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Sunday, September 18, 2016

Do people who eat fewer calories live longer?

Do people who eat fewer calories live longer?


Do people who eat fewer calories live longer?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 02:52 PM PDT

I swear I remember reading somewhere that people who are fewer calories tended to have longer lifespans, and for that reason I've tried to eat a little less (not going for a second serving, etc.). Obviously people who are overweight are less healthy than people of average weight, but does the trend continue in the opposite direction, with people who are lighter than average or eat slightly less than average living longer? Recently I thought about it and realized I don't have any idea where the original idea/assumption came from. Is there any basis in science?

submitted by /u/yaminokaabii
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How do we know how many bitcoins are in circulation?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 07:50 PM PDT

Why do matter and anti-matter annihilate each other when coming into contact?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 12:04 PM PDT

I was thinking about how a neutron can decay into a proton and electron (plus something else, I think?) - two particles of opposite charge. So how come an electron and an anti-electron (positron?) wouldn't somehow combine into some neutral particle rather than self annihilate and convert their energy to photons?

submitted by /u/dougman82
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What happened to Olestra?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 03:38 PM PDT

I understand that it caused negative gastrointestinal effects but can someone explain the science behind it? Is it still legal in North America?

submitted by /u/PotMeister
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(Biology) How would you die from cancer as opposed to chemo?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 02:28 PM PDT

Maybe I shouldn't be asking this here but how do you die of cancer/what does it feel like opposed to chemo ?
So I know how cancer is caused, what it does and how it spreads through the body, but since everyone gets chemo which kills the cells (hopefully the cancerous ones first) a lot of times the body doesn't recover after the cancer is gone because the radiation kills them. Obviously I'm not talking about successful cases of remission, purely cases of death, I want to know the difference biologically and 'how it feels' between dying of chemo but mostly cancer free and dying of cancer having chose no forms of medication.

Edit - ahh right thanks guys, this was really informative. So it doesn't really kill you itself, but by (putting it basically) shutting down the systems it's located in (can also cause wasting, explained by /u/iayork ), I know it's not the be all and end all though as it can spread to the lymphnodes.
Also /u/Kurgon999 yes I did actually think chemo was directed radiation so no problem, it's not a laser and doesn't cut you so I didn't give it much thought but it seems I was wrong.

submitted by /u/The_Meatyboosh
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Are O(2^n) and 2^O(n) the same classes?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 03:27 PM PDT

In computer science and math, in order to describe functions bounded from above from the function 2n, some authors use the first notation, some others use the latter. Is there a difference between these class of functions?

submitted by /u/a-lumen
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Would reducing the frame rate of the part of a computer screen that's inert while increasing the part of the screen that's active save power?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 03:20 PM PDT

From what I understand, GPUs save power by reducing the frame rate of a screen when there is less motion on the screen. But they do this for the entire screen at once. Would a GPU that only reduces the frame rate of part of the screen he efficient? Would it even be possible or would you need a separate controller for each pixel?

submitted by /u/lookmanofilter
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Are alpha particles in and of themselves radioactive?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 12:17 PM PDT

That is to say, if an alpha particle has already been ejected from the parent isotope, is that particle itself radioactive? If it is, does it have a half life?

I think I answered my question already by googling He-4, which is stable. So it's just the speed of the particle and lack of electrons that causes the ionization, right?

submitted by /u/shitheadsean2
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Do black holes accelerate matter to light speed?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 01:58 PM PDT

Does matter ever become gravitationally accelerated to c?

submitted by /u/bilabrin
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Why is diffusion of hard spheres not affected by the density of the spheres?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 08:52 AM PDT

I know that:

frictional coefficient = 6*pi*viscosity*Stokes radius

and that frictional coefficient is inversely proportional to diffusion coefficient. Stokes radius is the radius of the sphere (as the sphere is hard). Molar flux is the product of the diffusion coefficient and the concentration gradient, so it is the radius of the sphere that is related to it's diffusion, not the mass (as density & mass don't come into any of the equations).

But if I think intuitively, the spheres are being bombarded by other particles as they move through the medium. If a sphere is more dense, the bombardments would transfer the same momentum but less speed, and the sphere would move more slowly. If a particle is slowly wiggling through solution, a heavier particle would have smaller 'wiggles' and move more slowly.

