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Thursday, September 1, 2016

AskScience AMA Series: I am the co-founder of iNaturalist, an online social network for sharing biodiversity information. Ask Me Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I am the co-founder of iNaturalist, an online social network for sharing biodiversity information. Ask Me Anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I am the co-founder of iNaturalist, an online social network for sharing biodiversity information. Ask Me Anything!

Posted: 01 Sep 2016 05:00 AM PDT

iNaturalist is an online social network of people sharing biodiversity information to help each other learn about nature. It's also a crowdsourced species identification system and an organism occurrence recording tool. You can use it to record your own observations, get help with identifications, collaborate with others to collect this kind of information for a common purpose, or access the observational data collected by iNaturalist users. If you have any questions about iNaturalist or the state of natural history on the Internet, iNat co-founder Ken-ichi Ueda will be fielding questions around noon EDT (17 UT). AMA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why are electromagnetic waves depicted as moving "up and down"? Why don't photons go in a complete straight line?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 07:03 PM PDT

Let's say I shoot a single photon from A to B in a long box where the wavelength is larger than the box. Does this mean the photon crashes into the walls of the box? If it wobbles like that, what causes it to go back to it's original path after it's changed path to follow the "wave"?

submitted by /u/Towerss
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Do radioactive material decay at the same rate regardless of gravity?

Posted: 01 Sep 2016 05:02 AM PDT

If gravity distorts time would it effect the rate of radioactive decay of a material width in a field of gravity. Ex uranium taking longer to decay on earth then the moon.

submitted by /u/omgwtfidk89
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Will drilling through a neodynium magnet cause it to lose its magnetism?

Posted: 01 Sep 2016 04:29 AM PDT

I'm making something with some of these and need to drill through them. Also, are there precautions to take (other than standard safety) when dealing with these metals?

submitted by /u/TheAKofClubs
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Can photons move slower than the speed of light when near a black hole?

Posted: 01 Sep 2016 04:46 AM PDT

We know photons always move at the speed of light.

However my theory is that when a black hole is made there is a point where 1 photon is still going away from the black hole and the other one will be sucked in by the black hole. So the last photon was moving away from the black hole but the force of gravity massively increases and the photon will be forced to go in the direction of the black hole.

What if all forces on that photon pull it the exact same amount which means there is no side besides up or down to which the photon can move. The black hole pulls harder than the rest of the sides of the photon which means the photon can't bend in any direction. The photon will then be forced to slow down to 0 and then ramp up again to the speed of ligh towards the black hole.

I hope you can understand me as this is quite hard to explain for me since i'm not natively english.

submitted by /u/k0enf0rNL
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If light is a subatomic particle can you make it a liquid? If so, would it be similar to the theoretical kugelblitz?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 06:11 PM PDT

If quantum particles are waves, why do they make tracks in detectors as if they were point particles?

Posted: 01 Sep 2016 04:15 AM PDT

I imagine the wavefunctions of particles created in collisions or decay have some sort of spread. Therefore I'd expect that when the wave reaches a detector it should excite atoms in the detector in a spread out area, if that makes any sense.

Why instead are the particles always detected at a series of points on a straight line, in for example bubble chambers, LHC, etc?

Only thing I can think of is the first detection of the particle collapses the wavefunction to that point. But then the information about the original velocity is lost and it should start spreading in all directions. So the series of detections should not be all on a straight line.

submitted by /u/JimPlushie
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Why do multiples of 9, always come back to 9 when their digits are added together?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 11:31 PM PDT

Sorry I could have probably worded the title better.

I remember my second grade teacher taught me this but never explained why she just said it was a a magic number lol.

Example:

9*2=18, 1+8=9

9*3=27, 2+7=9

9*4=36, 3+6=9

etc, etc, etc.....,

Of course there are many interesting recurrences with small number and wen we learned our multiplication tables as kids, but this trend seems to stay the same even as the number you multiply by 9 increase. Even with random numbers in the tens and hundreds similar pattern.

