one example. I had a plethora of them earlier, but now I can't seem to remember any.

Note: I tried posting this earlier, but it was removed. I contacted a moderator, and they suggested I resubmit it.

submitted by /u/totalcalories
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How many squares must a Rubik's cube have so that the number of cube permutations is greater than or equal to Graham's number? Would this cube fit inside the observable universe?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 02:23 PM PST

I recently discovered the unfathomably large Graham's number and (like most people) was completely blown away by how big it is!

We know that even the simple 3x3x3 rubik's cube has 43 quintillion possible states, and this number explodes with each step up in cube size.

My questions is this, is it possible to calculate how large a cube would have to be to have a number of permutations equal to Graham's number, and would this cube be able to fit in the observable universe?

submitted by /u/_intrinsic_
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What is the real future of solar power? Is it as possible as the media is making it seem, or are the disadvantages too great?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 12:02 PM PST

A buddy of mine has made several claims about why solar energy isn't viable at all in the long term. He's a huge proponent of nuclear energy - which I don't disagree with him on, but his adamant denial of the viability of solar has me torn.

His claims include:

  1. Solar is incredibly inefficient, with most of the solar energy wasted.

  2. Storing the excess energy for night time in lithium batteries is irresponsible, as they are not great long term solutions for power storage.

  3. The lifeline of a solar panel, as he describes it, is 8-10 years along with whatever battery would accompany it to assist at night time. He says that both components make this fiscally irresponsible.

A lot of the sources of information on the internet that I've been exposed to have been solar hype machines. I live in Florida where I think solar is exceptionally viable, but he's started to make me doubt its impact going into the future.

What are your thoughts on solar energy and its future?

submitted by /u/b-aaron
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What is the limiting factor on how fast I can tap my finger on my desk?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 02:38 AM PST

When I try to tap my finger on my desk as fast as possible I can't go any faster than 4 or 5 beats per second. Is it my muscles, my brain or something else that won't let me change the direction of movement any faster?

submitted by /u/ChronoX5
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What is the difference between the trigonometric functions and the hyperbolic functions? Also, why is it that the inverse hyperbolic functions can be expressed as logarithmic functions but not the trigonometric ones?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 02:31 PM PST

Can our organs respond to external stimuli?

Posted: 19 Nov 2016 01:22 AM PST

If we cut open our body and expose our internal organs (just an example), in a condition where we're not given anaesthetic and our minds are fully awake, if something touches our organs can we feel them?

submitted by /u/INKPRTD
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Does intelligence in human population exhibit a bell curve?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 01:48 PM PST

People joke how people are dumb and that 50% of people are dumber than that, but considering how intelligence is a polygenic trait, I would have thought it would follow a similar pattern of distribution as other traits with continous inheritence. Mostly, I would like to know aside from the IQ test, what other reliable methods of measuring intelligence have been developed and have they been trialled widely, and what did they find? edit: population should be populations

submitted by /u/unused_doorbell
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Why is tactile reflex faster than auditory reflex?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 02:40 PM PST

To clarify, why do we consciously (for example during a reaction test) react faster to touch than to sound?

submitted by /u/jabi3jabi3
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Does mysostatin have a benefit or purpose beyond checking muscle growth, and are there similar proteins in other types of tissue?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 02:20 PM PST

Is it possible to convert kinetic energy into light?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 12:59 PM PST

Before a celestial body becomes tidally locked, will it reach equilibrium point based on the shapes of the objects, could it ever reverse direction to reach equilibrium?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 09:17 AM PST

I am thinking of a ball at the end of a wound string. Gravity acts upon the ball causing it to spin and release the tension in the string, however, it will likely spin beyond the equilibrium and have to reverse spin to some extent.

submitted by /u/pusmottob
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How does electromagnetic radiation interact with mirrors to cause it to reflect?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 09:35 AM PST

So, I know that light reflects off of some surfaces, mirrors being particularly good at it. However I don't know exactly why it does so. I'm of an understanding that it is to do with the electrons being in the same energy states as those wavelengths of light that it reflects but I don't really get the whole picture. If someone could shed some ahem light on the subject that would be fantastic. Thank you.

submitted by /u/tip-top-honky-konk
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Friday, November 18, 2016

AskScience AMA Series: I am a former Senior VP of Knowledge at Google who broke the world record for highest free-fall jump in 2014. Ask me anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I am a former Senior VP of Knowledge at Google who broke the world record for highest free-fall jump in 2014. Ask me anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I am a former Senior VP of Knowledge at Google who broke the world record for highest free-fall jump in 2014. Ask me anything!