I have to be wrong somewhere, but where?

submitted by /u/994phij
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[Biology] There's a dinosaur called Carnotosaurus, whose arms end after the elbow, what are the benefits of this?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 01:31 PM PDT

Also, why does it even have arms, do those "stumps" serve a purpose, are they for balance? Is this the case of a mutation and not really just natural selection? Why do we not see more animals with this feature?

submitted by /u/Tsunami6866
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How do you calculate displacement, velocity, and proper time of an object undergoing constant proper acceleration, starting from non-zero, non-collinear velocity with respect to an observer?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 03:36 PM PDT

Using the Relativistic Rocket equations, the displacement d, velocity v, and proper time T of an object undergoing proper acceleration a from rest for a given coordinate duration t can be calculated with:

d = (c2 /a) (sqrt[ 1 + (at/c)2 ] − 1)

v = at / sqrt[ 1 + (at/c)2 ]

T = (c/a) ch−1 [ad/c2 + 1]

Imagine an object starts with initial relativistic velocity v0, and accelerates with proper acceleration a at some non-zero angle θ from v0. How would I calculate the object's displacement, velocity, and proper time after a given coordinate duration?

submitted by /u/taylorules
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How does T-cell know when to stop its immune response?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 04:27 AM PDT

I mean, TCR has ITAM domains and inhibitory receptors have ITIM domains. Their both ligands are on APCs (I suppose). If a t cell recognizes a non-self antigen, it will receive both inhibitory and activatory signals. 1) How does t cell know what to do (there is a perfect balance between stimolatory and inhibitory signals)? 2) When t cell begins an immune response, how does it know when to stop this response, in order to not damage your organism?

submitted by /u/Biasy
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Do bioluminescent/biofluorescent organisms use sunlight to recharge, or is it primarily an enzyme based reaction?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 06:17 AM PDT

The main reason I'm asking this is because on my campus there is a river with these luminescent jellyfish, however I have noticed that they don't light up in the day or on nights where the moon-light is especially bright. There are also what appear to be thousands of luminescent plankton in the river, and during these times they too do not light up.

submitted by /u/TheDesertSnowman
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Saturday, September 17, 2016

At what point does a liquid become so viscous that it's considered a solid?

At what point does a liquid become so viscous that it's considered a solid?


At what point does a liquid become so viscous that it's considered a solid?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 01:31 AM PDT

Is there some sort of cut off point, or what?

submitted by /u/ogdoobie420
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Are there any reactions more exothermic than nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 06:24 AM PDT

is hydrogen the only element that can be tempted to fuse?

submitted by /u/Vapourtrails89
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Is there an upper limit on how much light an object can emit? If so, what is said object?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 07:24 PM PDT

At what size does a wire mesh stop acting as a Faraday cage?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 06:27 PM PDT

Wire meshes can often be used as Faraday cages to shield the inside from exterior electromagnetic waves. At some point, the mesh should stop being a Faraday cage if the holes keep getting bigger. So at what size of mesh does the mesh stop being effective at screening incoming waves?

submitted by /u/rdskut
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What was the weather like on Pangea?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 12:29 PM PDT

You'd think there was an extreme version of a land climate there. With warm summers and cold winters. Have there ever been any proof or theories about the climate at the supercontinent?

submitted by /u/tankton
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Can snakes sleep even though they can't shut their eyes?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 04:04 PM PDT

Do firearms bullets really become sterilized upon firing?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 10:07 PM PDT

A friend told me due to the heat generated by the high velocity and pressure of the firearm, bullets leave the barrel sterilized.

Is this true? Is it true of all cartridges? Edit- seems like this belongs in Medicine category, but honestly I am not sure. Let me know if it would be better to move it to a different category.

submitted by /u/corrugatedcardboob
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Why do some lakes look like a fractal?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 02:34 PM PDT

Example

I've seen a couple others like this, but it always stood out to me as looking similar to a mandelbrot.

submitted by /u/Davidhasahead
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How much force would be required to slow the Earth's rotation? What implications could follow?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 08:11 AM PDT

a series of massive rocket engines are mounted to the Earth's surface facing East and fired. How much force would slow our rotation? What could happen as a result of slowing rotation?

submitted by /u/j_Wlms
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what is the definition of the word "cold" in deep space?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 06:30 PM PDT

if cold is the slowing of the vibration of atoms and there are only sparse atoms in some areas of space, how is "cold" expressed where there are so few atoms?

submitted by /u/TheQuips
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Is there a way to determine the direction of gravitational pull on the surface of an irregular object?