Example

9*53=477, 4+7+7=18, 1+8=9

9*87=783, 7+8+3=18, 1+8=9

9*681=6129, 6+1+2+9=18, 1+8=9

9*217=1953, 1+9+5+3=18, 1+8=9

Now I've only used positive integers, haven't even looked into negatives, nor decimals, nor any other parameters so to speak. Are there any exceptions doing this with positive integers? And why does this work? This is a smart sub and I'm sure the answer is simple but I've just always been curious about it. I'll try a few more larger random numbers with greater number of digits.

9*876,257=7,886,313 :

7+8+8+6+3+1+3=36, 3+6=9

One more even larger number

9*12,345,678=111,111,102 :

1+1+1+1+1+1+1+0+2=9

Are there any other weird happenstances like this? if so please elaborate...

submitted by /u/Trick502
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Could virtual particles turn out to be just mathematical fictions, a bit like epicycles?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 06:36 PM PDT

Will particle-antiparticle annihilation create gravitons?

Posted: 01 Sep 2016 03:25 AM PDT

Usually, we are told that when a particle and antiparticle annihilate, they produce photons, and the higher the mass, the greater the frequency of the photons.

The quantum of gravitational waves is a graviton, and the only difference I know between graviton and photons is that the former has spin 2 and latter spin 0 boson. Both are massless, so both travel at the speed of light.

Has there been any investigation on this topic, or is it even worth investigation (in the highly likely case that my question is completely wrong)? Or do we need a QM theory of gravity before we can even begin to consider such a question? Are there any approximate Quantum Gravity theories (parallel of "old quantum theory" of light-matter interaction) that deal with this issue?

submitted by /u/attofreak
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Is it possible to for a random number generator (using all real numbers) to generate an integer?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 02:50 PM PDT

So I've been thinking about random number selection, and came upon this idea. If you were to generate a random number (doesn't have to be an integer) between 1 and 10, wouldn't the chance of the number selected being an integer be 0, because there are a finite number of integers between 1 and 10? And, following the same logic wouldn't there be no chance of the number being anything other than a never-ending decimal? It makes sense to me, but seems odd at the same time and I'm wondering if I have made a mistake with my logic.

submitted by /u/frantic_candle
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How precisely is it possible to measure spacetime curvature?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 07:58 PM PDT

Is there a fundamental uncertainty principle like the one in quantum mechanics? If so, what's the variable conjugate to the curvature? Edit: I'm sorry, I wasn't clear, I meant measuring the local curvature of spacetime due to some matter nearby. Not the large scale curvature of the universe.

submitted by /u/TheConstipatedPepsi
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How quickly can the human body gain weight?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 08:37 PM PDT

Could someone consume enough calories and turn that energy into fat quickly enough to Pop? (to some degree or another)

submitted by /u/pewpewbrrrrrrt
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When I pour a glass of water really full, it can fill above the rim of the glass, would this happen on a planet with a much stronger or lighter, gravitational force?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 08:46 PM PDT

I believe the water goes above the rim due to surface tension, but could this happen with different forces of gravity??

submitted by /u/Vossely
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What does serotonin do in the gut, why is it there and how closely related is it to the serotonin in brain?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 01:54 PM PDT

How do transistors work?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 02:18 PM PDT

I'm curious about how they work and how a computer can read those operations

submitted by /u/ilkeryapici
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Why the same thermos can keep the drink cold for 24 hrs but the hot drink for only 6 hrs?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 08:39 PM PDT

How many possibilities are there to arrange these objects?

Posted: 01 Sep 2016 01:56 AM PDT

Assuming I have three of A, one of B and one of C, how many possibilities are there to arrange these five objects and is it possible to calculate the number or do I have to make a list and count them? How would more objects (e.g. 4xA 2xB 3xC 1xD) change it. I know how to calculate the number of possiblities if there are no multiple of one object (5 different objects => 5!=120 possiblities to arrange them). I'd rather not make a list because I'm pretty sure I will forget at least one possibility.

