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Wednesday, September 30, 2020

How do we know what the magnitude of earthquakes was before the Richter scale was a thing?

How do we know what the magnitude of earthquakes was before the Richter scale was a thing?

How do we know what the magnitude of earthquakes was before the Richter scale was a thing?

Posted: 29 Sep 2020 09:14 PM PDT

I was printing and binding an environmental impact report for a customer today, and one of the pages that caught my eye as I was flipping through had a table of "Significant historical earthquakes in Northern California." All but three of them occurred in 1906 or earlier, including the three largest; a 7.8 in 1906 (the one that decimated San Francisco, I'm assuming), a 7.4 in 1838, and a 7 in 1868. The Richter scale wasn't invented until the 1930s.

So how do we know what magnitude they were, even if it's an estimated range like they show on Wikipedia for some of the more notable California earthquakes rather than an exact number?

submitted by /u/bestem
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AskScience AMA Series: We are Hispanic Americans Working in a Variety of Roles at NASA. Ask us anything!

Posted: 30 Sep 2020 04:00 AM PDT

In honor of National Hispanic Heritage Month, NASA is celebrating our many amazing employees with Hispanic heritage and how they all contribute to our missions in many varied ways. From scientists, engineers and technicians building robots, to flight directors, illustrators and communications specialists, Hispanic Americans help us advance in the exploration of our home planet and the universe.

Team members answering your questions include:

  • Andres Almeida - Digital Content Strategist
  • Begoña Vila - Instrument Systems Engineer for the James Webb Space Telescope
  • Brandon Rodriguez - Education Specialist
  • Carmen Pulido - Clinical psychologist for former astronauts
  • Costa Mavridis - Extravehicular Activities Instructor and Flight Controller
  • Elena Sophia Amador-French - Planetary Geologist
  • Javier Ocasio-Pérez - Mission Integration & Test Manager
  • Kristi Irastorza - Public Affairs Specialist
  • Laura Ramos Lugo - Spanish-Language Communications Multimedia Intern
  • Lizbeth B. De la Torre - Creative Technologist
  • Margaret Dominguez - Optical Engineer
  • Rosa Avalos-Warren - Human Space Flight Mission Manager
  • Vidal Salazar - Project Specialist for Earth Science and Airborne Science

We'll see you all 4pm ET, ask us anything about working at NASA! #HispanicHeritageMonth

Username: /u/nasa

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How do insects perceive sounds?

Posted: 29 Sep 2020 05:10 PM PDT

I found a ton of articles about the physiology of insect hearing but not on how we think they perceive sounds.

For example, the other day I was washing my hand and a tiny little insect was walking on the edge of the faucet. To scale that would be a gigantic and extremely noisy waterfall. Would the insect be able to perceive the other sounds in the room, like the toilet tank getting re-filled, or are they be completely taken by the rushing sound of the gigantic waterfall?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/SkatingOnThinIce
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 30 Sep 2020 08:09 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Do vaccines also inoculate the fetus of a pregnant woman?

Posted: 29 Sep 2020 04:31 PM PDT

How are vaccines manufactured on a large scale?

Posted: 29 Sep 2020 02:42 PM PDT

What do they do if you have impermissible magnetic material in your body for an MRI? Is there an alternative scanning method?

Posted: 29 Sep 2020 07:11 AM PDT

Does severity of past viral illnesses predict severity of future viral illnesses?

Posted: 29 Sep 2020 08:13 AM PDT

Generally, but of course very curious with regards to COVID-19.

E.g. if you had bad chicken pox as a kid or have a history of getting pretty bad cases of the flu, are these predictors of future severity of other viral illnesses?

And the contrary, if you typically barely get the sniffles from whatever virus and recover quickly.

Are there inherent features of one's immune system that determine typical severity?

TIA!

submitted by /u/Alloalonzoalonsi
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Tuesday, September 29, 2020

Why are Garlic and Onions Poisonous to Dogs and Cats and Not To Humans?

