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Wednesday, June 15, 2016

why does a wick work in burning kerosene, but not methanol?

why does a wick work in burning kerosene, but not methanol?


why does a wick work in burning kerosene, but not methanol?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 09:54 PM PDT

How do (in theory) Cosmic Super Strings form?

Posted: 15 Jun 2016 05:05 AM PDT

Why does taking the sum and difference between two numbers and dividing by 2 find the minimum of the two numbers?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 10:27 PM PDT

Kinda stumbled on this and seems ridiculously simple. I know it works but I can't really "understand" it.

submitted by /u/entropy_bucket
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What is the reason behind EMF, and how do resistors work at the electron level?

Posted: 15 Jun 2016 02:36 AM PDT

Edit: Thanks for the responses everyone! I've learned a lot, it's all very interesting and ties together a lot of things I've learned, as well as filling in the conceptual holes that standard school education doesn't provide.


Hello! I'm a second year Electrical Engineering student and just had a few general questions that aren't being covered in class.

  1. (answered) I understand the purpose, use, and math behind resistors, but how do they work at the electron level? My understanding is that the resistance is determined by the total amount of material that the charge passes through, and that resistors are essentially really long pieces of wire that are coiled very tightly and that voltage is dispersed as heat. Is that correct? Going on this premise, if you uncoiled the wire into a straight line, would it work the same?

  2. (answered) How does Faraday's Law work at the electron level? I know that a magnet that passes near/through a coil of wire will produce voltage (EMF), what is the reason behind it though?

  3. (answered) What is the limitation to Faraday's Law? I assume that you can't just take microscopic wire and coil it trillions of times to generate massive amounts of voltage, right?

Edit: New question,

  1. (answered) What was a single ohm unit is based on? I assume it was the resistance of a single object (such as a specific length of copper) when it was originally discovered?

Cheers!

submitted by /u/Derf_Jagged
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What is a mixed state, as opposed to a superposition state and how is it possible to engineer experimentally?

Posted: 15 Jun 2016 12:43 AM PDT

Is it possible to get a marble into "orbit" around the center of a funnel?

Posted: 15 Jun 2016 04:30 AM PDT

To clarify: Given a funnel and a marble, is there a way to throw the marble in with such a trajectory that it would effectively travel in an ellipse around the hole in the center?

I'm sure it would eventually fall in, but that happens with regular orbits anyway, to my understanding.

submitted by /u/hydralisk_hydrawife
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Why are things not stuck in constant phase changes at their respective melting/freezing/boiling points?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 04:28 PM PDT

Because water freezes and ice melts at 0° C, why does, lets say, an ice cube, kept at that specific temperature, not change to a liquid, then back to a solid, then back to a liquid again? Applicable to everything, water is just a simple example

submitted by /u/ngraan
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How did scientists determine the nature of the events of the early universe and the times at which those events occurred?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 08:54 PM PDT

For example, the planck epoch is cited to have happened at 10-43 s and the quark epoch is cited to have been 1012 K in temperature.

How on Earth were we able to discover this information?

submitted by /u/Neoking
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How does the polarization and handedness of Circularly polarized light change upon transmission from one medium to another?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 07:38 PM PDT

I have a pretty good understanding that when polarized light is incident on a surface it will change handedness (Right handed polarization, to left handed polarization for example) and remains will remain circular if it is incident at an angle less than the Brewster angle, otherwise it will retain its handedness but become elliptically polarized.

But what happens to the transmitted wave? How does it's handedness change? Can it ever remain circular? What happens at normal incidence?

submitted by /u/Kenyko
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CMB experiences doppler shifting?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 06:16 PM PDT

In the most recent VSauce video, Michael claims that the cosmic microwave background radiation is doppler shifted by the movement of the earth through space. I've been thinking about that alot, and I can only think that this implies a universal reference frame against which to measure the movement of the earth. (You can keep arguing up sizes- you could center the reference frame on the solar axis, galactic center, local group, and even toward the "great attractor" as mentioned in the video- any argument against one can be applied up the chain invalidating every option besides a truly universal reference frame). While I do believe the CMB is doppler shifted, I cant come up with the justification according to relativity.

