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Friday, May 20, 2016

Science AMA Series: We are University of Sydney physicists working at the nanoscale – from quantum engineering to photonics (light). Hear how we are building technology using the most fundamental constituents of matter and trying to change the world. Ask us anything!

Science AMA Series: We are University of Sydney physicists working at the nanoscale – from quantum engineering to photonics (light). Hear how we are building technology using the most fundamental constituents of matter and trying to change the world. Ask us anything!


Science AMA Series: We are University of Sydney physicists working at the nanoscale – from quantum engineering to photonics (light). Hear how we are building technology using the most fundamental constituents of matter and trying to change the world. Ask us anything!

Posted: 19 May 2016 12:37 PM PDT

Hi Reddit!

We (Professor David Reilly, Professor Benjamin Eggleton, Associate Professor Michael Biercuk) have just moved into a $150 million purpose-built research and educational facility at the University of Sydney. The Sydney Nanoscience Hub building has been specifically designed to enable new science at the nanoscale and will form the centrepiece of an innovation ecosystem enabled by access to the most precise lab environments on earth.

We seek to manipulate matter at the scale of a billionth of a metre to transform areas as diverse as health and medicine to communications, IT and security. Some have described it as science fiction come true.

Professor Ben Eggleton – Ask me about the evolution of nanophotonics (behaviour of light at the nanoscale). I am building a photonic chip that will essentially put the entire optical network on to a chip the size of your thumbnail. This research has the potential to exponentially increase internet speeds.

Associate Professor Michael Biercuk – Ask me about building technology atom by atom, quantum simulation, and putting quantum systems to work for us!

Professor David Reilly – Ask me about quantum nanoscience and how this research will change our world. I recently answered a heap of questions about this topic from Huffington Post readers, I also evaluated Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's definition of quantum computing.

Ask us anything!

edit: Thanks for all your amazing questions, we'll be on in less than an hour to answer them.

edit 2: Here's Professor Ben Eggleton at the computer ready to dive into the questions

edit 3: Michael, Ben and David answering away

edit 4: thanks for the fantastic questions everyone! The professors are signing off to get back to work. Visit the website to find out more about the University of Sydney's Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology

submitted by /u/Nanoscale_science
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Can a tornado exist without the cloud touching down? Can it essentially be invisible and still destructive?

Posted: 19 May 2016 11:30 AM PDT

I saw a Black Spot on the Sun today in the very center, and as it was rising the black spot stayed centered, what could it have been?

Posted: 20 May 2016 01:21 AM PDT

What happens to the kinetic energy of two annihilating antiparticles?

Posted: 20 May 2016 03:16 AM PDT

So in a module I'm taking at the moment, the answer sheet states that the energy of the two photons emitted by annihilating anti/electrons is always 511KeV each, and presumably this equals the mass-energy of each particle, but what happens if the annihilating particles have higher every in the form of kinetic energy? What if the annihilation is relativistic?

Is this answer simply wrong, or assuming the kinetic energy is significantly less than 511KeV?

submitted by /u/creamyjoshy
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Can intersecting electric and magnetic fields produce light in mid air?

Posted: 19 May 2016 07:03 PM PDT

Would it be possible to build two devices, one that produces an electric field and the other a magnetic field, and aim them so that the fields intersect at a point in space to produce a visible light source (seemingly in mid-air)?

submitted by /u/palalapa
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How can Hubble see nebula's light years away, but we had to wait till New Horizons to see Pluto?

Posted: 20 May 2016 01:14 AM PDT

What attributes change the index of refraction of a medium?

Posted: 19 May 2016 07:58 PM PDT

I understand that the index of refraction has a correlation to the speed of light refracting through the medium, yet what physical aspects of the medium affect the speed?

submitted by /u/ObamaDontCare0
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Why is the convergence of Gauss-Seidal and Gauss-Jacobi sufficiently satisfied by diagonal dominance?

Posted: 19 May 2016 08:31 PM PDT

I am looking for an intuitive evidence or argument in favour for this... But even if there's a proof for this please do post it...

submitted by /u/zzxcb
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Two consciousness in the same brain: Possible? Are there any studies relating it to psych. disorders?

Posted: 19 May 2016 08:34 AM PDT

This is for a question for both psychologists, psychiatrists and neurologists. There are people who hear voices, there's also those who have double personality since they were born. Science can't explain consciousness, but do we know if there can be two of them in the same 'body'? Is this even theorized as a way to explain this kind of disorders?

submitted by /u/lukascwb
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How many moves into a chess game does it usually take for two Grandmasters to enter virgin territory--a game which hasn't been recorded yet?

