How are quantum computers actually implemented? | AskScience Blog

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Thursday, November 15, 2018

How are quantum computers actually implemented?

How are quantum computers actually implemented?


How are quantum computers actually implemented?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 09:26 AM PST

I have basic understanding of quantum information theory, however I have no idea how is actual quantum processor hardware made.

Tangential question - what is best place to start looking for such information? For theoretical physics I usually start with Wikipedia and then slowly go through references and related articles, but this approach totally fails me when I want learn something about experimental physics.

submitted by /u/kubazz
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Stupid question, If there were metal buildings/electronics more than 13k+ years ago, would we be able to know about it?

Posted: 15 Nov 2018 12:14 AM PST

My friend has gotten really into conspiracy theories lately, and he has started to believe that there was a highly advanced civilization on earth, like as highly advanced as ours, more than 13k years ago, but supposedly since a meteor or some other event happened and wiped most humans out, we started over, and the only reason we know about some history sites with stones buildings, but no old sites of metal buildings or electronics is because those would have all decomposed while the stone structures wouldn't decompose

I keep telling him even if the metal mostly decomposed, we should still have some sort of evidence of really old scrap metal or something right?

submitted by /u/TwitchyFingers
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How does the new kilogram work?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 10:38 PM PST

Scientists are voting to redefine the kilogram using physical constants rather than the arbitrary block of metal we use now. Here's an article about it: https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/11/14/18072368/kilogram-kibble-redefine-weight-science

From what I understand, this new method will allow us to generate "reference" kilogram masses by using fancy balances anywhere in the world. I'm confused how we can use the constant speed of light to do this. The speed of light in a vacuum is constant, but doesn't the time component change depending on the local gravity and speed? Wouldn't that mean that reference masses would vary slightly, depending on the gravity and the speed at that particular facility, according to general and special relativity? Is this canceled out somehow, or is it just so small that it's still an improvement in precision over what we have now?

submitted by /u/halberdierbowman
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How deep does dirt go?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 05:25 PM PST

I am imagining minecraft, so this is probably a stupid question. But if I went to my backyard and got a shovel, how far would I go before I hit stone? Or is there even stone under? Earth science in high school covered types of rocks and and layers n stuff, but doesn't tell us where things are.

Are the tectonic plates made of rock? The education system has failed me, please help

E: so from what I'm getting - my education on earth science sucked. I loved physics and biology (chemistry sucked), but my "earth science" class was just "here are types of rocks. Here are the planets, good luck". From what I understand- it varies, bedrock isnt under 60+meters of stone as some childhood video games led me to believe, but could be 10-40ft below dirt. I think in my area, there is clay under me (my dad dug 6' holes for fence posts, and only got thick red stuff [probably clay]).

Thank you for all the help, I was up late at night and semi delerious when I got on this thought path, but I appreciate you all taking the time to answer :)

submitted by /u/Lorde_Farquad
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Where do meteorites gain their velocity?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 11:23 PM PST

A recent news article states that a plasma's temperature, for self-sustaining fusion, needs to be around 100 million C - but the core of the Sun is only around 15 million C. Why does a plasma's temperature need to be so high for fusion to work? And why not for the Sun?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 02:38 PM PST

The article in question is here: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-15/china-attempts-to-create-an-artificial-sun/10495536.

I get that the temperature must be high enough to generate a plasma, but to the best of my knowledge plasmas start forming in the 10,000 C range.

submitted by /u/Niccolo101
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Is it possible for a particle to be made of only neutrons?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 07:01 PM PST

I've recently learned the functions and such of an atom, and was wondering if it would be possible for a particle to be made of only neutrons, and what would be the implications of such a particle?

submitted by /u/AnxiousMirror
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Can a recessive gene evolve into a dominant one after generations?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 04:35 PM PST

How come our bodies can break down so many proteins but keratin is a big no no?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 04:34 PM PST

How do atoms 'share' electrons?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 12:31 PM PST

I understand that they do it to gain stability, but how does it actually happen? As I understand it, electrons orbit around a nucleus, so how do electrons orbit around two nuclei at the same time?