Bonus question- does the radius of the observable universe travel with the earth through space? (assuming the before mentioned universal reference frame)

submitted by /u/JGreschl3097
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A cancerous tumor can metastasize and spread throughout the body. Does that mean that cancer could be contagious if a cancerous cell were to somehow be transmitted?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 05:03 PM PDT

However unlikely it is to happen.

submitted by /u/chaelchasen
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 15 Jun 2016 08:05 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What gives carbon nanotubes their strength?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 09:26 AM PDT

I know diamonds are strong because each carbon atom in the giant lattice is bonded covalently to four other carbon atoms, but each atom in CNTs is only bonded to three others.

Meanwhile, graphite is not very strong on the macro level because the sheets of carbon atoms can slide over each other, but graphene is strong. Is this related to the strength of carbon nanotubes in that just having three bonds per atom still provides a lot of strength? Also, I'm not familiar with how CNTs bond between themselves, but from a search for an image of a CNT, it seems they are just individual tubes. How are they bonded between each other and why don't they just slip over each other as the sheets of carbon atoms do in graphite, causing the material to not be very strong?

I have not been educated/educated myself on this subject so my apologies if my questions seem simple.

submitted by /u/AHappyLurker
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Where does the energy to make electrons spin around a nucleus come from? Does it ever run out?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 04:32 PM PDT

Do speech impediments affect laughter?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 03:31 PM PDT

Context: I recently learned of Drew Lynch, an America's Got Talent contestant who has a stutter. While watching I noticed he didn't pause or seem to have trouble laughing.

If brain or neurological damage prevents fluid speech would it also impede fluid laughter?

submitted by /u/with2as
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How is a basic metabolic panel performed in the lab?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 04:33 PM PDT

Could a ship float on mercury?

Posted: 15 Jun 2016 03:32 AM PDT

Quick question, if there was an ocean that consisted of liquid mercury (or a mercury based liquid) could a regular ship float on it? For that matter (some compounds of gallium are liquid are room temperature) could a ship float on a sea of gallium?

I understand that water has special bonding properties due to it's molecular structure (how it ends up with strong bonds on the surface). I also understand that some heavy objects can float on mercury due to it's high density.

Last point, would any form of propeller operate in a mercury or gallium based sea?

Thanks for your time

submitted by /u/FusedBump86
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Tuesday, June 14, 2016

When photons become red-shifted because of the universe's expansion, where does the photon's energy go?

When photons become red-shifted because of the universe's expansion, where does the photon's energy go?


When photons become red-shifted because of the universe's expansion, where does the photon's energy go?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 06:55 PM PDT

Why do some dinosaur skeletons have a weird double ribcage?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 08:17 PM PDT

I noticed while visiting the Museum of Natural History in NYC that some theropod dinosaurs have a top and bottom ribcage, like this and this. However, in some reconstructions it's lacking. To my knowledge, no other animals have a top and bottom set of ribs like this. Can someone please explain what's going on?

submitted by /u/fablong
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Can temperature decrease in a closed system while entropy increases?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 02:08 AM PDT

For example if I have a bowl of water at room temperature, it will slowly evaporate, will that increase entropy while decreasing temperature, or will the pressure increase keep the temperature the same? Is there some other way to do it?

submitted by /u/samsnet
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How does the evidence of black holes vary from the evidence of dark matter?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 04:40 AM PDT

It was my (limited) understanding that black holes were proven by observances of how we see galaxies spinning, and the curvature of light emitted, with the same going for dark matter. However, it seems that black holes are taken to be a proven theory, whereas dark matter seems to remain a 'belief'.