Posted: 19 May 2016 03:07 PM PDT

Is there a statistician or mathematician out there that can figure this out?

submitted by /u/Letmeirkyou
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[Physics] Where does the mass come from in fusion or fission?

Posted: 19 May 2016 09:41 PM PDT

I know that there is a very slight mass difference but the numbers of protons neutrons and electrons as far as I know remains constant so where does the extra mass come from?

submitted by /u/MCFission
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What makes voices unique?

Posted: 19 May 2016 06:07 PM PDT

I assume it has to do with the structure of one's jaw, throat, etc., but why does everyone have their own 'voice'? Is there a 'base voice', that we all share before we develop? Is our voice directly dependent on our DNA? Why does it seem like some people are so good at impressions?

submitted by /u/eadesenf
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Is AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia always caused by Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

Posted: 20 May 2016 06:48 AM PDT

Every time I try to search for the causes of AVNRT, they always just say it's the "presence of an extra or abnormal pathway," but isn't that the definition of WPW, or is there something else that that could be?

submitted by /u/Sameri278
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How does quantum tunneling work? How is it possible that solid objects can pass through each other?

Posted: 19 May 2016 06:02 PM PDT

I'm not a physicist or by any means intelligent in this aspect, I just enjoy reading and learning about this kind of stuff. I understand, to a very minuscule degree what quantum tunneling is but I would like to better be able to understand how it works, and why it's possible.

submitted by /u/zacht180
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How are we addressing the problem of plastic nanoparticles ending up in our oceans and rivers and how do we remove the existing ones?

Posted: 19 May 2016 04:59 PM PDT

Many personal hygiene products contain plastic nanoparticles which end up in our oceans. These are being consumed by fish which end up in the food chain and then consumed by us.

submitted by /u/Infin8ly
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If the speed of light is static, can we use it to determine the speed of other things?

Posted: 20 May 2016 06:13 AM PDT

This question obviously stems from ignorance of the topic at hand and may be worded improperly, but I'll do my best:

Since the speed of light is constant, could we theoretically then just "point" light in various directions, measure its speed relative to us, and use that to determine how fast we are actually moving through the universe?

Example: I'm moving forward at 1mph, I launch a projectile forward that moves at a constant 2mph irrespective to me, therefore it appears to me to be moving at 1mph. I then launch it directly backwards, and it therefore appears to be moving 3mph away from me. Knowing the speed of the object I can then calculate my actual speed - 1mph.

Or, is this question completely moot because we already know exactly how fast we're moving through the universe? Or is it moot for some other reason?

submitted by /u/gravityspiral
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Why is every number whose digits add to a multiple of 3 divisible by 3? Is this a product of using base 10?

Posted: 19 May 2016 07:21 AM PDT

For example 1 + 2 + 9 = 12 which is a multiple of 3.

Consequently, every combination of 1, 2, and 9 is divisible by 3.

129 / 3 = 43

192 / 3 = 64

219 / 3 = 73

291 / 3 = 97

912 / 3 = 304

921 / 3 = 307

submitted by /u/doyouevenIift
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During bacterial sporulation how is the last part of the chromosome carried into the prespore compartment?

Posted: 20 May 2016 04:54 AM PDT

SpoIIIE DNA translocase forms two separate channels, through both membranes, to carry the part of the chromosome not trapped by asymmetric cell division into the prespore compartment.

But the chromosome in Bacteria is circular, so how is the last part carried through? Surely it would be stuck between the two channels on the mother cell side of the septum.

My guess is it is broken to be carried through, but I can't find any information on the specific enzymes that regulate this last part of the DNA translocation process.

submitted by /u/ActivisionBlizzard
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Why don't satellites that have polar orbits collide with satellites that have equatorial orbits?

Posted: 20 May 2016 04:41 AM PDT

How do astronomers make observations about things like the speed of a galaxies rotation without watching it for centuries?

Posted: 19 May 2016 03:06 PM PDT

What exactly does Quantum Mechanics have to say about consciousness - if anything?

Posted: 19 May 2016 04:44 PM PDT

So over the last few years I've read quite a few books that have a lot of "woo-woo" ideas in them. Books that try to use QM to justify an idea known as "participating consciousness" - the notion that our conscious minds directly participate with physical reality.

