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Friday, April 22, 2016

How come small cuts on the anus from over wiping or hemorrhoids does not cause serious septicemia?

How come small cuts on the anus from over wiping or hemorrhoids does not cause serious septicemia?

How come small cuts on the anus from over wiping or hemorrhoids does not cause serious septicemia?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 01:12 PM PDT

Since feces is swarming with many bacteria capable of causing serious infection.

submitted by /u/rauls4
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Do sickle cell anemia and thalassemia interact?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 09:01 PM PDT

Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia are similar disorders. Both are caused by genetic mutations that result in malformed hemoglobin. In both cases a single copy of the gene will do little harm and confer a slight advantage against malaria, but two copies will result in serious disease.

I'm wondering if a child with one copy of the sickle cell gene and one copy of the thalassemia gene would also be at risk of serious disease. In other words, is it possible for two different but similar recessive genes to behave as if they were paired with copies of themselves?

submitted by /u/avec_serif
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Why do I need to eat food when taking antibiotics but I don't need to when taking pain relief such as panadol?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 09:05 PM PDT

When people die from "overdosing on prescription opiods" are they really dying from acetaminophen (Tylenol) poisoning?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 07:26 PM PDT

According to the CDC:

The United States is in the midst of an opioid overdose epidemic.

Opioids (including prescription opioid pain relievers and heroin) killed more than 28,000 people in 2014, more than any year on record. At least half of all opioid overdose deaths involve a prescription opioid.

Are they "hiding" acetaminophen deaths in this figure? Is it a significant percentage?

submitted by /u/GodIsPansexual
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Do photons (ie. light) possess the property of inertia, or inertial mass?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 01:22 PM PDT

It seems surprisingly difficult to find an authoritative (layperson-friendly) answer to this. It's pretty obvious that a hypothetical box of photons will have a greater inertial mass than an identical-but-empty box, but can light be said to have inertia?

submitted by /u/qeveren
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How are the shapes of organs determined?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 07:28 PM PDT

Do quarks and other elementary particles have mass? Does the concept of mass still make sense/apply at that scale? Is there a Planck mass, similar to a Planck length, that is the smallest mass something can be?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 04:12 PM PDT

If a woman is in a coma, will she still menstruate?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 10:47 AM PDT

Why is iridescence usually green and purple?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 01:29 PM PDT

I'm thinking of iridescent birds, oil slicks, Mystic paint . . . Green and purple are the prominent colors. Why is this?

submitted by /u/mixosax
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When testing new drugs, does the FDA consider the acceptability of side effects?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 04:50 PM PDT

If there was a new drug or procedure that treats sudden and explosive hemorrhage, would extreme kidney or liver damage be acceptable? For a new Alzheimer's drug, would extreme elevated risk of cancer be acceptable?

submitted by /u/arbitrageME
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What are some of the factors causing an increase in STD rates among gay men since 2013?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 09:49 PM PDT

The CDC released some information regarding STDs (see fact sheet and article below), and there was an increase in the rate of infection by 15% between 2013 and 2014 data. This seems statistically significant, but I can't seem to figure out why the large increase. What are typical causes of sudden increases like this? My speculations are that either the ability to be tested, or sampling method have changed, but hopefully someone more familiar with the topic can comment. Thank you very much.

News Release

Fact Sheet

submitted by /u/-_-BanditGirl-_-
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Is there a correlation between climate change and movement of the tectonic plates??

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 04:28 PM PDT

Is there a correlation between climate change and movement of the tectonic plates. We talk about how climate change is going to affect the weather -storms, heat waves, tidal erosion from ocean levels rising. Wouldn't these things affect the tectonic plates?? Loss of ice pack, which reflects some of the energy the Sun throws at us, is shrinking due to warmer water temperatures. This means more of that energy is being absorbed by the oceans, which get warmer, and that brings about more melting. Does the shrinkage of the ice pack affect the tectonic plates?? Does water pressure change with temperatures?? If I am diving, am I under the same pressure at the same depth in hot vs cold water?? I am not a scientist, but I am kinda baked.