The reason I'm asking is because I read the following article, which argues that a dogmatic belief in dark matter might be holding back our understanding of the physical universe.

https://aeon.co/ideas/cosmologists-should-be-more-skeptical-of-dark-matter

Any and all information is welcome, and thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/newsfromanotherstar
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Why can we see the Milky Way Galaxy as a gray haze from the windows of a plane, but more vibrant (as seen in photos) from the ground?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 03:11 AM PDT

On a recent flight across the pacific, my 4 year old and I were looking out our rather clear window, and could make out the Milky Way, but it was really just sort of grayish. But photos on Reddit & other Astronomy-related sites show a vibrant color-rich path across the sky. One would think at 36,000 ft, there's a lot less light pollution and atmosphere getting in the way.

submitted by /u/seneschall-
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In QFT, why is the field operator at point x acting on the vacuum supposed to create a particle at position x?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 08:15 PM PDT

To my knowledge, applying the field operator O(x) to the vacuum |0> creates a particle at position x, with some spread in position and in momentum which depends on the field. But why is it not centered around 0? For example, if I have a real gaussian centered around 0, I can write it as the anti-Fourier transform of its Fourier transform, that is as an integral over the momenta of some amplitude times the annihilation operator times exp{ikx} plus its complex conjugate. This is a gaussian pulse centered around x=0. If we put x=a we will simply get a smaller value. So why is creating a particle at position y considered to be O(y)|0> instead of O(x-y)|0>? Also, where does the position dependence go if the first is correct?

submitted by /u/gastonmaffei
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What are the significance of The Schwarzschild Radius and The Dirac Equation?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 01:48 AM PDT

This may be a bit odd, but recently a major gaming figure (known for being very cryptic) released a picture of a character for his new game (Norman Reedus) that character has "dog tag" like things on his necklace with equations on them here is a picture

The top equation is clearly The Schwarzschild Radius and the second appears to be The Dirac Equation.

I am no physicist and can only grasp so much without someone explaining it. Is there any significance to these equations? Either separate or when looked at together?

submitted by /u/tuomas146
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Why is the temperature of matter visible in the infrared spectrum of light?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 06:33 AM PDT

Is it because the electrons of the object are emitting photons at that frequency simply because they are that warm, or is it something more complicated?

submitted by /u/thecuze83
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Why do things curdle?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 06:08 PM PDT

What is spin in Quantum Mechanics? What function does it serve in QM?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 07:59 AM PDT

How does Quantum Tunneling work?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 02:21 PM PDT

I was introduced to the concept in a Nerdist Video on Youtube, but it kind seemed like the idea wasn't really able to be communicated in a 7 minute video.

submitted by /u/Kleindolph
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Why is it that you can hit a baseball farther when it is pitched to you than if you were to throw it into the air for yourself?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 06:36 PM PDT

The light emitted by a bulb, is it caused due to the reverse of photoelectric effect?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 04:25 AM PDT

When we pass electricity through a metal, it emits photons, this is the reverse of the photoelectric effect. Is an example of that, the way the bulb functions?(the filaments of the bulb are tungsten)

submitted by /u/rick_dick_ulous
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Why does a mental health condition such as schizophrenia prevent someone from donating bone marrow?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 12:35 AM PDT

I was reading the medical guidelines and came across this:

If you have a condition such as attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar or manic-depressive disorder, or depression, you may be allowed to donate as long as the condition is well-controlled and you are medically stable. Mental health conditions such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or delusional disorder will prevent you from donating marrow or blood-forming cells.

submitted by /u/HulkHogansBigToe
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Why do cancer cells consume so much sugar?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 11:52 AM PDT

Stumbled across a method of diagnosing cancer in which the patient is given slightly irradiated sugar, and as the cancerous cells consumed more sugar than non cancerous cells, they were "highlighted" so to speak.
Additionally, could there be a way of "spiking" sugar with a toxin that needs to reach a certain concentration in a cell for it to have an effect, so would only affect the cancer cells as they would consume more sugar than non-cancerous cells?