Why are Garlic and Onions Poisonous to Dogs and Cats and Not To Humans?

Why are Garlic and Onions Poisonous to Dogs and Cats and Not To Humans?

Posted: 29 Sep 2020 01:37 AM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: We're misinformation and media specialists here to answer your questions about ways to effectively counter scientific misinformation. AUA!

Posted: 29 Sep 2020 04:00 AM PDT

Hi! We're misinformation and media specialists: I'm Emily, a UX research fellow at the Partnership on AI and First Draft studying the effects of labeling media on platforms like Facebook and Twitter. I interview people around the United States to understand their experiences engaging with images and videos on health and science topics like COVID-19. Previously, I led UX research and design for the New York Times R&D Lab's News Provenance Project.

And I'm Victoria, the ethics and standards editor at First Draft, an organization that develops tools and strategies for protecting communities against harmful misinformation. My work explores ways in which journalists and other information providers can effectively slow the spread of misinformation (which, as of late, includes a great deal of coronavirus- and vaccine-related misinfo). Previously, I worked at Thomson Reuters.

Keeping our information environment free from pollution - particularly on a topic as important as health - is a massive task. It requires effort from all segments of society, including platforms, media outlets, civil society organizations and the general public. To that end, we recently collaborated on a list of design principles platforms should follow when labeling misinformation in media, such as manipulated images and video. We're here to answer your questions on misinformation: manipulation tactics, risks of misinformation, media and platform moderation, and how science professionals can counter misinformation.

We'll start at 1pm ET (10am PT, 17 UT), AUA!

Usernames: /u/esaltz, /u/victoriakwan

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Is vacuum something that is conserved or that moves from place to place?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 09:36 AM PDT

Wife and I had a long, weird argument last night about how siphons work. She didn't understand at all, and I only vaguely do (imagine what that argument was like). But at the end of the debate, I was left with a new question.

If I fill a cup with water in a tub, turn it upside down, and raise it out of the water, keeping the rim submerged, the water doesn't fall out of the cup. My understanding is, the water is being pulled down by gravity, but can't fall because there's nothing to take its place [edit: wrong], and it takes a lot of energy to create a vacuum, so the water is simply being held up by the cup [edit: wrong], and is exerting some kind of negative pressure on the inside of the cup (the cup itself is being pulled down by the water, but it's sturdy and doesn't move, so neither does the water). When I make a hole in the cup, air can be pulled in to take its place in the cup, so the water can fall [edit: wrong].

If I did this experiment in a vacuum, I figure something very similar would happen [edit: this paragraph is 100% wrong, the main thing I learned in the responses below]. The water would be held in the cup until I made a hole, then it would fall into the tub. If anything, the water will fall a little faster, since it doesn't need to do any work to pull air into the cup through the hole. But then it seems that the vacuum is coming in to fill the space, which sounds wrong since the vacuum isn't a thing that moves.

I'm missing something in all of this, or thinking about it all the wrong way. Vacuum isn't like air, it doesn't rush in through the hole in the cup to take the place of the water, allowing the water to fall. But then why does making a hole in the cup allow the water to fall?

edit:

thanks all, I have really learned some things today.. but now my intuitions regarding how a siphon works have been destroyed.. need to do some studying...

edit 2:

really, though, how does a siphon work then? why doesn't the water on both sides of the bend fall down, creating a vacuum in-between?

submitted by /u/aggasalk
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Can the brain amoeba found in Lake Jackson, Texas, and other cities, spread from a cities' water supply, to another? Can it spread person to person?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 02:18 PM PDT

Why have CPU clock speeds stopped going up?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 12:24 PM PDT

You'd think 5+GHz CPUs would be everywhere by now.

submitted by /u/LtSalcyy
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How exactly do refrigerators cool things down? And what qualifies certain chemicals as refrigerants?

Posted: 29 Sep 2020 06:27 AM PDT

Does the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation extend beyond the observable Universe?