I hope you understood my question and are able to help me with my problem.

submitted by /u/yukkiyuk98
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Drilling a hole through a planet and the gravitational effect on an object thrown into the hole. What would happen?

Posted: 01 Sep 2016 07:46 AM PDT

Let's say we would be on a planet with a solid, cool core and we would drill a hole straight through the planet, perfectly through the core. So we have a hole through the planet, starting at the north pole and coming out at the south pole. Now, what would happen with an object that we throw into one of the starting points? Would it stop falling right at the core or what would actually happen?

submitted by /u/Lexalot_FUM
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If an electric current flowing through a coiled wire creates a magnetic field, does coiling a magnetic field produce anything?

Posted: 01 Sep 2016 06:48 AM PDT

This might sound a bit confusing. but imagine coiling copper wire around a flexible tube (which would produce a magnetic field when a current passes through), then coil the flexible tube around another tube. Does anything happen?

submitted by /u/Override9636
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A diet Lipton Iced Tea has zero calories. I know there are *things* in it, hence "energy," so how can there be zero calories?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 07:42 PM PDT

How fast does a nuclear bomb ignite?

Posted: 01 Sep 2016 04:19 AM PDT

When critical mass is reached, how long does it take for the bomb to actually explode, let's say till it destroys the casing. Does it build a few seconds or does it all happen in micro seconds?

submitted by /u/SNHC
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Wednesday, August 31, 2016

Hi, my name is jack, I'm 14 years old, and I love Baseball. I would like to know when a pitcher throws a baseball, how does it curve?

Hi, my name is jack, I'm 14 years old, and I love Baseball. I would like to know when a pitcher throws a baseball, how does it curve?


Hi, my name is jack, I'm 14 years old, and I love Baseball. I would like to know when a pitcher throws a baseball, how does it curve?

Posted: 30 Aug 2016 10:53 AM PDT

I found this gif on my front page as soon as I made an account here so it kind of helps me make the question more clear. Here is a pitcher throwing what is known to be a "Knuckleball" and it has a lot of breakdown to it, I want to know what makes a ball curve like this. https://gfycat.com/WhichUnnaturalAsianlion

Thank you everyone. And remember science rules!

submitted by /u/poptartfarts13
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How far away from an explosion do I have to be to be safe enough to walk like a cool guy and not look at it?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 04:11 AM PDT

Why is -1 times -1 equal to +1 and not -1 or something totally different?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 05:12 AM PDT

what is the process for writing data on a cd and how do dvd players read the data?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 05:21 AM PDT

'Computing' Sorry im 13 and my English is patchy at times. Thank you in advanced :)

submitted by /u/Billy-Heffernan
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In a vacuum, will an electron cloud expand to fill a volume like a gas?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 06:33 AM PDT

Can I repeatedly donate my liver since it can completely regenerate?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 07:07 AM PDT

IIRC that the liver is the only organ capable of regenerating completely.

And should I?

submitted by /u/Lew_
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Why aren t we using onboard laser for propulsion?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 01:49 AM PDT

So if we can use laser (on ground) to accelerate a spacecraft, wouldn t it be possible to mount that laser onto the spacecraft and shooting it at earth to get thrust? And wouldn t that mean we could accelerate in space only with electricity?

And if we dont get thrust by shooting a laser into space, couldn t we just point that laser on a solar sail or something to get thrust from the sail?

Am I missing something?

submitted by /u/BROTTEIG
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How different would be the universe if force fields, specifically electromagnetic and gravitational, decayed not by the square but linearly with distance?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 04:11 AM PDT

It's a pretty useless hypothetical question, but it sounded interesting during the morning ride.

submitted by /u/WeissUndHell
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How did engineers/machinists create the first precise straight edge?

Posted: 30 Aug 2016 04:28 PM PDT

If I had to create a good straight edge from scratch, my first thought would be to pour molten tin on top of molten glass for a flat surface, then fold the cooled tin sheet, as it seems from experience that folding creates a straight edge, though I've never heard how precise it is.

But I assume the above process for making a flat surface may not have been known in antiquity, so I'm wondering how and if they did it.

submitted by /u/darien_gap
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What is the diameter of a bolt of lightning?