Posted: 17 Sep 2016 07:08 AM PDT

Let's say we had a 1000km-thick cereal bowl floating in space. If I started pouring milk onto/into this bowl at any given point (so, not necessarily into the bowl - perhaps on the outer side or bottom), would we be able to determine where the milk would flow? If so, how?

My understanding of gravity starts and stops at spherical objects, which is why I'm curious. If we wanted to land a probe on an asteroid shaped like, say, a cereal bowl or a donut, how would we know the best spot to land?

submitted by /u/dobu
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Is there such a thing as a core of a star?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 03:44 PM PDT

I know hydrogen becomes iron, but does that iron amass in the center of the star to eventually cause the star to fail, either in nova or in red dwarf?

submitted by /u/rugbyrun
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How would Nuclear Propulsion work?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 03:58 PM PDT

I want to know how it would work. But most of all, how it could successfully be done without damaging the ship. Also would it be in space or on the ground?

submitted by /u/ArmoredBattalion
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Could Mars have had a rich, earth-like flora even when we now can't see any hint of it?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 01:21 PM PDT

When we talk about life on Mars we usually talk about microbes or other simple and small life forms. I wonder if there could once have been plant life, forests with huge trees without seeing any evidence today.

Like, could they have been completey destroyed after Mars lost its atmosphere? So that not a single tree trunk or something like that survived (as a fossil) ouf of billions of trees all around the planet? Because all we see on pictures from our satellites and rovers today is basically wasteland.

Or is the lack of any evidence today a strong hint that if there ever was life on mars, it never was much more developed than microbes.

submitted by /u/linknewtab
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What are the differences between the types of gasoline at gas stations and how does it effect your car engine if you put one grade in over another?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 03:32 PM PDT

Do microwaves have an effect on plastic?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 05:55 PM PDT

Glass and (some) ceramics are heated by microwaves. Why are plastics not heated the same way? What makes them different?

submitted by /u/Necroslade
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I accidentally punctured a fluorescent light bulb and the white bulb turned clear, why did this happen? (pics)

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 03:27 PM PDT

You can see where it changed colors, really curious why this would've happened.

http://imgur.com/a/xt8XS

submitted by /u/IVIushroom
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What is going on in your body when it starts to hurt after resting on a hard surface for a long time?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 01:20 PM PDT

I have been transitioning to sleeping on the floor this past week and although it is not at all necessary to exclude a folded towel beneath my head I would really prefer not to have to do that. Problem is, as you might expect, trying to fall asleep with your head resting on a hard carpeted floor for thirty minutes results in a progressively more irritating pain at the point of contact the longer I refuse to lift it up.

What is going on at that part of my head that causes it to hurt that way? Are there going to be any significant consequences to ignoring it? A callus? Reduced blood-flow to my brain while I sleep? I don't really know, so I'm asking science.

submitted by /u/SixtyNinePlatypi
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What is implicit egotism and how much does it really affect our lives?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 04:22 PM PDT

I read this article today about how people are drawn to things that are similar to their name. I was wondering how big of a factor it was to our lives. Does it really affect where we live and marry?

submitted by /u/blockoblox
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Are there any known weaknesses in the Nielsen Ratings?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 03:19 PM PDT

From what I understand they sample cities around the country and estimate viewing based on those samples. Are there any biases or things unconsidered by this method of data collection?

I was also curious if perhaps somebody cross referenced data from Netflix viewings. I'm guessing Netflix uses more direct data (i.e. simply how many people streamed this show or movie) and maybe you could compare patterns in viewing of shows or genres by this precise data set and see if there are any interesting discrepancies between the two.

The second part makes this a loaded question, but answers on either or would be great!

submitted by /u/acollich
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In what order does a video load ?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 04:28 PM PDT

If I was to play the video after it had loaded the smallest amount of data would it show picture and sound? Just one?

submitted by /u/Mrwhiteknights
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Is there a mathematical function that describes the shape water (or other low viscosity liquids) make as they are poured?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 12:34 PM PDT

Friday, September 16, 2016

Do painkillers affect more than just perception of pain?

Do painkillers affect more than just perception of pain?


Do painkillers affect more than just perception of pain?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 10:42 PM PDT

Do painkillers have other effects on the body, other than just blocking the perception of pain? And does blocking pain cause other changes in the nervous system and body?