Posted: 29 Sep 2020 03:17 AM PDT

I have trouble understanding what CMBR depicts.

submitted by /u/newbiemaku
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How long does it take protons in the LHC to ramp up speed? And at what rate?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 08:45 AM PDT

So as far as my understanding goes, the protons are put into the smaller particle accelerator, the Proton Synchrotron Booster, in which they speed up by going around and around a few times, and then they enter Proton Synchrotron, and then the Super Proton Synchrotron, and then finally the Large Hadron Collider.

So that's a lot of steps. But how does that correlate with the time it takes to ramp up speed? Is it really only seconds? Less? Or can it take hours? And does it all speed up at the same rate? I read that the protons mass is increased as they get into the near-lightspeeds, does that slow their acceleration down?

And while we're on the topic, what exactly does the Proton Synchrotron and Super Proton Synchrotron do that stops the LHC from being the first exit point after acceleration in the Booster? Is it like merging traffic, where it has to gain at least near-equal speed to keep from other protons smashing into it from behind?

submitted by /u/DrCorian
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If someone receives a full blood transfusion, how long does that blood contain the donor's DNA?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 09:55 PM PDT

I've had this question for a long time, but unfortunately my 5th grade Science teacher didn't know.. go figure, right? Well, maybe the magic of the internet can help. If there are any other cool transfusion facts, I'm down with reading all of it.

submitted by /u/Sybert777
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Why is the alpha particle so stable?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 08:36 PM PDT

Are autoantibodies (antibodies that attack own cells) prevalent in people who do not have autoimmune disorders?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 08:30 PM PDT

How are relief maps of Greenland and Antarctica produced?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 12:08 PM PDT

What happens to the space that used to be occupied by an organ if that organ is removed?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 09:14 AM PDT

Say if someone were to donate a kidney as a living donor. How does their body react to the newly empty space that the kidney used to occupy?

submitted by /u/ssjwesker
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Why does the presentation and treatment of parkinsonism in Parkinson's Plus conditions differ from that of Parkinson's Disease?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 09:31 AM PDT

The movement symptoms of Parkinson's Disease have overlap with that of Parkinson's Plus conditions, but there are differences in how the movement symptoms present. In conditions with parkinsonism, such as Dementia with Lewy Bodies, interventions for these symptoms are less effective (i.e., carbidopa-levodopa, deep brain stimulation). Is that because the underlying neuropathology of these disorders is different? How does the pathology differ?

submitted by /u/floortroll
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Why are engines that use the Diesel cycle able to produce more torque than engines using the Otto cycle?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 05:07 AM PDT

How did things come together (Stars, planets, galaxies etc.) during the rapid expansion of the Big Bang? Were things once closer together? Is Gravitational Attraction stronger than the big bang expansion?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 08:53 AM PDT

It's hard for my brain to wrap around this. With the enormous astronomical distances between space objects, how did they clump together when everything in the big bang (I assume, incorrectly maybe) was being forced a part?

submitted by /u/VictoryCupcake
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If thermal dynamics wants the temperature to be at an equilibrium how come the earth still has wildly varying temperatures in diffrent areas?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 07:12 AM PDT

Like I get the equator is the closest point to the sun, but why doesn't that energy spread across the globe? I mean when I heat a room from a single area it takes time to heat up the entire room but the room still heats up.

submitted by /u/xXrirooXx
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Monday, September 28, 2020

Are the terms "nuclear" and "thermonuclear" considered interchangeable when talking about things like weapons or energy generating plants or the like?

Are the terms "nuclear" and "thermonuclear" considered interchangeable when talking about things like weapons or energy generating plants or the like?

Are the terms "nuclear" and "thermonuclear" considered interchangeable when talking about things like weapons or energy generating plants or the like?

Posted: 27 Sep 2020 02:37 PM PDT

If not, what are the differences?

submitted by /u/thrwaythyme
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What is the oldest medicinal technique that is still effective today?

