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Monday, August 8, 2016

In what order were fundamental particles created?

In what order were fundamental particles created?


In what order were fundamental particles created?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 07:04 PM PDT

Does modern science have some grasp of the order in which the first particles formed? If not from the beginning, than at least from the start of the electroweak era?

submitted by /u/chunkylubber54
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Does one hemisphere have a more intense summer than the other?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 07:35 AM PDT

Due to the Earths elliptical orbit, one hemisphere will be closer to the Sun during it's summer months, meaning the light intensity from the Sun is greater. However, it also travels faster as Kepler's second law tells us, so it is in this part of the orbit for a shorter time. Do these factors balance out? Or does one hemisphere experience more radiation/m2 /s?

submitted by /u/EdominoH
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Would the Earth's gravity be the same if it were a spheroid of uniform density, but same average density, rather than layers of different densities?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 10:10 AM PDT

The average density of the Earth is around 5.515 g/cm3. The planet's made up of a crust, a mantle, and a core -- all of which are made with different materials, and have different densities.

If the Earth were made of some hypothetical material of the same average density, resistant to the effects of compression and temperature-based deformations associated with it, would the gravity at the surface stay the same?

submitted by /u/verandaguy
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If I had a quarter that was as hot as the surface of the sun in my hand, what would it do to the earth?

Posted: 08 Aug 2016 07:12 AM PDT

Why is the critical point in temperature/pressure?

Posted: 08 Aug 2016 07:05 AM PDT

H2O has it's critical point at 647,3°K and 218 bar

What does that mean?

submitted by /u/Katie_Deely
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What advancements could quantum computing provide for future videogames?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 06:50 PM PDT

Would CPUs and GPUs be more powerful, resulting in realistic game physics and unlimited AI? What other effects could we potentially see? I'm new to the ideas and potential of quantum computing.

submitted by /u/YouMadeMeCringe
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How do operating systems tell the CPU to start up/shut down cores?

Posted: 08 Aug 2016 06:04 AM PDT

Hey everyone! At the moment I try to write a program, that emulates a simple CPU (a few registers, a simple instruction set, a bus that makes request to RAM, and a "pipeline" that stores the following lines of RAM whenever an instruction needs to be loaded from there).

I split the implementation up into a "CPU" and a "Core" struct because I wanted to reserve myself the possibility to make it use multiple cores later. I had lectures at uni about how simple CPUs and operating systems work, but now that I'm trying to implement those things I notice a lot of things that I didn't truly understand. Among the things I never thought about are:

  • Let's say at the start the CPU starts executing at ram address 0. How does the program there tell the CPU to start another program on another core?

  • How much of that process is typically managed by the hardware and how much is managed by the OS?

  • Is there a "main core" that catches interrupts from the other cores (e.g. when one of the cores throws and exception or interrupts for a system call) or does that specific core jump into the kernel/exception handler?

thanks a lot in advance!

submitted by /u/Steve_the_Stevedore
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Why does the boiling point of water changes with the attitude, but the freezing point always remains 0 °C, no matter the attitude?

Posted: 08 Aug 2016 05:50 AM PDT

In a Dye Sensitized Solar Cell, why doesn't the redox shuttle "short out" the cell between the anode and the cathode?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 06:57 PM PDT

What does the wave component of light mean? I'm having a hard time wrapping my head around this one.

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 05:32 PM PDT

I understand light (electromagnetic radiation) is composed of photons. Photons have a dual nature - they are simultaneously a particle and a wave. I can grasp the particle component. How a photon can interact with matter (electrons), causing electrons to change orbital level, eject other photons, in displays of absorption, reflection, refraction, etc. However, I have a difficult time envisioning the wave modality. I know this corresponds to frequency and energy of the photon, but I don't understand what is actually happening. As an example, let's say the source has a frequency of 1 hertz. One peak and trough of the wave every second. Does this mean that photons (from the light source) are emitted one every second, photon after photon? Does it literally mean the photon is traveling in a oscillating wave motion once per second? Does it mean the photon is vibrating back and forth once per second, and if so, how much distance does it vibrate? Or something much more complicated than I can't simply imagine?... In other words, how is the energy stored in the photon as a wave? I've been trying to find an answer that satiates my curiosity for a day or so now, but all I find is information regarding electromagnetic fields, and maybe it's my lack of understanding in that area that is making this difficult to imagine. Please help. Cheers.