Any errors in logic and/or anything else should be blamed on sativa.

submitted by /u/Boondala
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Why specifically is Tris buffer problematic with single junction AgCl pH meters?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 11:36 AM PDT

Why specifically (what's the chemical reaction?) is Tris buffer problematic with single junction AgCl pH meters? Our double junction pH meter broke and we switched to single junction AgCl meter for a ~month. All my experiments stopped working and I didn't correlate right away cause' everyone elses pH meter stuff worked fine … tried all sorts of unhelpful stuff (getting new polymerase, isolating fresh gDNA, re-making all of my reagents from scratch etc.,). It turns out that Tris buffers form a complex, with silver, that clogs single junction AgCl meters. http://www.bio-rad.com/…/faq/268453677/technical-support-faq Everything's working now, but I'm wondering: what specifically is the precipitation reaction here? I recall that methylamine can form a soluble complex with the Ag of AgCl (is it just that this Tris complex is too big to be soluble?), BUT there are three hydroxyls on Tris that can play too! Anyone know the deets? Google was vague. I don't actually need to know, cause' everything works now … I'm just wondering :D

submitted by /u/DavidHalvorsen
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How do we work out non-integer factorials? What about the factorials of irrational numbers?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 05:02 PM PDT

Why is the Sin 0i/Sin 0r ratio is equal to the refractive index of a material?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 05:28 PM PDT

Hi, I was covering sine's law in my science class and could not figure out how this ratio is equal to the refractive index. Thank you!

submitted by /u/Fadeaway32322212
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Are nuclear weapons more difficult to develop using fusion technology as opposed to fission?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 02:18 PM PDT

Hypothetically, if the world governments somehow successfully prohibited fission technology, would that make fusion developed weapon harder/more expensive to make? I don't understand the relation between the two

submitted by /u/cran_daddyurp
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Optics - Does anyone know the name of the symbol (triangle) in the picture in the link?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 05:43 PM PDT

How have our bodies evolved to metabolize chemicals such as pharmaceutical drugs that would never be found in nature?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 12:22 PM PDT

How are Private and Public Encryption Keys made? How come you can't encrypt something with the public key?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 10:42 AM PDT

I'm having a tough time wrapping my head around how they are made and work. Surely encrypting with both would lead to the same result? From what i understand they can be used as a digital signature, which I quite like the sound of but I just don't quite have enough knowledge to understand. I could only find short videos on it, or hour long lectures (literally a camera sitting in on the lecture). I understand this may not be the usual question this subreddit gets asked but I believe cryptography counts as a science.

submitted by /u/RincerOfWind
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Where do the germs in urine and feces come from?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 12:23 PM PDT

In HPLC systems coupled to electrochemical detectors, what is the guard cell actually doing?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 11:18 AM PDT

Also, we have a dual ECD cell system and only use the readout of the 2nd EC cell as our data. Will changing the applied voltage at the first EC cell have any effect on the amount of detectable molecules that I am trying to read with the 2nd EC cell? Likewise, will changing guard cell voltage effect my readouts?

I am a neuroscientist measuring neurotransmitters (catecholamines) in mouse brain slices. I really just started getting into HLPC a few months ago and I think I have most of it down, but if you have any questions on the setup let me know.

submitted by /u/UseYourThumb
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How does the brain process images from either side of the head (such as Parrot eyes)?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 09:02 AM PDT

I googled the question, (couldn't find much) but it came up with some eye science stuff, with a link to binocular rivalry. I looked into it a little and it said it was when the eyes "alternate between different images presented to each eye". Wouldn't the same sort of thing happen all the time for animals such as rabbits, with eyes on either side of the head? or does this only apply to species with binocular vision. TIA

submitted by /u/grinch3311
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Is the temperature of a black hole absolute zero?

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 07:17 AM PDT

Since matter keeps getting denser and denser, and moves less and less to the point of absolute zero where nothing is moving or vibrating, and it is giving off no black body radiation, would a black hole be absolute zero? It fits the characteristics of what something would be like at absolute zero.

submitted by /u/Arabaster77
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vào lúc No comments:

Thursday, April 21, 2016

AskScience AMA Series: We are Jeff Galvin and Dr. David Pauza (long time lurkers, first time posters) here to talk about “treating the untreatable, curing the incurable” -- the future of genetic medicine. How it works. What it can do. Ask us ANYTHING!