Posted: 27 Sep 2020 10:23 AM PDT

This is a spontaneous question that popped into my mind, and would be interesting to know in the same way it is interesting to know the Romans created so great a many things that we still use today.

submitted by /u/Wagnerian1996
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How does the immune system differentiate from gut bacteria and other bacteria?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 01:18 AM PDT

Also, if the gut bacteria were to cause an overgrowth in regions where it's not supposed to, would the immune system act then? Or is the bloodstream completed sealed off from the gut? I am sorry if it sounds stupid, the closest I could find anything similar is a hypothetical Leaky Gut Syndrome

submitted by /u/anchit_
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How likely is it to be tested positive a short period of time after exposing to COVID?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 01:49 AM PDT

For example, after getting the virus in airport or on the plane, is it likely to be test positive at the destination airport?

I am not medical student but I am trying to write a crawler to gather statistic of origins of imported cases in different countries, so I want to know whether exposure during travel has a major impact on the number.

submitted by /u/Kitt241067
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What makes hydraulic brake hoses flexible but non-expandable?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 01:46 AM PDT

When transferring pressure from the brake lever to the caliper, a brake hose must keep its volume as stable as possible, to avoid any loss of brake pressure from the expanding of the hose.. right?

How does it manage to keep its diameter and volume rock-solid stable and still be able to flex in all directions?

Another way to ask this would be: how does a brake hose manage to be rigid radially and flexible longitudinally? Am I asking this right?

submitted by /u/millseverwhite
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Has the Equable Climate problem been solved?

Posted: 28 Sep 2020 06:52 AM PDT

Hey guys, I was reading about paleoclimates and paleoecology and came across the term "Equable Climate problem". From what I understand it basically is the fact that during the Eocene the world's climate was almost uniformly warm. I looked more into this and found some theories about it describing Hadley cells expanding, cyclones, large lakes, and even orbital anomalies as theories for this problem; however, papers and posts explaining/discussing these theories all appear rather old (most of them are around 10-ish years old).

My question is if there has been any advancements on theories explaining it, have some theories been disproven? (I haven't seen much development on the theory of Hadley cells expanding and the disappearance of polar cells, so maybe that theory has been disproven?), and if there hasn't been any developments on this problem I would also want to know what are your explanations for the Equable Climate problem (out of curiosity).

Thank you all in advance

submitted by /u/cdromsarentreal
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Did locusts exist in hordes before agriculture?

Posted: 27 Sep 2020 03:17 PM PDT

It seems like it would make sense that they evolved hordes after available food became concentrated (ie farms).

submitted by /u/bberg11
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What is stopping the earth's crust from getting as hot as the mantle?

Posted: 27 Sep 2020 09:03 AM PDT

The temperature at the core mantle boundary is 7230F / 4000C, and the temperature of the inner core is 9806F / 5430C, whereas the temperature at the mantle crust boundary is 392F / 200C. Given the extreme pressure, and the fact that the core is constantly radiating its heat up through the earth's layers, what is stopping the crust from heating up?

submitted by /u/RabidLitchi
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Why is it so hard to emulate a console ?

Posted: 27 Sep 2020 01:01 PM PDT

Ignoring eclipses, do tidally locked bodies like the Earth and Moon have the same length of a day as each other?

Posted: 27 Sep 2020 10:42 AM PDT

Does climate change have an impact on frequency, and intensity of earthquakes occurring?

Posted: 27 Sep 2020 08:24 AM PDT
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Sunday, September 27, 2020

[Medicine] What is special about peanuts that make some people extremely allergic to them?

[Medicine] What is special about peanuts that make some people extremely allergic to them?

