Can you cross the beams of a uv laser and an infrared laser to make visible light? | AskScience Blog

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Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Can you cross the beams of a uv laser and an infrared laser to make visible light?

Can you cross the beams of a uv laser and an infrared laser to make visible light?


Can you cross the beams of a uv laser and an infrared laser to make visible light?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 09:09 PM PST

The underlying reason I was thinking about this is that I vaguely recall when I was taking an acoustics class in college that there was a concept of two soundwaves of different frequencies overlapping and creating another frequency. I am likely getting that part wrong, but whatever the concept was it made me wonder if the same could be true for light.

submitted by /u/SKRuBAUL
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Is there any molecules is space? I mean in the vacuum part of the space?

Posted: 03 Dec 2019 03:52 AM PST

I've learnt that there's absolutely nothing between us and the moon or basically anything till we reach their atmosphere and I'll be honest I just came up with this question out of the blue right now but I am curious, is there really nothing in space?

submitted by /u/sugondese_beh
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Can a sha512/md5 hash be reverse engineered that it can produce the original file?

Posted: 03 Dec 2019 05:44 AM PST

Sand that’s beneath the sand at the deepest part of the ocean - is it wet too or is it dry due to some kind of intense pressure barrier?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 10:33 PM PST

Is 'dopamine fasting' legit? What's the science behind it?

Posted: 03 Dec 2019 04:26 AM PST

"Proponents of dopamine fasting believe that we have become overstimulated by quick 'hits' of dopamine from things like social media, technology and food. They say that by deliberately avoiding these common stimulants – which we see as pleasurable activities – we can decrease the amount of dopamine in our brain. Then, after the fast, when we re-engage with these stimulants, we enjoy them more and our lives feel better."

submitted by /u/chernya
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With the power of interferometry and the like, is there still any advantage to constructing extremely large single-dish radio telescopes?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 11:14 PM PST

Science Discussion Series: We are a panel of scientists working on the biology of music and language, here to chat with you about how our brains accomplish the amazing feat of communicating through speech and music! Let’s discuss.

Posted: 03 Dec 2019 08:03 AM PST

Can anyone explain nuclear reactor breeding ratios? And a few other questions.

Posted: 03 Dec 2019 03:05 AM PST

I'm currently working on a mod for a video game (Factorio) which overhauls how nuclear energy in the game works. Partly I'm doing this because the game makers saw fit to make solar power seem like a better option for power at scale, and partly because if I end up being able to get people interested in nuclear energy, then all the better. I want to teach with my mod, but teach to a crowd that is mildly curious and utterly ignorant, so I am starting them off with crayons instead of 3d modeling software.

I've hit something of an understanding wall, where my google-fu and existing knowledge are insufficient to get me over the next hurdle of understanding. My mod is designed to have 3 reactors available for use by the player:

Tier 1: 500MWe (2GWth) LWR. Assume this is one of the very first gen I light water reactors. Inefficient, not many best practices or improvements. Only 25% efficient overall. Huge material cost due to vast amounts of concrete and steel needed to construct the pressure/biological safeties.

Tier 2: 1GWe, 33% overall plant efficiency. This is to be either a Gen III+ or IV sodium fast reactor design. Because of how the game works, much of the beauty of it being a breeder reactor design will have to be moved from the reactor core itself to the fuel reprocessing cycle. I assume oxide or metal fuel. Fundamentally, it doesn't seem like sodium fuel rods are that different from LWR rods, apart from the specifics of engineering them (material choices, shape, pins instead of pellets, separating u235/pu239 from u238 so that you get better breeding, etc).

Tier 3: 1.5GWe, 45% overall efficiency. This is meant to be a thorium fueled molten salt reactor (no I don't think it's the godsend some people think, but I do think it's a decent idea worth exploring, I eagerly await results from China and India). Two-fluid design such that it gets a breeding ratio > 1. This reactor will be the first (in the game) to use a high-temp gas for the turbine loop instead of steam. It will also feature an online fuel reprocessing facility built into the reactor site itself.

I have tier 1 pretty locked down. Documentation about how LWRs work is widely available, even to noobs like me. Tiers 2 and 3 are where I hit a few brick walls. With that, here is my wall of questions. You can pick and choose, answer them a few at at time, however you prefer. I just do better if I list everything I don't know because you can possibly save yourself a lot of time, or point out something I'm not considering. Note: None of these reactors are meant to generate anything but power. No weapons proliferation considerations.

  • In a thermal reactor, U238 seems to release around 1.68 TJ/Kg, and U235 seems to be closer to 80 TJ/Kg. Are these numbers sane / close?

  • In a fast reactor, U238 seems to release around 80.6TJ/Kg, and U235 releases around 79.6TJ/Kg. Sane numbers? For both thermal and fast, I'm happy with a sum energy output of the entire fuel cycle, rather than the energy for just the initial isotope fission.

  • I need some help wrapping my head around how best to represent breeding ratios. If I have a breeding ratio of 1.3, then I generate 30% more Pu239 (assuming u238 is what's being bred) than I burn. But...where does that go? When does it get burned? It's not as though the Pu239 that gets bred magically contains 30% more energy. And, it's not as though the reactor suddenly goes prompt critical because too much Pu239 gets bred (I assume this can happen, but operators and engineers work hard to ensure it doesn't!) Do I represent this with a higher fuel burnup rate between refueling? I'm really scratching my head on what to do with this one.