submitted by /u/fartingmaniac
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What makes Swedish iron ore so special?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 07:29 AM PDT

In both WWI and WWII, the German factories turning out weapons were heavily dependent upon steel produced from Swedish iron ore. In WWI, the supply of this ore via merchant ships in the Baltic was protected by Germany's High Seas Fleet (which otherwise did not have much of a purpose). In WWII, the supply of Swedish iron ore was so critical to Germany's war effort that it was the primary reason Hitler invaded Norway (nothing can be shipped from Sweden to Germany via the frozen Baltic in the winter, so ore travels overland by rail to the coast of Norway and thence to Germany by ship; hence the need to invade Norway to secure the ore supply year-round) and why he had plans in place to invade Sweden if necessary.

What exactly are the chemical properties of Swedish iron ore that made it so desirable for steel production? Why was Germany unable to produce sufficient steel for its war effort using only the iron ores available in the areas of Continental Europe under German control? What was "wrong" chemically with those ores as far as steel production was concerned?

I'm not sure this is exactly a "science" question, more about geology/manufacturing processes etc.

submitted by /u/AreYouNotShpongled
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Have subatomic particles ever been measured?

Posted: 08 Aug 2016 02:37 AM PDT

How do we know that quarks even exist? Have we ever measured them (like how we can detect alpha, beta, gamma particles)?

Isn't it more reasonable to assume they do not exist? Further, that a neutron is made of a proton and electron rather than 3 quarks? How could we determine this (such as firing neutrons at a strong magnetic field and seeing if half half split due to difference in electron/proton orientation)?

submitted by /u/zenmasterzen3
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Is there a special Case of all unknowns having the same value?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 04:35 PM PDT

For example, I have some function A = f(X,Y,Z), and A=X=Y=Z. In other words, the unknowns are interchangeable in this situation. Is there some particular/special way of talking about this?

thanks!

submitted by /u/aggasalk
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Why did most plants end up being hermaphrodites while most animals end up with two distinct sexes?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 10:35 AM PDT

The vast majority of plants have both male and female sexual organs, and when two or more plants fertilise each other, all normally produce seeds or spores.

However in most animals the population is divided into males and females, of which only the females bear offspring.

submitted by /u/googolplexbyte
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Can someone explain Rayleigh scattering leading to the color of the sky?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 09:18 PM PDT

Looking at the Wikipedia page and Example 11.1 of Griffith's Electrodynamics 3rd Edition, I'm a bit confused about the process. From what I understand, dipole radiation of air molecules has a quartic dependence on frequency. This means that among all wavelengths of visible light hitting the molecules, blue light is re-radiated by them most strongly. This re-radiated light is what we call scattered light and is why the the sky appears blue. One question is why is the sky a darker blue farther away from the sun? Is that because Mie scattering takes over along the sun's line of sight?

According to my readings, sunsets are red because the atmosphere is thicker when the sun shines tangent to the Earth's surface, and a thicker atmosphere leads to more scattering. But we established that scattered light makes the sky blue--which is why I'm confused. Is there some "critical mass" of scattering where things can get so scattered that the blue light is very dispersed and the red overpowers it?

submitted by /u/DarkAvenger12
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What happened to planet X?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 09:09 PM PDT

All the noise i heard about planet X was just how we found the orbit of it.

submitted by /u/Iwantchangenotchange
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Granite is the most abundant type of rock in the continental crust. Why is it not found on any terrestrial planet(or moon) other than Earth?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 05:23 PM PDT

What defines the size (radius) of a star?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 08:12 PM PDT