[Medicine] What is special about peanuts that make some people extremely allergic to them?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 05:48 PM PDT

Why are some people allergic to peanuts in particular? Why is ingesting a peanut to these people akin to ingesting poison to others?

submitted by /u/Kwpthrowaway
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Why is so much focused placed on a COVID-19 vaccine, rather than an effective treatment?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 03:51 PM PDT

At least in my country, sufficient numbers of people are so likely to refuse any vaccine that I can't see how it would actually be effective. So I wonder if anyone can tell me about the state of treatment research, and whether anti-virals are even an option with COVID-19 or whether the focus of treatment has been mainly on fixing the symptoms, not eliminating the virus itself.

Thank you in advance!

submitted by /u/LiberaceRingfingaz
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If Mt Everest's peak is the highest point above sea level and Mt Chimborazo's peak is the fartherest from the Earth's centre, which has the thinnest atmosphere?

Posted: 27 Sep 2020 01:22 AM PDT

Mount Chimborazo's peak is 2km farther away from the Earth's core than Mount Everest, but Mount Everest's peak is the highest above sea level.

Which peak has the thinnest atmosphere?

submitted by /u/jla-
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Does an electron travelling through a vacuum has also an electromagnetic field?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 10:42 PM PDT

Does that electron the faster it moves (vacuum) has a stronger field?

submitted by /u/-Stressless
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How can solid or gaseous elements by themselves become electron donors? Can shining light on the element or any other feasible process actually work? Can we bypass the electron affinity energy requirement and have the electrons donated?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 10:21 PM PDT

I have read that an element can produce electrons and donate them if there is a bright light shined on it. Are there other ways to execute this? Could this apply to elements that are not typically donors like noble gases, silicon, etc?

submitted by /u/wheniwalkthunder
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If someone with covid donates blood, could the virus spread through their donation to other people?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 11:21 PM PDT

What percentage of the current population is likely to be living with COVID-19 immunity after suffering it? How long would herd immunity take to reach?

Posted: 27 Sep 2020 06:19 AM PDT

Are there any data on what percentage the current population have had COVID-19 and are currently living with antibodies to protect against future attacks?

Is it anywhere close to what's necessary for herd immunity? If the spread can be contained so medical centres don't collapse under the pressure, assuming no valid vaccine is found, how long would herd immunity take to achieve?

submitted by /u/sc3nner
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The Grandparent Conundrum - Why does the math suggest that our population would have to be impossibly large for each of us to exist today?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 10:36 AM PDT

I've recently stumbled into an area of mathematics and ancestry that doesn't sync well with the knowledge that humans have been around for approximately 1M+ years and that our population level has only recently begun to spike. I'm hoping the community can help me reconcile this all.

The problem stems from the number of people who are required to bring about the next, subsequent generation. When considering what it took to bring me into existence, the numbers become impossibly large.

Example: For both my parents to exist, they each needed two sets of parents (4 people, my grandparents), and likewise for their parents to exist they would need 4 sets of parents (8 people, my great grandparents).

There is a doubling effect for each generation, expressed as 2X where "x" is the number of generations away from myself.

I've recently been researching my ancestry and realized that at least one branch of my tree can be traced back 15 generations. What I realized is that by the 15th generation, it would've taken 32,768 great15 grandparents to make the 16,384 children who would become my great14 grandparents. From there, 16,384 would bear 8,192 children and so forth all the way to my parents 21. That's a grand total of 65,532 grandparents over the course of 15 generations that were needed in order to produce the 2 parents necessary for me to come into existence.

That's obviously a lot of people and in a relatively short amount of time. If I make a rough estimate that each generation is separated by 25 years, then that means 15 generations ago was the late 1500s, which also lines up very well with the date of birth listed for my great15 grandfather in 1577. So, the estimated separation of 25 years is a reasonable approximation.

Now, what happens if we go back 30 generations? The math becomes impossibly large. 230 = 1,073,741,824, which means that I have this many great30 grandparents, and applying the same approximation as above, this puts us right around Viking times in the year 1200. And I don't believe the world population was even that high in this era. It was estimated to be less than 400M according to this.