Today at work I experienced a bad headache. For several hours, I felt tired and slow, and unable to think clearly. My mood was terrible. I took paracetamol at midday, and within an hour my headache had lessened, but the thing I noticed most was that I felt alert and refreshed, like I had just woken up. I could think clearly again, and my mood was much better.

My understanding of painkillers was that they simply blocked the pain, without really changing anything else. I suppose I am asking: is perception of pain linked to decreased cognition? Or does something else happen that improves cognition while also reducing perception of pain when painkillers are used?

submitted by /u/Noh_weigh
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How was it discovered that metals in space would stick together?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 04:25 AM PDT

Did it happen BEFORE we went to space? or was it realized actually IN space?

link

submitted by /u/Short_Term_Account
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What part of a peanut's composition induces a reaction in those who have nut allergies, and how can so little of it be deadly in certain cases?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 09:02 PM PDT

I just read this article that mentioned a girl who died of acute respiratory failure caused by an allergic reaction because she kissed her boyfriend who ate a peanut butter sandwich several hours earlier.

Is it a specific protein in the nuts that cause a reaction or is it multiple things?

And what is the mechanism of action that causes severe, deadly reactions in certain cases even though the concentration of the allergen is so low. (Such as in chocolate bars made in the same factory that works with nuts, or someone in the same room eating nuts)

submitted by /u/cosekantphi
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Is there a super massive black hole at the centre of every Galaxy? If there is does the galaxy form around the black hole or does the black hole form from smaller black holes within the Galaxy merging?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 06:39 PM PDT

How does an encryption system share keys with the intended recipient without letting a third party obtain the key as well?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 08:45 PM PDT

I understand that encryption works by providing two parties a key that decodes messages or data they exchange. What I don't understand is how this protects information from a third party that has tapped into one of the parties at the beginning of the communication.

For instance, let's say someone has hacked my wifi and watches me log onto Gmail. When I log onto Gmail, don't I get the encryption key at that moment? Wouldn't the third party also have the key and have the ability to read my messages? Can't your ISP do the same?

submitted by /u/xarici
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Why does water expand when it freezes?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 10:24 PM PDT

What is the difference between a lunar eclipse and the phases of the Moon?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 08:36 PM PDT

Aren't they both just caused by the Earth's shadow cast upon the Moon? What makes a lunar eclipse a rare and unique phenomenon?

submitted by /u/DeregorDarkflame
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Is an acorn considered living?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 10:06 PM PDT

If a sphere is rotating, is it moving relative to itself?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 04:56 PM PDT

I had a debate with a co-worker in which he said that an object can move relative to itself. That an object can be its own frame of reference. We were talking about the Sun as it moves through the galaxy. We of course went through the obligatory acknowledgement that the galaxy itself is moving through the universe and so on. However when I said that even the sun's rotation could only be described as it related to other objects, he disagreed and said that an object could be moving relative to itself.

I proposed a thought experiment in which a basketball was the only object in the universe. I said that, in this scenario, you couldn't say that the basketball was rotating relative to itself. You couldn't say that the basketball was rotating at all, because it would have to rotate relative to something else. He disagreed and said that in this scenario the basketball could be said to be rotating because it could rotate relative to itself.

So we're not talking about position or velocity here, but simply rotation. Can something be said to be rotating relative to itself?

submitted by /u/DrSheldonC00per
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This lightning storm over Reading UK has been going on for about 12 hours now - how is it still going? Shouldn't all the air be de-ionized by now?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 09:24 PM PDT

I love watching storms when they happen, but this one has been going on since just past 5 p.m. this afternoon, and it's now 5 a.m.

I've never seen a storm last this long, and when I did a search, other sites seemed to back up the idea that a storm only lasts about 30-60 minutes.

I don't think it's a single storm - one moved across almost overhead at about 6pm, but it's otherwise been quite distant until 3 a.m., and just now - I've seen flashes of lightning almost constantly, but a lot of them have been a few miles away with a 10-30 second flash/rumble difference.