AskScience AMA Series: We are Jeff Galvin and Dr. David Pauza (long time lurkers, first time posters) here to talk about “treating the untreatable, curing the incurable” -- the future of genetic medicine. How it works. What it can do. Ask us ANYTHING!

AskScience AMA Series: We are Jeff Galvin and Dr. David Pauza (long time lurkers, first time posters) here to talk about “treating the untreatable, curing the incurable” -- the future of genetic medicine. How it works. What it can do. Ask us ANYTHING!

Posted: 21 Apr 2016 05:01 AM PDT

Who are we?

I'm Jeff Galvin, son of an MIT Electrical Engineer and inventor who pioneered advanced portable radar and analog signal processing. I'm an entrepreneur, Silicon Valley startup guy and former Apple International Product Marketing Manager in the 80's; where I traveled the world introducing the original Macintosh (and LISA if you ever heard of that). Computer nerd from the 7th grade (early 1970's), I taught basic computer programming on weekends at MIT and later became the youngest-ever Head Teaching Fellow for Natural Sciences 110 (the second largest undergraduate class on campus) at Harvard as a Sophomore. After a successful career in computers, software and the Internet, I retired to become a "Silicon Valley Angel Investor". Retirement didn't last long… I met Dr. Roscoe Brady at the National Institutes of Health and he showed me something that I immediately realized would be bigger than computers or the Internet ever became. In 2006, Dr. Brady opened my eyes to viral vectors and genetic technologies that I realized could let me reprogram the fundamental computers of life itself: the human cell. That "ah-ha moment" back in 2006 began my quest to solve intractable human disease by repairing the underlying genetic roots of cancers, inherited disorders and infectious disease. Now, I head a leading genetic technologies company that is going to help send chemotherapy and radiation for cancer the way of leeches and bloodletting, and provide treatments and cures for scores of formally un-addressable disorders and diseases.

TL;DR - Silicon Valley sweetheart turned genetic drug developer

The Activator - My name is David Pauza, an OG (original gene cloner) since the 1970s. My areas of expertise are human virology and cancer. For the last 30 years or so, I have been studying HIV / AIDS, publishing scientific papers and educating the public about viral diseases. Before joining AGT, I had started an HIV research program at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, then built a strong HIV program at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and finally moved to the Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland, Baltimore. During those years my lab group focused on understanding the most basic steps in HIV disease and designing new treatments or vaccines. We first talked openly of curing HIV disease in 1992 and have kept that flame burning ever since. The path to a cure depended on studying fundamental aspects of human virology and immunology. Many of the lessons learned in our study of AIDS apply directly to human cancer, which continues to be a major threat to HIV+ people even with current therapy. I brought these perspectives, skills and some team members to American Gene Technologies where we are working with Jeff to chart innovative cures for major human diseases.

TL;DR - A scientist with deep knowledge and a big bag of tricks.

As we see it, the new frontier of drug development is genetic science, where rifle-shot treatments deal with the specific, underlying causes of disease, eventually leading to cures rather than lifetime treatments. We take a creative approach, believing that many diseases can be treated with genetic therapy if you mix the right technology with a solid understanding of disease and add advice from talented clinicians to guide treatment delivery.

We are currently focusing on HIV / AIDS, Liver Cancer, Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Breast Cancer. Ask us anything about our mission, gene therapy basics, new technology, research, development portfolio or the future!

If you would like more information about our company, team, research collaborators or scientific advisors, visit www.americangene.com

We will be back from 2:00 – 4:00pm EST to answer your questions!

submitted by /u/AmericanGene
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How do voting machines work and why would we need to audit something as simple as a vote count?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 08:16 PM PDT

To a simpleton like myself, an average smartphone seems far more complicated than a machine that counts "Votes for H" and "Votes for B."

How do the voting machines responsible for counting votes actually work?