Even more so, going back just 6 generations further, at generation 36 (approximately the year 1100), the number of grandparents at this generation and totaled with all grandparents of every generation subsequent to them brings the total number of people who are needed to create me to 137,438,953,470. This is larger than the estimated number of people who have ever lived on Earth.

So, please help. Where does this model break down? Obviously, there has not been this many people that existed in the last 1000 years, but I can't see how to reconcile this with the knowledge of a (seemingly unbreakable) constant that 2 parents much come before 1 child, always.

submitted by /u/domaniac321
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What degree of human interpretation is required for COVID-19 PCR test diagnosis?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 12:27 PM PDT

I guess the same might apply to other PCR tests (like STD tests and such).

I know that they involve some kind of DNA isolation, replication and identification. I was wondering what degree of human interpretation is required to get to a positive or negative diagnosis.

Is there a machine that just outputs the definitive, final result? Or is there a final step where a human needs to read some kind of output and make a determination out of it, perhaps with some kind of threshold? Or is it somewhere in between?

submitted by /u/TheKarmoCR
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How does alcohol and other drugs damage the liver?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 03:31 PM PDT

Background: based on my admitadlly shallow knowledge of the human body; the liver processes harmful substances like alcohol and other drugs. Long term abuse of drugs like alcohol can lead to permanent liver damage like cirrhosis.

My question is do we know how the damage process works? Is it like a preset volume of toxic substances before it stops working? For example 10000 beers before there liver goes, or is it based on other factors?

submitted by /u/House_Archer
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How do researchers interface with quantum computers?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 09:03 AM PDT

Given that quantum computers are still in the experimental phase, and there is no off-the-shelf hardware or peripherals to control and interface with them (I'm assuming), how do researchers working with them send commands and receive feedback? I'm guessing there's no monitor or GUI displaying data, or any plug & play peripherals.

submitted by /u/Icarus367
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I suspect this idea may have catastrophic secondary consequences, but could a deperate measure to reverse global warming potentially be to slowly seed and manage our atmosphere with something very reflective to reduce UV penetration that offsets the warming?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 08:34 AM PDT

how are bacteria weakened for vaccines?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 12:08 PM PDT

How much biomass is there at the end of extraction events?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 10:32 AM PDT

There was an article recently about the weight of biomass on the planet being half of what it was pre industrial revolution. Is there research on how much biomass there is before, during, near the end, and after the previous mass extinction events? Did the few surviving species make up for the loss in biomass of the recently extinct species or was in vastly smaller until new species evolved into the new niches?

submitted by /u/Boriss_13th_Child
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How Many Pions Are There Inside a Boron Nucleus?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 09:22 AM PDT

Hi, I'm trying to 3D model (in Blender) a boron atom (a boron trifluoride molecule actually) from quarks and gluons all the way up to valence electrons. I know there are 5 protons and 5 neutrons in boron's nucleus and I know that an exchange of pions between these hadrons keeps the protons from repelling each other electromagnetically. I understand that each proton is two up quarks and a down, each neutron is two downs and an up, and that each pion is an up and an anti-down. All I need to know is how to determine the number of pions inside the nucleus, holding the hadrons together. Is it the same as the atomic number? Twice the atomic number? One single pion per nucleus? I have no idea. Same for fluorine while we're at it. Please and thank you.

submitted by /u/ManWithDickForPenis
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The Earth was very warm millions of years ago, can't we adapt if global warming becomes out of control?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 07:21 AM PDT

Disclaimer: I'm a very pro-environment and we should do our best against the CO2 emissions.But I saw on "Paleoclimate" wikipedia page this graphic showing the average world temperature since the cambrian https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology#/media/File:All_palaeotemps.svgWe can see that between 50 to 10 millions of years ago the Earth was VERY warm much more than the 2 degrees that alarm scientists today, and we can also see that the hot times were the majority and the cold times the exception. That made me think, is the global warming that much of a problem? We could live in a world as hot as it was 20 millions of years ago, or not? If not, why not? How the Earth was back then? It was too different?

submitted by /u/raicorreia
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