How do they decide which isotope of an element to put in the periodic table?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 07:14 PM PDT

C12 and C13 are both stable, but C12 gets on the periodic table. Why?

submitted by /u/Lofty_Hobbit
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Why do we get Vertigo after getting off a boat? What causes Vertigo?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 02:33 PM PDT

What is the main bottleneck preventing high resolution (4K, 8K, 16K) monitors from being produced?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 01:37 AM PDT

Is it cost effectiveness? computing power needed to run that high resolution? risk of damaging a pixel? What is stopping manufacturers from making a 1,920,000 x 1,080,000 screen?

submitted by /u/Dapianoman
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How do babies perceive the world around them?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 04:15 PM PDT

basically, how do babies think?

submitted by /u/lifeisupherebut
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Sunday, August 7, 2016

In string theory, if strings are 1-dimensional, how do they vibrate in more than 1 dimension? E.g. If a piece of paper (defined by dimensions ,y) was truly 2 dimensional, could you bend it along the z-axis?

In string theory, if strings are 1-dimensional, how do they vibrate in more than 1 dimension? E.g. If a piece of paper (defined by dimensions ,y) was truly 2 dimensional, could you bend it along the z-axis?


In string theory, if strings are 1-dimensional, how do they vibrate in more than 1 dimension? E.g. If a piece of paper (defined by dimensions ,y) was truly 2 dimensional, could you bend it along the z-axis?

Posted: 06 Aug 2016 06:46 PM PDT

typo: ...(defined by dimensions x,y)...

submitted by /u/robbiedenali
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Is there a terminal velocity in a vacuum?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 03:23 AM PDT

Could you theoretically reach light speed given enough space and gravity?

submitted by /u/fookinal
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Quantum entanglement: Do I understand this correctly?

Posted: 06 Aug 2016 06:09 PM PDT

Real life example: My girlfriend and I are at the airport. She hands me a passport, unsure if it's mine or hers. Does this create a quantum entanglement between the two passports? Once I observe the passport I'll know the properties of the other one.

submitted by /u/Italics_RS
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What is the termial velocity of a falling human on other planets?

Posted: 07 Aug 2016 03:31 AM PDT

How fast can my eyes move?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 10:18 PM PDT

How fast can i look at stuff? Like i can look from A To B and i can move my eyes between them quite rapidly, but how fast could i possibly go?

submitted by /u/notgodpo
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When a magnet attracts a ferrous metal what effect, if any, would the metal being an alloy have?

Posted: 06 Aug 2016 12:04 AM PDT

For example if a ball bearing were composed of a steel alloy and left on a track within range of a magnet so that it was attracted what alterations might come from the introduction of metals such as zinc which are not non-magnetic, or otherwise non ferromagnetic metals such as chromium.

submitted by /u/CannedDogmeats
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Why do the layers of the sun vary in temperature?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 10:49 PM PDT

Can you generate energy from atomic vibration?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 11:57 PM PDT

As most of us learned is high school, atoms vibrate based on temperature, faster=hotter. What I want to know is, could you get room temperature material, use the vibrations to generate energy, and dispose of the cooled material?

submitted by /u/asusoverclocked
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How is it that Borderline Personality Disorder and Schizotypal Personality Disorder can be so frequently co-morbid with their seeming contradictions?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 11:59 PM PDT

I have read from a few sources that the two will at least sometimes appear alongside one another in the same person, but it seems like some of the symptoms of each "cancel" one another in a way. Like, people with BPD are known to seek out relationships and to cling on to them whereas people with STPD are more likely to avoid relationships/have no interest in forming them. That seems to be the biggest contradiction to me, though there are others (for instance, I know from personal experience that people with BPD tend to quite quickly overshare things with new people but have read that people with STPD don't feel comfortable sharing personal information due to paranoia). How do people with both behave with respect to that particular area of symptoms?

submitted by /u/tunkclab
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Saturday, August 6, 2016

Can you see time dialation ?

Can you see time dialation ?