How could something so simple be the subject of fraud? How could that fraud be detected and rectified?

submitted by /u/caBALLERo14
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Can oral vitamin B12 work effectively if taken sublingually?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 10:32 PM PDT

Do "larger" people have an advantage combating a viral or bacterial infection?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 08:26 AM PDT

All else being equal, aside from height/weight (but the same BMI) would you expect someone shorter than average or taller than average to get over say, a viral infection, at a different pace than an average person?

Say you have:

A 5'4", 127lb male ("smaller")

A 5'10", 153lb male ("average")

A 6'4", 180lb male ("larger")

All the same BMI, with identical immune systems, diets, environmental factors, and have proportional bodies, would the larger specimen be able to fight the virus 40% quicker than the smaller one? Or feel side effects proportionately less than the smaller one? Etc?

Or does the virus scale itself to the size of the human, and they can expect identical experiences the duration of infection?

I apologize if this is a stupid question but I wonder if there's some how an almost mechanical advantage to a larger person in fighting disease.

Thank you in advance for your consideration and/or any directions you can point me to for my own edification.

submitted by /u/itsonlyastrongbuzz
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Does any career other than Seismologist use the richter scale?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:35 PM PDT

[Mathematics] Why is the Powerset of N considered to have the same cardinality with R?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 02:46 PM PDT

Hello there, This question is probably not all that interesting for most people but I would appreciate an answer as it is very perplexing to me why this notion exists. This question arose when mentioned briefly during a lecture however there was no further explanation given. My mathematical understanding is equal to Calculus 1 and 2, Linear Algebra and the basics of Mathematical Analaysis (Set Theory, Limits, Bounded sequences etc). Thank you for your time

submitted by /u/Berlinia
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 08:05 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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If dividing by zero is indeterminate, but dividing by a fraction is the same as multiplying by the reciprocal? What is 1 / (1/0)?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 03:12 PM PDT

If 1/0 is done first, the result would be a division by zero error. However, if the problem is rewritten as 1 * (0/1), the zero would shift into the numerator and return 0. So, which of these rules would take precedence in solving this?

Edit: undefined, not indeterminate

submitted by /u/CaelestisInteritum
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Honeycombs are organized in hexagons because it's the most efficient form to divide an area in small parts, right? What is the threedimensional equivalent?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 06:50 AM PDT

I just thought of this and couldn't think of an answer

submitted by /u/Qaysed
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Genetic scientists will often include a gene that codes for a green fluorescent protein in combination with a desired gene. How does the glow tell scientists that the desired gene was inserted correctly?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:55 AM PDT

Why does the heat of combustion of alkanols (e.g. methanol, ethanol, propanol) increase with molecular mass?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 09:52 AM PDT

I'm confused as to what the answer is. It would be much appreciated if the answer was not too advanced as I'm a senior high school student so I have a basic understanding of chemistry.

I've found a variety of different answers on the internet and I'm not too sure on which one is the correct one

E.g. The high the molar mass of a fuel, the higher the carbon content and hence the higher the latent chemical energy in the fuel.

OR So the higher the molecular mass, the more carbon and hydrogen there is to combine with oxygen. The more carbon and hydrogen there is to combine with oxygen, the more energy will be released.

OR is the answer something else entirely.

Answers will be much appreciated. Thankyou!

submitted by /u/ilikepizza9
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2 headed snakes, how their nervous systems works and coordinate movements?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:47 AM PDT

I remember a case of human twins that was born as "one person" with "two heads" and as I remember seeing in the documentary they said that each one controls one side of the body, with other animals like the snakes is the same principle? Or that's a specific case and generally neural signals are all messed up?

submitted by /u/Kaikidan
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How does carbon fiber have such high strength when it needs a resin to hold its shape?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:16 AM PDT

my gut tells me it should only be as strong as the resin used. But if that was true, they would use cheap fibers instead of expensive ones like carbon.

submitted by /u/jbourne0129
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what is the nuance between "embryonic stem cells" & "mesenchymal stem cells"?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 08:36 AM PDT

I got an oral presentation about the "therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cells" to prepare. my researches so far (online of course) revealed that mesenchymal cells has been proven only inside the bone marrow of adults (0.001-0.01% of its total cells) and that its applications are limited given the fact that they only produce 3 types of cells (bones,fat,cartilage) and are difficult to isolate given the percentage.