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 05:00 AM PST

Hi, reddit! I'm Alan Eustace and I'm here with Jerry Kolber. We're the subject and director, respectively, of the documentary 14 MINUTES FROM EARTH, which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April of this year and was released On Demand this past Tuesday. Jerry's film documented the process by which I broke the world record for high-altitude jump in 2014 at the age of 57 when I dropped from a gas-powered balloon 135,000 feet above the earth. Check out the film's trailer!

The plan began as a scribble on a paper napkin and took three years of working in secrecy to come to fruition. In 2011 I began working with Taber MacCallum and Jane Poynter, co-founders of Paragon Space Development Corporation, to bring the plan to life. Because a private citizen cannot simply purchase a space suit from NASA, we also worked with ILC Dover, outfitters of every United States astronaut in the Apollo program.

Jerry Kolber, the film's Executive Producer and Director, is the co-creator and show runner of the Emmy-nominated series "Brain Games" on National Geographic, and has created, produced, and served as showrunner on many other award-winning scripted and un-scripted series. Learn more about his work.

Ask us anything about the jump or the film! We'll be online at 2:00pm EST to answer your questions.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Does the universe have an event horizon?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 09:02 AM PST

Before the Big Bang, the universe was described as a gravitational singularity, but to my knowledge it is believed that naked singularities cannot exist. Does that mean that at some point the universe had its own event horizon, or that it still does?

submitted by /u/chunkylubber54
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What theoretical results would we learn if the LHC *did* produce a micro black hole?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 10:49 PM PST

I'm not at all worried about the safety of this, that's silly. However, lots of articles about the potential for LHC to produce "micro-black-holes" talks about various theories that this discovery would imply.

http://angelsanddemons.web.cern.ch/faq/black-hole

The creation of a black hole at the LHC would confirm theories that our universe is not 4 dimensional (3 space plus 1 time dimensions), but indeed hosts other dimensions

http://phys.org/news/2015-03-mini-black-holes-lhc-parallel.html

"If mini black holes are detected at the LHC at the predicted energies, not only will it prove the existence of extra dimensions and by extension parallel universes, but it will also solve the famous information paradox in black holes," Ali said. Solving the paradox is possible because, in the gravity's rainbow model, mini black holes have a minimum radius below which they cannot shrink.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_black_hole#Feasibility_of_production

micro black holes must form from two colliding particles with sufficient energy, which might be allowable at the energies of the LHC if additional dimensions are present other than the customary four

I'm basically wondering what would have to be true about the universe in order for us to find micro black holes at the 14TeV level? If we did find them, what would that imply? Why would the micro black hole prove that extra dimensions exist? What does it mean to have "Extra spatial dimensions" in layman's terms? How many dimensions would it imply? How does it resolve the black hole information paradox? How does it relate to "Planck mass"? What else would we learn from this discovery?

submitted by /u/Steve132
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Gif of guitar. Why does all the strings not show standing waves?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 06:37 AM PST

I saw this gif in r/gifs of a guitar strings. I was puzzled why sometimes the waves are traveling slowly. Why are they not "standing still"?

I think I've had guitars where some notes appear to fluctuate (observed when plucking a single note). Could these things be related? Any physics/music/guitar nerds who knows?

submitted by /u/eatmydog
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Theoretically, can all elements become stable if you add or subtract neutrons to it?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 04:16 PM PST

What stops us from constantly chomping down on our tongue as we eat?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 03:24 PM PST

Is the universe expanding in time as well as space? If so, how could we possibly know that?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 11:07 PM PST

I've seen the question 'how do we know the universe is expanding' posted a lot, but they're always asking about matter inside expanding space. We measure the redshift of distant galaxies to detect the expansion of space, but if time is also expanding wouldn't these effects be cancelled out?

submitted by /u/practual
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What volume of outer space would you need to inhale to take a single breath?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 12:36 AM PST

Of course, outer space is very much devoid of oxygen, but if you were to take an average breath, what volume of outer space would you need to suck up each time?

submitted by /u/TopalthePilot
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22,000 years ago, the Earth was 4C cooler. How did these few degrees result in huge swaths of land being buried under ice?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 10:25 AM PST

I was looking at this comic, which is a graphical representation of climate change over the last 22,000 years.