Even so, I thought that unless the wind was powerful enough to create its own lightning (e.g. with a tornado or hurricane), it took days of muggy/humid weather to build up enough ionized air for a thunderstorm. It has been very muggy in the past week, with record high September temperatures, but surely the air was de-ionized the first time around - how is there still enough energy in the air for so much lightning?

submitted by /u/Patrik333
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Is there an upper limit on how large a solid object that is one cohesive unit can be?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 05:08 AM PDT

I was reading about the Pillars of Creation earlier, those are gas/dust clouds, but it made me wonder if there was an upper limit for a solid object.

By solid I mean one cohesive unit that can transmit a vibration or wave all the way through it in the vacuum of space, though I'm also curious if there is an upper limit on an object where all the molecules are bound together into one cohesive solid unit.

Tagged astronomy but I'm not sure if it should be physics or astronomy.

submitted by /u/MorallyDeplorable
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Do some people have a chemical need for SSRIs?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 01:23 PM PDT

Hi Ask Science,

I have a of couple questions on the chemical/ biological need for SSRIs.

1) Do some people naturally produce less serotonin in their brains, meaning they have a chemical need for SSRIs to have the same amount of serotonin in their brain as the average person?

2) Does prolonged use of SSRIs change the chemical/ biological make up of the brain? For example, originally person x produces serotonin at a rate of 10, they take SSRIs for 10+ years and their brain gets use to that absorption rate of serotonin, so takes production rate down to 5. Meaning that person x now has a chemical dependency on SSRIs to have an average level of serotonin in their brain.

Researching the topic I found an article 'The mechanisms of tolerance in antidepressant action' (2011) - Giovanni A. Fava, which delves into the topic of long term use of SSRIs, concluding 'appraisal and testing of the oppositional model of tolerance may yield important insights as to long-term treatment'.

If any of these questions need more clarification please just say. If anyone has any related questions just post them in the comments and we can try and find out the answers! :)

submitted by /u/Redskyeatnight
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Why are decibels a measure of watts per square meter?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 09:22 PM PDT

Sound waves propagate in three dimensions, so why are decibels measured in watts per square meter rather than per cubic meter?

submitted by /u/grammatiker
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How are mesa/plateaus etc formed? In particular ones with curved hexagonal columns like Devil's Tower.

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 04:52 AM PDT

In particular, Devil's Tower.

If this mesa is supposed to have ejected from beneath the surface upwards (or other theories), what gives the hexagonal lattice the warp/curve seen around the base? I've seen some explanations and theories, but am stumped as to why this mesa has such a curvature. Also, what gives a mesa/plateau/butte etc it's flat top?

I've seen this type of hexagonal rock formation elsewhere with curves like Devil's Postpile so it's no uncommon, just curious as to it's process.

submitted by /u/Wood_Warden
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Are people with extra chromosomes denser than the average human?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 08:19 PM PDT

In a physical sense. Since they have more things inside their cells.

submitted by /u/MrTubby1
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Could two waves of light cancel each other out?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 10:40 PM PDT

Is it possible for two waves of light to cancel each other out if they're equal but 180 degrees out of phase?

If this can happen, what happens to the energy from a thermodynamic point of view? What happens to the photons in them from a quantum point of view?

submitted by /u/the_ocalhoun
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Has science ever thought that neutrinos might be dark matter? They make up 99% of the energy expelled from a nova and can pass through most other matter making them almost undetectable. Sounds like a prime suspect to me.

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 08:04 PM PDT

Neutrinos make up 99% of the energy given off in a super nova. Super novas and regular(?) novas make up all matter in the universe. They are super hard to detect but do give off mass and energy. Doesn't that seem like a likely candidate for dark matter?

submitted by /u/badong369
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Why doesn't N-linked glycosylation occur more commonly with glutamine or arginine amino acid side chains?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 11:19 PM PDT

What genetic diseases only affect a small percentage of cells in the body?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 08:45 PM PDT

Hi Reddit,

I realize that this may sound like a silly question as all cells in the body contain the same genetic make up. But are there any known diseases that only affect a small percentage of the total cells in the body? I'm only wondering because of potential applications for sparse gene delivery in the context of gene therapy. Thank you.

submitted by /u/KChan85
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If a pulsar were close enough to observe in the night sky, would we be in danger? [Astronomy]

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 02:32 AM PDT

What would happen if you made a cube mirrored on the outside?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 10:26 PM PDT

Say you had a cube that was made of 100% reflective material on the outside. If you were inside this (large enough) how cold/hot would it be? Would it still heat up even if no light passed through it?

submitted by /u/NUMBER7777777
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