In his book The Reenchantment of the World, Morris Berman (who would be horrified to be associated with the word woo-woo, sorry Morris) writes:

The major philosophical implication of quantum mechanics is that there is no such thing as an independent observer. One of its founders, Werner Heisenberg, summarized the point in popular form in 1927 when he formulated his Uncertainty Principle. Imagine, he said, a microscope powerful enough to observer an atomic particle, such as an electron. We shine light down the instrument to enable observation, only to discover that the light possesses enough energy to knock the electron out of position. We can never see that particular electron, for the experiment itself alters its own results. Out consciousness, our behavior, becomes part of the experiment, and there is no clear boundary here between subject and object. We are sensuous participants in the very world we seek to describe......He says [Heisenberg] , in effect, that consciousness is part of the measurement and therefore reality is inherently blurry, or indeterminate.

I've seen other authors use this kind of interpretation to justify the idea that human beings thoughts will shape the future course of nature, and that this has already happened in the past.

This all strikes me as sloppy reasoning, but I don't understand Quantum Mechanics enough to know where to draw the line. I enjoy reading books that challenge mainstream scientific ideas, but I'm getting to the point where I can't keep reading these quantum-consciousness theories without smelling something rotten.

My question is as the title states : What does Quantum Mechanics have to say about consciousness - if anything?

thank you.

submitted by /u/tiamanNC
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How can we know what color were dinosaurs?

Posted: 19 May 2016 04:32 PM PDT

I can understand how bones can help us determine their shape, but what about skin color, patterns, etc?

submitted by /u/Jul_Lion
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Do bionic eyes need a blind spot?

Posted: 19 May 2016 06:17 PM PDT

With human eyes having a blind spot in the centre, would there be any adverse effects if bionic eyes didn't have it, or would the brain just adapt?

submitted by /u/Rystr
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Thursday, May 19, 2016

Would headphones tangle in space?

Would headphones tangle in space?


Would headphones tangle in space?

Posted: 19 May 2016 01:11 AM PDT

My guess is that the weight of the cables in a confined space (eg a pocket) acts on tangling them. If they are confined when they are weightless would the cable not just stay separated? Entropy?

submitted by /u/OrangeCloud26
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How long does it take for a human body to totaly disappear in the ocean (water)?

Posted: 19 May 2016 01:06 AM PDT

*totally

So I was reading about the Malaysian airplane that disappeared two years ago and about the debris they think they found.

If the people died in a crash, would the bodies decompose because of the water (with help of the water)?

submitted by /u/aknavi
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Standard Candles (Cepheid Variables, Type 1a supernovae) are relatively common. Apparently 'Standard Rods' exist but are extremely rare- what are some examples of Standard Rods?

Posted: 18 May 2016 03:39 PM PDT

The cosmology course i'm studying right now mentions very briefly that standard rods exist. I'm intrigued, but can't find any examples online. Can any astronomers help?

submitted by /u/chapmouse
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What's the difference between a mutagen and a carcinogen?

Posted: 18 May 2016 06:59 PM PDT

I work with ethidium bromide in the lab, and was told that it was a mutagen by my professor. He said he's not sure why it's not considered a carcinogen, as cancers are caused my mutations, and the mutagen causes mutations. Can anyone clarify?

submitted by /u/Adamtype1
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If we were to see a black hole up close, would we be able to see everything that fell into it on the event horizon?

Posted: 18 May 2016 09:15 PM PDT

I remember being told that if you were to watch someone fall into a black hole, at a certain point they would seem frozen in place forever (as light can't escape beyond this point).

If a lot of stuff has fallen into a black hole, would we see a jumble of clutter at the event horizon of everything that has ever fallen in?

I'm imagining a static version of the win screen of the old solitaire on Windows (https://www.winningsolitaire.com/)

submitted by /u/deskplace
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Can I smooth this rock with just my hand?

Posted: 18 May 2016 10:46 PM PDT

This specific rock. I want to smooth it until the sharp edges are gone and it resembles this. As a meditation in restraint, I want to do so purely by hand. I mean with my hand, not with hand tools. From those pictures (sorry for the quality) and without any kind of chemical assessment, would one of you geologists with wizardly powers identify the kind of rock? If it helps, it was sourced from the beach of Whidbey Island in Washington State. Would I be able to smooth it by hand in a couple weeks, months, years, ever? Or am I just going to be rubbing my hand raw? I mean, that would still be a valid exercise, but my hope is that it's possible, and hpoefully in some very short timeframe. I was planning on doing so just about any time I have a free hand (lunch, on the bus, reading in bed). Thank you for any help, even if it's just a tip that there's another subreddit I should post in!

submitted by /u/Khenghis_Ghan
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Composition of the Moon: Why So Plain?