Can you see time dialation ?

Posted: 06 Aug 2016 12:34 AM PDT

I am gonna use the movie interstellar to explain my question. Specifically the water planet scene. If you dont know this movie, they want to land on a planet, which orbits around a black hole. Due to the gravity of the black hole, the time on this planet is severly dialated and supposedly every 1 hour on this planet means 7 years "earth time". So they land on the planet, but leave one crew member behind and when they come back he aged 23 years. So far so good, all this should be theoretically possible to my knowledge (if not correct me).

Now to my question: If they guy left on the spaceship had a telescope or something and then observes the people on the planet, what would he see? Would he see them move in ultra slow motion? If not, he couldnt see them move normally, because he can observe them for 23 years, while they only "do actions" that take 3 hours. But seeing them moving in slow motion would also make no sense to me, because the light he sees would then have to move slower then the speed of light?

Is there any conclusive answer to this?

submitted by /u/ixam1212
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Does the past/present/future already exist?

Posted: 06 Aug 2016 02:22 AM PDT

I am have trouble understanding the concept of time travel. How strong is the claim that we can hypothetically travel forward/backward in time. If we can, then does the past/present/future already exist?

submitted by /u/questioningskeptic
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How much voltage deviation is acceptable?

Posted: 06 Aug 2016 05:59 AM PDT

Like if you have an USB Stick, which needs 5V, but your System only provides 4.8V. Why does it still work? Similarly, when is a battery 'empty' or 'loaded'? If you try to measure battery voltage, you get a result, but how do you find out, if the voltage is sufficient to operate the system?

submitted by /u/D4nte188
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What affect does height have on running efficiency?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 04:11 PM PDT

Does being taller make it more efficient (i.e. easier) to run since you have a longer stride length? Or is that negligible since, on average, you have to carry more weight than a shorter person? How does this differ between distance running and sprints?

submitted by /u/BrennantheGamer
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If you supersaturate a solution, does whatever you saturated it with condense back out when the solution cools? If not, why not?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 01:32 PM PDT

Does F=ma hold true for rockets?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 07:29 PM PDT

So I'm pretty far removed from college, but from what I remember, F=(mv)d/dt. It just so happens for the majority of cases, mass is either constant or effectively constant, so it can be removed from the integral, leaving F=m*dv/dt.

But for rockets, mass isn't even remotely constant, as you're constantly spitting out propellant. Does F=ma still hold true or does it become more complex for rockets?

submitted by /u/ninjew36
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If the blackbody spectrum shows a highest intensity of blue light for hot objects, why aren't hot objects intensely blue?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 03:21 PM PDT

I'm not sure if I am misunderstanding the blackbody spectrum, but the spectrum (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/imgmod/wien3.gif) shows blue light having the highest intensity for hot objects. Why don't hot objects glow blue? Why do they glow red usually? Shouldn't red have the lowest intensity?

submitted by /u/Emcf
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Tabby's Star, KIC 8462852, the one with the unusual dimming, is it possible that it is something odd shaped that is between us and the star that is getting closer? Is there any obvious reason to rule out that it is something getting closer?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 01:51 PM PDT

New research shows that it is in fact dimming over the last 4 years: http://arxiv.org/abs/1601.03256

(Unlike the previously idea, widely refuted, that it was dimming over the last 100 years).

submitted by /u/IAmtheHullabaloo
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Why does it take so long to render CGI movies compared to realtime rendering of Video Games?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 03:19 PM PDT

From Frozen wikipedia page:

Fifty effects artists and lighting artists worked together on the technology to create "one single shot" in which Elsa builds her ice palace. Its complexity required 30 hours to render each frame, with 4,000 computers rendering one frame at a time.

30 hours per frame as opposed to 1/30 of a second per frame in any modern video game, that's a difference of about 3.24 million times of rendering time unless my math is wrong.