Posted: 30 Aug 2016 06:34 PM PDT

What is the diameter of a bolt of lightning? Is it even a circle, or does it vary in shape or size, and if it does, what kind of variables factor into this?

submitted by /u/27will4ndrews27
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Why don't I, as an adult, seem to get earaches anymore? They seemed common as a child, but I've never had one after my preteen years.

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 07:08 AM PDT

Is it just a cognitive bias on my part? I don't know any adults that have ever had or talked about having earaches after childhood.

submitted by /u/clyde2003
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Why does a camera obscura/pinhole camera work?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 12:56 AM PDT

From what I understand of the rectilinear prorogation of light, ray of light travel straight and I'm assuming parallel to each other unless they are scattered by the particles in the atmosphere.

The usual representation of how camera obscura works is represented like this but in reality it shouldn't it be like this instead.

I know scatterings got to do something with it. The way I imagine it is that light is scattered in every angle lowering its intensity and the pinhole just let's the scattered light in a so that an image is formed like this. But if that's the case shouldn't the middle part where the pinhole is be brighter than the rest if the image like this?

What am I missing?

submitted by /u/igotsbrains
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Why do fireworks make different sounds?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 12:51 AM PDT

Tourette syndrome was first described in 1885; surely the syndrome was an object of reality for many people around the world, before the first case was diagnosed. So why was it not diagnosed earlier?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 06:37 AM PDT

How do efficient video codecs like HEVC and VP9 work?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 02:30 AM PDT

What "magic" does HEVC use to get excellent quality at similar filesizes to h.264?

Also, I've heard that it's possible to encode a video mathematically losslessly in HEVC. While lossy audio and images are of course much smaller in filesize than lossless ones, is the same thing true for HEVC video?

Also, given the efficiency of these codecs, why are software-only decoders regarded as a bit "slow"?

I understand this approach may be slower than native hardware support, however, comparing purely software based implementations, does HEVC not show a great benefit over h.264 in regards to bandwidth and the like?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/blueredscreen
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One technique astonomers use to discover new planets is by looking at the "wobble" of the star it is orbiting. Is there an assumption that there is the only one planet orbiting the observed star and if not, how do they determine the qualities, like mass, of the planet without the assumpion?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 06:10 AM PDT

Is the strength of gravitational pull in planets only defined by it's size, or does the density of the material it mostly consists of affect aswell?

Posted: 30 Aug 2016 06:06 PM PDT

For example, since Jupiter is a planet mostly made of gas, if we had another planet that was exactly the same size but was consisted mostly of a material that is more dense, would its gravitational pull be stronger?

submitted by /u/Arislash
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There are many animals that dance. Are there any animals that dance to music ?

Posted: 30 Aug 2016 08:43 PM PDT

Dancing spiders, birds being the most obvious examples. Any animals "feel the beat"?

submitted by /u/RobBobGlove
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Can non-ionized radiation cause genetic mutations?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 05:16 AM PDT

So it's well known ionized radiation like ultraviolet can cause genetic mutations, but can something with less energy like radio waves cause mutations?

submitted by /u/JoeRmusiceater
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When polling controversial topics, is there a "too shy to admit bias"?

Posted: 30 Aug 2016 11:32 AM PDT

Sometimes polls are about controversial topics and people hide their true opinion. So when they make polls per telephone there might be a strong bias. Is this considered in good polls? Is this just a marginal effect?

submitted by /u/downvotello
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Can something escape a Black Hole (after crossing the threshold) by being pulled by a nearby gravity?

Posted: 30 Aug 2016 02:26 PM PDT

I'm not well versed in relativity, but I think that things can't escape a black hole once they cross a certain threshold because their escape velocity becames higher than the speed of light.

However, say if after an object enters such threshold, something like a star was pulled near the black hole, couldn't its gravity pull the object back through the old threshold? In other words, couldn't the escape velocity became lower (than the speed of light) if a star comes close enough to the hole?

submitted by /u/ElGordoFreeman
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When I undo an action on a word document, does it run the action in reverse or revert to a saved copy of what the document was like before the action?