on the other hand embryonic cells are easily obtainable (if we cast aside ethics) and its applications are 'unlimited' (obviously).

coherent and easy so far. but she also gave me some kind of a resume to help me with my task except that everything related to therapeutics in it are talking about embryonic stem cells and how they can treat incurable deceases like diabetes.... when the title clearly says "mesenchymal stem cells: therapeutic applications" I am totally lost.

she seems to be expecting a presentation on mesenchymal stem cells's therapeutic applications when she asked about embryonic cells. am I missing something? should I just do it on embryonic cells and replace embryonic with mesenchymal?

submitted by /u/KuroOni
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How was the structure of the Earth determined?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 07:04 AM PDT

How have scientists determined the depths of the various layers (crust, mantle, etc) and how accurate are these values thought to be?

submitted by /u/cbdr
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Why do some areas of Earth have far less lightning storms than other areas?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 05:56 AM PDT

I grew up in Wisconsin and lemme tell you. Extremely loud, scary thunderstorms were pretty common during the warm months.

But I have lived abroad (not in the usa) for over a decade and there's perhaps 1 really bad (scary) lightning storm per summer (at least the places I've lived).

why is there less lightning in these other nations? i'd assumed lightning struck pretty uniformly across the earth.

submitted by /u/VillageIdiot34
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vào lúc No comments:

Wednesday, April 20, 2016

PLOS Science Wednesday: Hi Reddit, we’re Eric C. Leuthardt, Joshua Shimony, and David Tran. We discovered the blood-brain barrier stays open after laser ablation surgery, creating opportunities for glioblastoma treatment, as described in PLOS ONE – Ask Us Anything!

PLOS Science Wednesday: Hi Reddit, we’re Eric C. Leuthardt, Joshua Shimony, and David Tran. We discovered the blood-brain barrier stays open after laser ablation surgery, creating opportunities for glioblastoma treatment, as described in PLOS ONE – Ask Us Anything!

PLOS Science Wednesday: Hi Reddit, we’re Eric C. Leuthardt, Joshua Shimony, and David Tran. We discovered the blood-brain barrier stays open after laser ablation surgery, creating opportunities for glioblastoma treatment, as described in PLOS ONE – Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 05:17 AM PDT

Hi Reddit,

My name is Dr. Eric C. Leuthardt and I am professor of neurosurgery at Washington University. My research focuses on brain computer interfaces, advanced brain mapping and the development of new medical technologies. And my name is Joshua Shimony and I am an Associate Prof. of Neuroradiology at Washington University School of Medicine. My research focuses on advanced MRI imaging and its clinical applications. And I am David Tran, the chief of neuro-oncology in the department of neurosurgery at the University of Florida's College of Medicine. My research focuses on understanding the mechanism of cancer progression and on developing novel therapeutic approaches to cancer.

We recently published a study titled Hyperthermic Laser Ablation of Recurrent Glioblastoma Leads to Temporary Disruption of the Peritumoral Blood Brain Barrier in PLOS ONE. We found that a laser system commonly used to kill brain tumors has an additional and significant benefit: It creates a temporary opening in the blood-brain barrier — a natural barrier that's normally efficient at blocking out chemicals and bacteria — to allow the passage of chemotherapy and immunotherapy drugs into the brain, for up to six weeks. This discovery could lead to new treatment protocols for glioblastoma, a very aggressive brain cancer that's highly resistant to standard treatment.

We will be answering your questions at 1pm ET – Ask Us Anything!

submitted by /u/PLOSScienceWednesday
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In the 70s we referred to non-coding DNA as junk DNA and it made up 98% out DNA structure. What do we know about that 98% nowadays? What don't we know?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 01:23 PM PDT

This has always peaked my interest. Do we know what purpose this portion of the DNA serves?

submitted by /u/1BigUniverse
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How much mass does the sun lose over its lifetime as a main sequence star by emitting light?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 04:02 AM PDT

How much heavier was the sun at the beginning of being a main sequence star to the end? It should lose mass, since it emits light and conservation of energy etc.

submitted by /u/sederts
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What is it about grapefruit that interacts with some medications?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 01:24 AM PDT

Is the speed of sound on air affected by whether the sound wave is propagating with or against the direction of wind?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 04:25 AM PDT

If two observers are equidistant from a sound, while one observer is upwind and the other downwind, will the sound wave reach both observers simultaneously?

submitted by /u/Nathan_Explosion__
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Is there a statistical difference between asking voters to vote "yes" or "no" on a proposal?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 04:14 PM PDT

For example "Should same sex marriage be made legal? yes/no" versus "should same sex marriage remain illegal? yes/no."