Posted: 18 May 2016 07:58 PM PDT

If the Moon was formed from the Earth after a comet or planet strike then why is its composition nothing like Earth's? I've heard that lunar regolith described as being like ground glass, very sharp, etc. Now this can be explained by the lack of erosion processes, however that brings up another question. Why does it not have water or even a light atmosphere if it was borrowed from Earth?

submitted by /u/Nexus_666
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Does Earth's annual tilt that creates summer and winter affect geostationary satellites?

Posted: 18 May 2016 10:48 PM PDT

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 18 May 2016 08:04 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What is the reason for the Dark Matter/Dark Energy hypothesis?

Posted: 18 May 2016 01:38 PM PDT

In particular,it seems like there was a view of the way the universe worked (Big Bang, Expanding and/or contracting universe, etc.), what problem came up that made someone propose Dark matter and/or Dark Energy as a solution?

submitted by /u/fellfire
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Creating suction with gravity ?

Posted: 18 May 2016 03:05 PM PDT

Is there a way to create suction using an elevated liquid source and a pipe system that flows from the bottom of the container and wraps under then above? A self sustaining waterfall so to speak.

submitted by /u/felixthejosh
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How do animals know where to strike?

Posted: 18 May 2016 07:11 PM PDT

Like when wolves throat clamp or when animals know you're making eye contact, how do they know it?

submitted by /u/evil_basturd125
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When I'm wearing polarized sunglasses, why does the sky change brightness when I tilt my head?

Posted: 18 May 2016 10:09 AM PDT

I know the sky scatters light but I only notice a change in brightness closer to the horizon.

submitted by /u/Bigmitch2
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Wednesday, May 18, 2016

PLOS Science Wednesday: Hi Reddit, we are Florian Markowetz and James Breton. We published a paper in PLOS Medicine showing resistance to cancer treatment may be related to the heterogeneity in the tumor, which has implications for drug effectiveness – Ask Us Anything!

PLOS Science Wednesday: Hi Reddit, we are Florian Markowetz and James Breton. We published a paper in PLOS Medicine showing resistance to cancer treatment may be related to the heterogeneity in the tumor, which has implications for drug effectiveness – Ask Us Anything!


PLOS Science Wednesday: Hi Reddit, we are Florian Markowetz and James Breton. We published a paper in PLOS Medicine showing resistance to cancer treatment may be related to the heterogeneity in the tumor, which has implications for drug effectiveness – Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 18 May 2016 04:53 AM PDT

Hi Reddit,

My name is Florian Markowetz and I am a cancer researcher at the University of Cambridge in the Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute. My lab and I try to understand how genetic variability between and within patients leads to differences in cancer progression and outcome.

And my name is James Brenton and I am a senior group leader at the CRUK Cambridge Institute, where I study the functional genomics of ovarian cancer and lead on translational studies in the clinic as a medical oncologist at Cambridge University Hospitals.

We recently published a paper titled "Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in high-grade serous ovarian cancer: a phylogenetic reconstruction" in PLOS Medicine. The main hypothesis that we were trying to test was whether the magnitude of intratumoural heterogeneity in a patient's ovarian cancer was a predictor of their outcome. For this, we developed new methods to parsimoniously reconstruct phylogenies using copy number profiles. We found evidence that resistance to treatment could be linked to the degree of genetic heterogeneity in the tumor. The more heterogeneous a tumor is, the more likely is it that the patient becomes resistant. Our study is small, but it identified what could be one of the key reasons why drugs stop being effective after some time.

We are looking forward to exploring this topic further with you and will be answering your questions at 1pm ET -- Ask Us Anything!

You can find out more about me (Florian) and my research at my lab's webpage and on my blog Scientific B-Sides. And don't forget to follow me on Twitter @markowetzlab.

submitted by /u/PLOSScienceWednesday
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Modern alternatives to Freud's concept of Id, Ego and Superego?

Posted: 18 May 2016 03:53 AM PDT

Freud's model, since its introduction, hasn't been changed or updated a lot and all modern psychoanalisys works are based on that almost a century old theory.