Posted: 31 Aug 2016 03:57 AM PDT

Could an alien civilization on Proxima B discover Earth using the same technology we used to discover Proxima B?

Posted: 30 Aug 2016 11:35 PM PDT

As has been widely reported, scientists recently announced that an Earth-like planet has been discovered around one of our closest neighboring stars, Proxima Centari, using techniques that look for wobble/Doppler shift of the parent star. My question is, would a theoretical alien civilization on Proxima B, using similar techniques and technology as our own, be able to detect the presence of Earth?

We have 8 planets in our own solar system, all perturbing the sun to some degree, so is their a technique to screen out large gas giants, like Jupiter and Saturn, from the relatively small Earth and Mars?

submitted by /u/mclumber1
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Tuesday, August 30, 2016

Does the dark matter in a galaxy form a disk or a sphere?

Does the dark matter in a galaxy form a disk or a sphere?


Does the dark matter in a galaxy form a disk or a sphere?

Posted: 30 Aug 2016 03:39 AM PDT

Ordinary matter in most galaxies forms a disk. Does the dark matter also collapse into the same disk or does it remain a big blobby sphere around the center of a galaxy due to its lack of interaction through forces other than gravity?

submitted by /u/Speterius
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Wikipedia says that on very long timescales, "all matter is liquid". What does this mean, how does it work?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 06:56 PM PDT

From this article, if you scroll down the timeline to 1065 there's the following description:

Assuming that protons do not decay, estimated time for rigid objects like rocks to rearrange their atoms and molecules via quantum tunneling. On this timescale, all matter is liquid.

I vaguely understand how quantum tunneling works, and how it might allow particles to move over time, but why is all matter described as liquid? What would it look like if you were able to set up a (very very) long time lapse video of a rock, or a planet?

submitted by /u/007T
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What are the alternative ways to measure advancements of civilisation other than the Kardashev Scale, and what are their pros and cons?

Posted: 30 Aug 2016 06:32 AM PDT

On the back of the recent Alien hype a lot has been publicised about the Kardashev Scale. While I'm no scientist, I noticed this all assumes the evolution of a civilisation is based purely on how well they capture energy from their sun (though I see this as being the easiest for us to observe from Earth). I'm wondering if this is the best method out there, what other methods exist and what are the pros and cons of each? Thanks :)

submitted by /u/holman8a
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Can a planet's orbit cross the surface of a star? Could it orbit entirely within it?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 09:30 PM PDT

If a star is in it's quick expand-contract-expand-contract phase (on the order of tens or hundreds of thousands of years), what would happen? When it expands, the mass would not increase, but its radius would. It's Roche limit would stay the same or decrease.

How long would a planet be able to orbit within it? I'm assuming that, even completely molten, it can still stay together because the density would be low. It would be high enough to cause significant drag, though.

submitted by /u/masasin
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Consider a machine which uniformly generates random real numbers in the range [0, 1]. Would the set of all possible outputs include numbers with a finite number of digits?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 06:16 PM PDT

Possibly excluding 0 and 1?

submitted by /u/rryderr
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How many sieverts/rads would you get per second if you were spacewalking without a suit?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 10:33 PM PDT

I'm wondering exactly how much radiation one would be exposed to if they were in space without a space suit (perhaps beside the ISS). I can find readings for astronauts throughout an entire mission as well as a theoretical mission to Mars (0.66 sievert), but I can't seem to find anything on how much you would get if you were drifting in space without a suit.

submitted by /u/ruhtraeel
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What do liquid hydrocarbons look like?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 06:29 PM PDT

I know that Titan has lakes/oceans of it, but I don't know what they look like other than just big things of dark liquid. I couldn't find any good pictures of lab-based liquid hydrocarbons, but I would like to get an idea of what "dropping a sub" into it would look like.

submitted by /u/Deminixhd
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The Boeing new 737Max has a winglet that save 1.8% on fuel. How is that possible when it also adds drag?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 01:21 PM PDT

I just saw this claim in an ad/"news" piece. I understand that a winglet adds drag, simply because it exists. How does it achieve a fuel saving? Is that the purpose of all winglets?

submitted by /u/vertebrate
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If you add magnets to car wheels (use their spinning as a turbine) would it be possible to produce electricity and thus reduce the usage of fuel or just create a self-sustainable electric car?