submitted by /u/Kratos_The_Spartan
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What is the demarcation altitude between a cloud and a fog? Are they scientifically the same thing?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 03:41 PM PDT

I was recently realizing the notion that clouds are fog in the sky when I blasted through one during a tandem skydive and it was only vapor/mist as I sailed through.

submitted by /u/bluestreakxp
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What causes objects to have a natural frequency?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 02:53 PM PDT

Why is it desirable for fuel to combust outside a rocket nozzle?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 06:15 PM PDT

I notice when studying most rocket engines that they have a long trailing plume of flame, usually with a standing wave pattern that seems very intentional.

Why is this desirable? Once the fuel leaves the engine bell and is in open air, doesn't combusting it waste energy that could be imparted to the rocket if it ignited inside the bell instead? If this was true I would expect to see engines with increasingly smaller plumes and thus less wasted fuel in more modern rockets, but I'm seeing the opposite.

submitted by /u/artfulshrapnel
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What do scientists mean when they say that the early universe was so hot that it was opaque?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 01:31 PM PDT

Does the Earth's water "slosh" as we move through space?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 01:57 PM PDT

As in the movement of a body of water when its container is shifted by an outside force. If the earth is spinning, does the water in the Oceans, at least in the largest bodies, have some of this motion changed into movement of the water in it in the direction of the motion of the earth? Or are these what waves actually are?

submitted by /u/Ludwick
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How do smells stay?

Posted: 14 Jun 2016 12:11 AM PDT

I was wondering how it is that even after a container has been washed multiple times, and have been used for many different things, it can still retain the smell of something it was used for a long time ago.

submitted by /u/orelbon
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Why do topical anti-fungal(s) have instructions to avoid mucous membranes?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 02:58 PM PDT

I have seen a few anti-fungal creams with the following instruction:

Avoid contact with eyes, nose, mouth, and other mucous membranes.

eg: Sertaconazole Nitrate, Butenafine Hydrochloride

What is the reason?

submitted by /u/Iyceman
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Monday, June 13, 2016

When rockets launch they must have tonnes of momentum from the earth spin and orbit. Is this used to their advantage when plotting a course?

When rockets launch they must have tonnes of momentum from the earth spin and orbit. Is this used to their advantage when plotting a course?


When rockets launch they must have tonnes of momentum from the earth spin and orbit. Is this used to their advantage when plotting a course?

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 07:26 AM PDT

Does every layer of the atmosphere have the same angular velocity as earth's surface?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 06:26 AM PDT

By going higher in the atmosphere, gravity decreases but how does that effect atmosphere's angular velocity?

submitted by /u/theplayingdead
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Why don't dinosaur exhibits in museums have sternums?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 06:07 AM PDT

With he exception of pterodactyls, which have an armor-like bone in the ribs.

submitted by /u/CreativeArbok
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How are large amounts of gas like Helium collected and then put into a tank?

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 08:34 PM PDT

Is the sparking that occurs when metal is put in a microwave the photoelectric effect?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 01:51 AM PDT

If I flew away from Earth faster than light and looked back through a telescope, could I see a 'rewind' of time?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 04:46 AM PDT

If we were to disregard the possibility of travelling faster than light and the telescope lenses needed, would it actually be possible to 'rewind' time by seeing older photons? Do you even need to travel faster than light?

Unfortunately, you'd have to travel way further than Alpha Centauri to see anything worth looking at, but theoretically it'd be pretty cool.

submitted by /u/tclemmo
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Proportionally, how much of what we see in the night sky are actually stars and how much are in fact distant galaxies that look like single stars?

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 01:39 PM PDT

How does supersymmetry work and can we measure/see the superpartners?