I'm wondering if there are any alternatives in the modern psychology that explain the human psyche differently/more in depth, or taking into account current discoveries in the field of psychology?

For instance, I'd like to know how such things as defensive mechanisms, primitive biologically based and survival instincts are being interpreted and linked to the human psyche nowadays.

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/Reddit4iphone
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If a commercial airplane has both engines fail at cruising altitude, how far can it glide in an attempt to find a safe place to land?

Posted: 17 May 2016 07:38 PM PDT

What is the time elapsed in a nuclear detonation?

Posted: 18 May 2016 02:58 AM PDT

All I can find is speed of the shockwave, but how fast is the nuclear reaction going? I'm guessing the atomic fission occurs on the order of nanoseconds. Also, the violence of the detonation is because of the fast energy release, so then if the event could occur in, say, attoseconds, would that mean an even greater force? Conversely, if it were slowed down to "one hour" let's say, then what would that look like?

submitted by /u/Haf-to-pee
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Why is 0! greater than 0.5! ?

Posted: 17 May 2016 07:13 PM PDT

When I type 0.5! into my calculator, I get 0.8862.... But when I type 0! into my calculator, it gives me 1. How can a factorial of a smaller number be larger than a factorial of a larger number? I understand whole number factorials, but I don't understand decimal factorials at all. Also, how is it possible to have a factorial of a non-whole number? Is there some advanced way of defining factorials that we aren't taught in highschool?

submitted by /u/l0__0I
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Can we emulate the superposition of quantum computers in a standard computing?

Posted: 17 May 2016 08:48 PM PDT

Hey /r/askscience, I searched and I could not find my question asked or answered. Is it possible to emulate the superposition of quantum computers in standard computing? My very basic (and perhaps flawed) understanding of quantum computers is that due to the nature of quantum particles, qubits could be both on and off at the same time, letting the computer compute both the on and off state at the same time. Why can we not do this with standard computing by not observing the bit and assuming a both on and off state?

submitted by /u/GarryLumpkins
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Would temperature affect the duration and frequency of water rippling?

Posted: 17 May 2016 08:47 PM PDT

For example does warm water (lets just say 100°F) ripple longer or at a different frequency than cold water( maybe around 60°F)? I am genuinely curious if thermodynamics plays a big role in this or not.

submitted by /u/TomsShow
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How was pi first calculated? How is it calculated now?

Posted: 18 May 2016 02:52 AM PDT

What does "structure of lowest energy" mean?

Posted: 18 May 2016 01:29 AM PDT

How come: low surface area => low energy?

see 10 seconds of the video linked below

https://youtu.be/UUkVMvJqALk?t=11s

submitted by /u/sebaris
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How Did Life Begin?

Posted: 18 May 2016 04:23 AM PDT

Why is a sodium-potassium alloy more reactive than either metal alone?

Posted: 17 May 2016 08:31 PM PDT

Pretty much the title. Noticed this Popular Mechanics article where someone's playing with alkali metal bullets, and I'm curious as to why the Na:K alloy seems to react more violently with water(melons) than pure sodium or potassium.

submitted by /u/onwardtowaffles
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Does the discovery of a new element require the nucleus to be surrounded in its ground-state electron configuration or is it sufficient to just synthesize the nucleus?

Posted: 17 May 2016 07:05 AM PDT

Put another way, what is the highest mass number atom (i.e. not a charged ion) that has ever been synthesized?

submitted by /u/moomin100
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Looked up "chirp mass" on Wikipedia and it leaves out the juicy part: why is it called a chirp mass?

Posted: 17 May 2016 06:44 PM PDT

It's not capitalized, it doesn't have its own entry...what the hell, astrophysicists?

submitted by /u/Wisdom_from_the_Ages
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Can light ever reach Earth (or any celestial body) from a star that originated it?

Posted: 17 May 2016 07:28 PM PDT

Not sure how it could happen, but I'm imagining that refraction causes the light to move farther than the displacement of the planetary object moving obv slower than light?

If possible, we'd literally be able to see what we were before we were here.

submitted by /u/1zee
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Conceptual explanation for the sum of all natural numbers (1+2+3=-1/12)?