Would the difference in phrasing have a statistically significant influence on the final result?

I ask because I imagine voting "yes" might seem to have the more "positive" connotation.

submitted by /u/EmmetOT
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How do they polarize glass?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 03:59 AM PDT

Evert time i google how polarized glass is made i get some non-technical stuff about how they are good for fishing, reduce glare, remove horizontal light waves. One article mentioned something about iodine crystals but didn't elaborate.

I just want to know how they treat the glass to get the polarization effect.

submitted by /u/detspek
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Why is a cavity with a hole a good approximation of a black body?

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 03:53 AM PDT

Don't the walls absorb some energy, and also lose the energy? So it doesn't really absorb all the energy that is irradiated on it, because only the energy that enters the hole in the black body is fully absorbed. And even after that energy enters, it can leave through the sides (walls) of the black body, and not only through the hole.

submitted by /u/CarsonZotti
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Were dinosaurs already dying out before the meteorite hit? We’re paleontologists who have just published a radical new theory on dinosaur extinction. Ask Us Anything about meteor strikes, fossils, what this means for modern species, and our favourite dinosaurs.

Posted: 20 Apr 2016 06:09 AM PDT

Hi, we're /u/DrManabuSakamoto and /u/DrChrisVenditti from the University of Reading in England. Manabu is the lead researcher, and Chris is a co-author, of this paper showing evolutionary decline in dinosaurs long before the meteorite which finished them off.

Read the full paper here: http://rdg.ac/1pbZM9j. Some more info on this paper: http://phys.org/news/2016-04-dinosaurs-decline-asteroid-apocalypse.html

Ask Us Anything about dinosaur extinction, evolution, paleontology, the rise of the mammals. You can find Dr Manabu on Twitter at @DrMamboBob

Proof: https://twitter.com/UniofReading/status/722782652042903552

submitted by /u/uniofreading
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How can polar regions of Venus measure -157°C when the average temperature of the planet is 462°C?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 09:18 PM PDT

Can neutrinos interact with materials or anything for that matter? If they can could they have the potential to generate energy from that interaction?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 10:19 PM PDT

I've heard that neutrinos are all over the place zooming straight outta the sun and other far reaches of the universe, zipping through our bodies like no tomorrow, seems kinda wasteful don't ya think? Kinda like how a solar panel works, with a photon going in and science stuff happens and electricity comes out, could a neutrino "panel" be possible? Maybe not to generate electricity but some other form of energy? Would this energy be sufficient to power our machinery if it could?

submitted by /u/Nuthing141
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When we rotate our head and want to stare forward, are our eyes moving in the opposite direction at the speed of which we are rotating our head, or are they just remaining stationary?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 12:43 PM PDT

and how does this work :)

submitted by /u/Sacred_Om
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Would HPLC or NMR be better for plant extracts?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 04:21 PM PDT

I have little experience in either, but likely can receive help from around school. I have previously done LC-MS and would prefer to never do that again if possible. So far I don't see much difference in limitations with HPLC vs NMR as both will need us to buy standards for any compounds we're interested in, we'll need to lyophilize the plant tissue before extraction, ect. In your experience, is one easier/better/more reproducible/cheaper than the other?

submitted by /u/gritzy328
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Do we know what causes auditory phenomena such as the "Windsor Hum"? If we do not, what are the main competing hypotheses?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 11:24 AM PDT

Question prompted by recent reports of the Windsor Hum reaching unprecedented levels:

http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/its-past-unbelievable-residents-aggravated-by-windsor-hum-say-its-reached-its-highest-volume-in-years

I'm aware that several other localities claim similar phenomena (Taos, Auckland, and others) - perhaps they are all the same phenomenon, perhaps not. Any comment and discussion on the topic is welcome.