Apparently, at the start of the graph, the Earth was 4 degrees cooler than it currently is. Under these conditions, Boston was under a mile of ice, and New York City had glaciers next to it.

Looking at the current summer average high temperatures in Boston, even if you knock 4 degrees off them, you'd still have plenty of days at around 22C or 23C.

How can that result in being buried under a mile of ice?

submitted by /u/Febtober2k
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What happens when you confine plasma with magnets?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 04:53 AM PST

What happens when you confine plasma with magnets?

When something reaches its plasma state, the electrons gets delocalised from their atoms. The overall charge of the plasma field should be neutral, since the electrons are still there, even though they are delocalised. A magnet would therefore not be able to attract or retract the plasma. But it does obviously

Any explanation?

submitted by /u/Chasar1
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What was the “common view” on hidden variables theory in the time between the 1935 EPR paper and the 1972 (etc.) quantum entanglement measures?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 01:00 AM PST

In particular, I came to believe that hidden variables were generally accepted in 1935 (because Einstein said so) - what was the breakthrough step in making them rejected: Bell's paper or the experiments?

submitted by /u/CubicZircon
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What is the point on the moon surface perpendicular to L1?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 04:31 AM PST

Does it have a name? If not how can I find its coordinates? Since the moon is tidally locked this point should never move with respect to the lunar surface right?

I'm talking about L1 in the moon-earth system of course

submitted by /u/SilverCookies
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Why are astronauts able to move at the same speed (8 km/s) as the ISS during a spacewalk?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 08:54 PM PST

How does the Uncertainty Principle affect entropy?

Posted: 18 Nov 2016 12:08 AM PST

Hi,

I was studying from my chemistry book on the chapter of entropy and I read something very weird.

If the temperature of a crystal falls to absolute zero, then its entropy is zero. However the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that we cannot be certain about both energy and the position of a particle at the atomic level. This means that perfect crystals at absolute zero have some entropy.

I don't know what:

1- Being a pure crystal have to do with having no disorder/entropy?

2- Uncertainty Principle relates to entropy??

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/DudeElite
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Optimal betting strategy in a game of chance?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 07:56 PM PST

Hello everyone, I have a question for those of you with a mind for statistics in regards to a game of chance.

Suppose you have a game of chance, and the odds in this game are fairly consistent, random, and known ahead of time. In that game you can place a wager of any quantity you desire out of a starting amount (let's assume 100). If you win, you get a net return of 70% of the wager, but if you lose it is a total loss of whatever you risk. As you win, you may again place any wager you desire out of the new total now possessed.

For this game let's assume the odds of winning are 80%, what would be an ideal wager in each successive step that allows an optimal increase in total without taking a massive setback in the event of a loss?

I hope this is a clear enough description of what I'm asking.

submitted by /u/Koiljo
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Why do neutrons shoot through dense material, but get reflected by softer material during Radiography?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 12:43 PM PST

I understand that it has to due with the transfer of momentum from the particle colliding with the nucleus of the atoms in the material, but I'm having a difficult time understanding why it shoots through the dense solid. Why doesn't it bounce off of the surface similar to a pool ball hitting the side of the pool table?

submitted by /u/PWestAg18
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Is it possible to simulate an atom or molecule from the standard model or string theory?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 08:11 PM PST

From the current knowledge of standard model/string theory, can a simulation of something like the hydrogen atom be done using the physics of its constituent elementary particles (or strings)? Has this been done before? What kind of computational costs would a simulation like this have?

submitted by /u/WarU40
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Saw CNN story about: 'Man dissolves in acidic water after he falls into a Yellowstone hot spring' is that even possible?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 03:18 PM PST

http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/17/us/yellowstone-man-dissolved-trnd/ this is the news link. I know some basic chemistry, water is polar, so it shouldn't be able to dissolve carbon based molecules like the man's body or his shoes. So is this possible given the water pH/high temperature? and how?

submitted by /u/SamuraiAfr0
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