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 02:29 PM PDT

How does supersymmetry show itself, what suggests that it is real? And finally, the potential superpartners, are they measurable in any way and how would we know if we find them?

submitted by /u/magicpies
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Can we use giant carbon scrubbers to terraform Mars?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 04:20 AM PDT

The martian atmosphere is composed of 95.32 percent carbon dioxide. so couldn't we build large carbon scrubbers on mars similar to the atmospheric processors in Ridley Scott's alien series? Of course you would have to warm up the planet to make it habitable, and do a bunch of other stuff. But wouldn't giant carbon scrubbers produce enough oxygen for humans to breath? 
submitted by /u/Funktapuss1324
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Why when we look at a source of light in a long distance, it looks like it is twinkling?

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 08:28 PM PDT

I'm talking about stars, street lamps, etc. If there is nothing on the way, and they are emiting light all the time, why do they spark?

submitted by /u/TheNeo0z
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How do plants protect themselves from sun damage?

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 02:22 PM PDT

What is the distribution for a set number of trials where a certain number of successes ends the trial?

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 05:27 PM PDT

For example, lets say I wanted to flip a coin 5 times, and want the probability of 3 successes, but 3 successes also ends the trial. That means there is no possibility of 4 or 5 successes. I don't think its a binomial distribution because of the restriction, but how would you calculate it?

Edit: Thanks for the answers guys! All made sense

submitted by /u/Ixionas
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[Physics] How do GPS devices compensate for perturbations in the orbits of GPS satellites?

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 04:23 PM PDT

Since the way GPS works only tells a device where it is relative to the satellites the device has to know where the satellites are, so how does it compensate for perturbations in the orbits of those satellites which make their positions less predictable especially over a long time-span?

Is station-keeping enough for that amount of precision? Do the satellites also send the parameters of their current orbit to the device?

submitted by /u/dogbreaf
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Why Do Both Fission & Fusion Release Energy?

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 12:20 PM PDT

My thinking is that they're opposites so surely they can't both release energy. I'm obviously wrong but I don't know why.

submitted by /u/Retsek860
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How can both momentum and kinetic energy be conserved is a inelastic collision in a closed system?

Posted: 13 Jun 2016 05:08 AM PDT

How does High/low blood pressure kills you?

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 11:13 AM PDT

i know it probably has something to do with tiering of the muscles needed to contract the veins but woulnd't constant train make them tougher?

Also as a secondary question, How high would blood pressure need to be for you to literally "blow up"?

submitted by /u/Jack_Harmony
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What is inflammation in the body exactly?

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 11:06 AM PDT

What is actually happening when something gets inflamed? Is all inflammation the exact same process? Do some people have a kind of chronic inflammation in their bodies due to external environmental factors like environmental chemicals or diet?

submitted by /u/TheWox
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Is there a reason that the superposition "works" in so many situations, or is the fact that so many physical properties are representable by a linear system a happy coincidence/approximation that is backed up by experiment?

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 11:16 AM PDT

Is there any reason to believe that we're simplifying things by assuming that so many properties of the universe are linear? I know that chromatic forces aren't linear, so why should so many other things be? On a personal level, it bothers me how convenient it seems. (resubmitted - the last one got blocked because it wasn't tagged)

submitted by /u/call1800abcdefg
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How precisely has the speed of light been calculated, and how?

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 10:14 PM PDT

How fast could a universe-sized black hole expand? (from xkcd)

Posted: 12 Jun 2016 09:08 AM PDT

Link: http://what-if.xkcd.com/140/

Relevant quote from the end: "But for now, at least, nearby galaxies would be safe. Since the gravitational influence of the black hole can only expand outward at the speed of light, much of the universe around us would remain blissfully unaware of our ridiculous electron experiment."

Considering that most laws of physics break down at this point, is the speed of light a law which we can count on even in this kind of scenario? Specifically, how is this different than the big bang, considering they both have similar amounts of energy, and the big bang was not bounded by the speed of light?

Or, as this is already a relatively absurd question, do we just not know enough to make an accurate guess about what would happen?

submitted by /u/0003log
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