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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During a heart transplant, how do they switch from bypass to the next spliced vessels without major bleeding?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 11:35 AM PDT

It seems like you can't finish suturing the anastomosis without trapping the bypass line, but if you have the bypass line inserted in a separate incision upstream of that leaves a huge hole for blood to come spurting out.

submitted by /u/latitude_platitude
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Can Aldehydes, Carboxylic Acids and Ketones be dehydrated?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 12:07 PM PDT

Can Aldehyde's, Carboxylic Acids and Ketone's be dehydrated and if so though which method, would it be like an alcohol with concentrated sulphuric acid or vaporised over Al2O3? and can secondary a tertiary alcohols be dehydrated?

submitted by /u/lewlew241
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How is autism diagnosed?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 02:09 PM PDT

I know the the psychological effects but want to know the neurological effects.

submitted by /u/Mt_Reddit
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How do we know that the structure and function of a protein is encoded within its amino acid sequence?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 09:00 AM PDT

Do other species perceive mirrors in the same way humans do?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 09:10 AM PDT

Today in my physics lecture the professor said that optical devices such as mirrors only work because of the psychology of the brain, but didn't really elaborate much further. So, I wondered if other animals see mirrors in the same way as humans, or if it is a totally different experience.

submitted by /u/colonalcolon
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What is the physical significance of the Ricci and Kretschmann scalars?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 12:36 PM PDT

For a Schwarzschild black hole the Ricci curvature scalar is 0 while the Kretschmann Curvature scalar is 48 G2 M2 c-4 r-6. What do these values actually mean for the spacetime surrounding a blackhole?

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How does salt melt ice on roads, but is used to make ice cream freeze quicker?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 04:43 PM PDT

Why don't we see Turbulence in Quantum Mechanical Probabilities?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 03:37 PM PDT

So i'm a bit confused about the properties of wave mechanics, and trying to understand certain phenomena, which may be talked about, but I've never seen anyone talk about it.

Here is the example. We have a bowl of water, a stick and a ball. We start with the ball, in which we drop it into the water. The ball creates a sinusoidal wave along the surface.

Waves and Chaos 1.png (http://imgur.com/bvyX5gE)

We take the stick now, and run it through the bowl in a straight line from one end to the other. instead of a sinusoidal wave we get...well fairly complicated movement, but of note we get two, cyclonic and anticyclonic turbulence patterns.

Waves and Chaos 2.png (http://imgur.com/Xq8Wpzp)

Now here is where i take the leap of my understanding and jump off the cliff. We don't really see cyclonic behavior in quantum mechanics, we only see what i like to call "the surface" in which the probabilities are distributed in the manner of the first example, where we see an interference pattern.

The question now is why do we not see turbulence patterns in quantum mechanics? I can't put my finger on it, but both examples seem to have the same dimensionality, in which both patterns could be seen from any direction, with the exception that Fig2 dominates the surface, while fig 4 dominates the bulk.

I didn't want to dive into speculation, but i feel like the metaphor here, is that one can think of a particle as dropping it into a bowl of probability. in this bowl, it has a certain wave function that determines it's locale and momenta. What we can only see is the result on the photographic plate, which is just the surface of that water.

But "under the hood" is a sea of probabilities we can't see, one where the behavior is chaotic just like the cyclonic behavior. The follow up question here is, am i describing the complex field?

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How do I understand what complex units like kg·m^2·s^−3·A^−1 mean?

Posted: 19 Apr 2016 02:51 PM PDT

Is there a logical way to approach understanding what units like this mean? For example, I intuitively understand that m·s-1 is the distance travelled per second. So I suppose my question is actually in two parts -

  1. How do I think about multipled units like N·m in a way similar to the velocity example?
  2. How do you approach working through what complex units like kg·m2 ·s−3· A−1 actually represent? I know it's the expanded form of Volts and also what all the constituent bits mean, but can't intuitively grasp what it tells me overall.
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