Posted: 30 Aug 2016 06:07 AM PDT

What non-biological factors contribute to regional soil fertility?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 02:21 PM PDT

I'm looking to develop a simplified model for estimating soil fertility across arbitrary, random terrains that are generated by a computer program. I'd like to understand what geographical and geological factors are predictive of soil fertility in the real world, in order to make my model reasonably believable-looking.

As a non-scientist, the things I can think of are:

  • Water - terrain closer to and downhill of water, especially freshwater, would seem to be more fertile
  • Temperature - Hotter areas would evaporate faster, mitigating the effects of nearby water sources
  • Volcanism - Volcanic ash, I understand, can be very helpful to plant growth
  • Wind - I would assume areas with more wind suffer from more erosion, and that plants and rich soils have a harder time establishing there. On the other hand, wind that originates over water would carry rainclouds, increasing fertility

Am I missing or overestimating certain factors? What other aspects of the shape, history, and composition of a piece of terrain would influence soil fertility once life establishes itself there? Planetary/astronomical considerations (day length?) are also fair game.

submitted by /u/Kastornak
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Is there any simple explanation in terms of spacetime for why c is invariant in every inertial reference frame?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 03:20 PM PDT

I can just about grasp that any such explanation probably invokes spacetime geometry and length contraction, but I can't seem to think of an explanation for either length contraction or invariant c. I also have an inkling that a non-invariant c would require a universal fixed reference frame, and we can't have that. I would happily consider speculative explanations, btw.

submitted by /u/consciousrealism
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How can something be redox inactive?

Posted: 30 Aug 2016 01:51 AM PDT

Hello, I understand that redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons and a change in oxidation state. But how can something like Zn2+ be redox inactive?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/bucketfullofcats
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How do they keep radiation from contaminating the water which evaporates out of the top Nuclear Power Plants?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 09:19 PM PDT

Okay, so in Water Moderated Reactors, I understand that they use rods to contain the radioactive materials (usually Uranium-235), and because of the nuclear reactions these rods get really hot and they use the water to cool them down which is where all the water vapor comes from. (Please correct me if I'm wrong about any of this)

So what confuses me is how do the keep the radiation inside of the rods? If it contaminated the evaporating water wouldn't that result in toxic rain? And because we know this is bad and don't want it to happen I have to believe that we've done something to prevent it. I know lead blocks all sorts of radiation but lead contamination would be almost as bad as fallout. So how do we do it?

submitted by /u/zthompson2350
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When I use a nail clippers and cut a little chunk of skin off the end of my thumb, what am I cutting? Is it skin?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 01:22 PM PDT

Why is it see-trough and why doesn't it hurt when normally breaking skin would?

submitted by /u/Shentai-
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Why is it possible to recover data from a drive after a zero-fill?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 11:27 PM PDT

I've read from multiple sources that writing zeros on the whole drive once is not enough to guarantee that the data will not be recoverable, how come?

submitted by /u/KingKunter
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Does Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle imply that we will never need to determine the position of an electron?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 11:07 PM PDT

With people that have brown/blue eyes, is their a difference between nighttime vison?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 10:40 PM PDT

In scientific fact, lighter colors reflect light while darker colors absorbed it. With night vision, shouldn't darker eyes be able to see better because of this if so/not explain?

Thank you =)

submitted by /u/trollteemo
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What issues would be be worried about if we were experiencing global cooling, instead of global warming?

Posted: 29 Aug 2016 09:56 AM PDT

With global warming, there are many interesting consequences that I never would have considered. What would these be if the planet was cooling?

submitted by /u/greysplash
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