Posted: 17 May 2016 03:57 PM PDT

Sooooo.... I was looking for advice on my dating profile and everyone freaked out about the "sum of natural numbers "(I had it listed on my things I think about). And now I'm a bit concerned because I show this example to my high schoolers when they ask me to blow their minds and I want to make share I'm not misleading them when I explain this to them conceptually. I understand there are rigorous proofs, hand wavy proofs, controversial proofs, BUT, I want to see if this makes sense conceptually as this is how I've been explaining it to my students.

  • Ok so I generally use the proof from that numberphile video with the physicists. So if we take the series ,1-1+1-1+... and we were to use it model a light switch and consider on=1 and off=0 and we keep flipping the light switch on and off (for infinity) then the total number of photons, the total intensity, the total luminosity in the room is 1/2 what it would normally be at any moment in time (avoiding any sort of multi-photon or non-linear effect) and this is true as long as the switch is being flipped on and off. As soon as you stop, this no longer represents an infinite process and will equal either 1 or 0. Is this okay? Is this an accurate description/analogy?

  • Secondly, if that conceptual example is satisfactory then can we say the same of the sum of all natural numbers? It is not a trick, or a fallacy but a meaningful answer that is only true within the context of a problem and is only true when the process in question is infinite?

  • Third, is it fair to say that the answer we get is meaningful within the context of a specific problem in a field like Quantum Field Theory, in the same way that an answer like 1/0 would be meaningful in Cosmology?

My kids really get into it and they have taken it upon themselves to try to "prove" other infinite series on their own. Its pretty amazing. Their answers are WRONG, but the effort and the spike in their level of interest, specifically in math, is insane. I'd like to keep using it. Anyway, thanks for reading and for any insight you can offer.

submitted by /u/Hectur
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How did commonly found specialized organs such as the liver originally develop?

Posted: 18 May 2016 12:24 AM PDT

The further evolution of these organs seems relatively straightforward, but how did they appear in the first place? Could some form of symbiotic background between organisms have been possible, perhaps leading to horizontal gene transfer?

submitted by /u/tzaeru
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What is the evolutionary cause for urination and defecation to be two separate bodily functions instead of one combined expulsion?

Posted: 18 May 2016 01:09 AM PDT

How does anesthesia work? What effect does it have on the brain to knock a person out but not allow them to dream?

Posted: 17 May 2016 07:49 AM PDT

I just had surgery (carpal tunnel release) and I was given anesthesia intravenously. I know you can't remember anything that happens, but the odd thing for me is that you can't dream. How does this work, and how does it kick in so fast?

submitted by /u/AnosmiaStinks_ithink
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What are Tachyons, and what is the likelihood that they really exist? If the do exist, what could the be used for?

Posted: 17 May 2016 04:38 PM PDT

How do butterfly wings work aerodynamically?

Posted: 18 May 2016 04:32 AM PDT

Bird wings bend/fold when moving back up after flapping down, allowing them to move fluidly upwards and preventing them from producing upward force on the air and pushing the bird back down, but butterfly wings are more stiff and don't seem to bend, so how do butterfly wings, when flapped, not push the butterfly back down?

*I wasn't sure which would be the best category for this question, as it would fit under Biology, Engineering, and Physics, so I just went with Physics.

submitted by /u/MRMiller96
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What happens to Newtonian physics and quantum field theory as your approach Planck's scale?

Posted: 17 May 2016 06:44 AM PDT

Do Newtonian physics General Relativity and quantum field theory gradually become less reliable as you approach Planck's scale (from each respective side)? Is there a point where both can be used with the same reliability, though, neither would be accurate? Or is it like a light switch, in that, suddenly Newtonian physics General Relativity stops working and quantum field theory takes over?

Edit: My mistake. General Relativity not Newtonian physics.

submitted by /u/Existential_Fluff
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Is degeneracy pressure a non-local phenomenon?

Posted: 17 May 2016 09:50 PM PDT

When you cool and compress a collection of fermions, you will reach a point where it is not possible to compress the fermions further. This is due to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, which in turn is traceable the spin-statistics connection, i.e. the fact that what spin a particle has determines which type of statistics it obeys, whether Bose-Einstein (integer spin) or Pauli-Dirac (non-integer spin).

Where the problem of non-locality comes in is that nothing (such as a field) mediates the spin-statistics connection. It is simply a fact of nature. Doesn't this mean that degeneracy pressure is a non-local phenomenon?

submitted by /u/ManicMarine
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Since the Earth is not a perfect sphere is gravity different on different places? If so, would that mean time passes differently in those places as well?

Posted: 17 May 2016 01:28 PM PDT