  • On the topic of burnup rates, it seems like 3% is a decent rate for LWR (sort of a median rate), 15% is decent for sodium fast reactors (upper end of the range), but I can't find anything for molten salt reactors. Some places claim 100% burnup, but that's impossible even with online reprocessing. I assumed 80%, but do you know a better number? Are my LWR/Sodium reactor numbers sane/in the right ballpark?

  • Similar to the breeding ratio above, does the burnup number already factor in any breeding ratio? If so...I haven't done calculus in a decade. I'm not up to solving the differential equation(s) for the relation between burnup and breeding ratio (if there is one). Is there an approximation that would be 'good enough' rather than precise? (think newtonian physics vs general relativity)

  • How much fuel (mass) is loaded in a typical LMR and MSR? I can't seem to find any data. The nearest ton, or even 10-tons would be fine. I try to scale the recipes in-game to take a reasonable amount of material. I can't find any data like I can with LWRs.

Thanks for your time and consideration.

submitted by /u/mytwentythredditid
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In strong nuclear force interactions, is there attraction or repulsion between a color and the anti-particle of another color?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 02:27 PM PST

So, say a red quark and an anti-blue quark. Or a green quark and an anti-red. Would there be attraction or repulsion? Or no force at all?

submitted by /u/donovanBast
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How can you tell composition of minerals?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 10:15 PM PST

How do people identify minerals just by looking at certain rocks or knowing their source? I guess that comes with experience but do we have a resource where one can reference stuff that they find in natural world to figure out their composition?

submitted by /u/NonElectricalNemesis
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If we found an organism claimed to be an alien, what would be the biological markers we could check to verify it is extraterrestrial, as opposed to a hitherto unknown terrestrial species?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 06:13 AM PST

Why does Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) only affect the nervous system and the skin (both deriving from the ectoderm)?

Posted: 03 Dec 2019 01:20 AM PST

Neurofibromin 1 is a protein encoded by the the tumor suppressor gene NF1 which negatively regulates the activity of Ras. Mutation of this gene are associated with type 1 Neurofibromatosis, an autosomal dominant disease. By controlling the expression of neurofibromin 1 protein in the various tissues no particular discrepancies are observed: the neurofibromin 1 protein is expressed approximately on the same quantity in all tissues. Whereas Neurofibromatosis type 1 causes problems such as coffee-milk spots, Lisch's iris nodules, freckles and multiple neurofibromas, how is it possible that only nervous system and the skin are affected?

I tried to consult the scientific literature about it not finding the answer to this question. If someone had the answer could you please also send me the link where it is explained?

submitted by /u/coledoco
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Since the Earths orbit is elliptical shouldnt the seasons be slightly shorter or longer?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 11:25 PM PST

Does the elliptical orbit cause a sort of "slingshot" effect that increases acceleration? I've noticed that spring and fall seem to last a bit longer but that could be due to geographical location (Massachusetts)

submitted by /u/lilyungxrist
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Why doesn't the proton in a hydrogen atom have energy levels like the electron does, or does it?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 07:39 PM PST

I recently learned about the 3D solution to the Schrodinger equation for hydrogen and it was all focused on the electron. The proton experiences the same potential so it seems like it would have the same solution but with a different mass and radii (distance to the barycenter of the atom?).

submitted by /u/LittleJohnnyNations
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Why do Mercury and Venus spin slowly, but not the Earth?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 09:38 PM PST

So, Mercury and Venus have long days and short years because they're close to the sun.

Why don't we have a similarly long day? Or even, why did the ratio of day to year jump to drastically?

submitted by /u/Ormith
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I have a cube of copper with a wire coming out of both sides. If I connect the cube to a source of power, what pattern would the electrons make in the cube as it flowed across?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 05:17 PM PST

Is the y male chromosome dominant over x or are they codominant?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 09:54 AM PST

Does Inverse Compton-Scattering result in reflection and refraction?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 08:05 PM PST

While thinking about what happens during reflection/refraction I've come across Fermat's principle then Hugyen's principle and some papers. It appears to me that reflection and inverse compton scattering are the same thing. Is this true?

submitted by /u/actinotroch
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What causes the delay in between contamination by ionizing radiation and the severe symptoms?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 07:13 PM PST

I was reading about the effects of radiation after rewatching the Chernobyl HBO series was wondering why is there a latency period where you seem fine before the harsher symptoms settle. Couldn't find any satisfactory explanation while searching. Was hoping you could help.

Sorry if this is the wrong flair, wasn't sure which to use...

submitted by /u/JackMcSnek
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Why do stars expand?

Posted: 02 Dec 2019 08:11 AM PST

So the way I understand it, the size of a star is stable due to an equilibrium between gravity pulling matter in, and nuclear fusion pushing matter out.

I'd like to know:

1) How/why does the star switch fuel source to Helium (when it wasn't being fused before)?

2) Why does this transition result in the star expanding?

3) How is this new process maintained after the expansion, stabilizing into a new steady state of Helium consumption (specifically, how is it stable at a larger radius)?

Also, i feel if i could see a free energy diagram for Hydrogen/ Helium fusions, that'd go a long way to help the explanation. So bonus פpoints if you can link em!

submitted by /u/SymphoDeProggy
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