Now I perfectly understand that Frozen looks way better than any realtime modern video game, but I'm not sure it looks 3 million times better than them, so why is there such a huge difference?

submitted by /u/QuickSilverD
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If centripetal force and gravity are balanced in a circular orbit, why doesn't the orbiting object go off on a tangent?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 02:49 PM PDT

I was reading up on a derivation of the formula for orbital period today, and it began by saying that the centripetal force and gravitational force are balanced in a perfectly circular orbit. This would explain why objects do not fall straight to the ground while in space.

Now, I know the centripetal force is only a manifestation of the object's sideways velocity, which makes it want to go off on a tangent. I know it is a fictitious force, it doesn't really "come" from anything other than being in a rotating reference frame. But if it makes sense to say that centrifugal forces and gravity are balanced, then surely there are no net forces acting on the object at all. If this is the case, why does the orbiting object keep curving around the planet? Why doesn't it just float off into deep space? I understand why it doesn't if someone explains it to me without mentioning centripetal force, but I'm having trouble getting my head around this force. Thanks.

submitted by /u/SpaceSpheres108
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Why is Titan considered a moon?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 01:59 PM PDT

I understand that it is orbiting Saturn, but it is the same size as mercury. Also it is extremely similar to Earth and may harbor life. So couldn't it be classified as a Planet?

submitted by /u/ArmoredBattalion
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Does the mass of the planet affect the speed of its orbit?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 11:19 AM PDT

If Pluto were 1 AU from the Sun, would it move more quickly than Earth because of its smaller mass and size?

My guess would be no, as there wouldn't be any real friction in the vacuum of space.

submitted by /u/NatsuDragnee1
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How much energy would it take to boil all of Earth's oceans?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 08:21 AM PDT

Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern Ocean

submitted by /u/colossaldouche
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How do clouds defy gravity, and stay floating in the sky?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 08:44 AM PDT

Recessive and dominant genes: what decides which is what? How come that, for example, blue eyes are recessive and brown ones are dominant?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 08:51 AM PDT

How does light know which path is fastest?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 09:36 AM PDT

According to wikipedia:

Fermat's principle or the principle of least time is the principle that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time

I want to understand how light "knows" which path can be traversed in the least amount of time? I have read an answer which described it as light doesn't know a-priori but takes all possible paths, and those unlikely paths "cancel" out. But I really don't understand how this is possible or how it makes any scientific sense.

submitted by /u/sheeraffinity
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What's really happening that causes altered mental status in a patient who's septic?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 06:26 AM PDT

Along with marked hypotension and evidence of a recent infection, altered mental status is a hallmark that medics look for when diagnosing and treating sepsis in the field. What I'm wondering is, what actually causes the altered mental status? Does that mean that the infection has spread to the brain? Or is it simply the body conserving it's available energy that results in a decrease in consciousness?

submitted by /u/brian31b
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Does liquid oxygen or "oxygen in a can" actually increase the amount of oxygen in my body?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 10:51 AM PDT

Sometimes I see bigger NFL players inhaling oxygen after a long run. Could I get that without a prescription, or as a regular person?

I'm almost 230, really muscular, pretty fast, but I get winded easily. Would leveraging things like liquid oxygen, or oxygen in a can as found below, actually increase the amount of oxygen in my body?

https://www.amazon.com/Oxygen-Boost-Natural-Energy-Natural-22oz-5pack/dp/B0080SW2IW/ref=zg_bs_13052971_11 https://www.amazon.com/Stabilized-Premium-Concentrated-Supplement-Bottles/dp/B007LPTBYI/ref=pd_bxgy_121_img_2?ie=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=PTZAV5641J1PG7NGGN21

submitted by /u/SendMeYourHousePics
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How old is a photon that came from a star a billion light years away?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 02:19 PM PDT

Let's say a photon arrives from a star a billion light years away and hits my retina, so by our time it would be a billion years old. If it had its own internal clock, how "old" would it be by its own time?

submitted by /u/asmj
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How can this train move 1 ton of freight 450 miles on just 1 gallon of fuel?

Posted: 05 Aug 2016 02:05 PM PDT