submitted by /u/Grits-
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Could there be a new quantum field that is not interacting in its vacuum state, but would be given high enough excitation?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 04:30 PM PST

What happens during elastic electron collisions with a surface?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 04:29 PM PST

I'm confused with what happens during elastic electron collisions with a surface. An example of what I am talking about would be back-scattered electrons in an SEM. There are representations of this I have seen that shows an electron "sling-shotting" around the nuclei, but this is an incorrect representation because that would cause the electron to produce bremsstrahlung x-rays, thus the interaction would not be an elastic collision. I was told that the electron "bounces" off the nuclei like a ball bouncing off a wall, but that explanation does not satisfy me. What force repels the electron away from the nuclei? Is it just electrostatic forces? Would an electron getting that close to the nuclei violate the pauli exclusion principle?

submitted by /u/PopularPlanet
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Can dogs (and cats) tell that human babies belong to "their" human?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 11:05 AM PST

Like, if parents bring home their newborn, can the dog/cat smell the newborn and "know" that the baby came from the parents?

I've tried googling it, and a lot of what I've found is specifically about how to introduce your pets to your new baby/do animals know what a baby is, and while that's interesting, that's not quite what I'm looking for?

I assume that a human baby would, presumably, smell like whoever is holding them most often, but do humans have an inherent "smell", and is that passed on in a way that dogs/cats can understand to the best of their abilities?

submitted by /u/loracarol
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After a vasectomy, where does the stem go after an ejaculation?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 08:46 AM PST

If the tube it self Is cut and there is now a open tube that's sitting in the sac, then the sperm would still come out but only into the sac wouldn't it? And even is it was closed somehow, then wouldn't a buildup of sperm cause a problem? Eventually an extremely high amount of pressure of the sperm would break through whatever closed the tube. And then you'd be back to the situation of having sperm floating in the sac.

submitted by /u/Noahwar97
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Why are Lauric-based surfactants preferred instead of Oleic/Stearic-based surfactants?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 08:38 AM PST

In the cosmetics industry, more than 70% of personal soaps that are used today have sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium laureth sulfate as the main cleansing agent, but why is that the case? Lauric acid based soaps are often derived from tropical plant sources, like coconut and palm oils.

I have seen next to no information about the cleansing power or just the general properties of ethoxylated oleic and stearic based cleansers. Oleic acid is the primary acid that can be found in plenty of oils, like soybean, canola, olive etc. Stearic acid can be made from oleic acid by hydrogenation, turning it from an unsaturated to a saturated fatty acid, giving it more cleansing power. Wouldn't it be more economical and less consuming to use those fatty acids in soap making instead of lauric acid based soaps? And as a added question, why is there so little information on oleic based surfactants?

submitted by /u/M_An_M
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How does dark matter affect galactic orbital speed?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 06:03 AM PST

I've been reading about the history of the Dark Matter theory and the evidence for it due to galactic spin speeds.

The way it is phrased in many articles is "without dark matter the stars would spin away, and the galaxy would rip apart." I understand this, but wouldn't this simplistic version of the evidence be answered by simply increasing the mass of the Galactic Core?

My current understanding is that the stars don't just orbit faster than expected, but the Acceleration Curve (the amount the orbital speed decreases with distance from the center) is shallower than expected, i.e. stars distant from the center move too fast relative to stars near the center for any possible mass of the Galactic Core. Is that correct?

Finally, if the above is true, I find it hard to visualize. As a hypothetical, if dark matter were visible dust would that mean the Galaxy would be a big dust cloud with a few stars speckled in it and the whole thing would be rotating at a more constant speed because the gravitation of the giant dust cloud would offset the mass of the Galactic Core?

I guess I don't understand why having mass everywhere would make the whole thing spin faster unless the center is also more massive. If, for example, our solar system was filled with gas or dust, would we be orbiting the Sun at a noticeably different speed? I'd almost expect the opposite. Forgetting about friction, wouldn't the gas past the orbit of the Earth be slowing it's orbit down, not speeding it up?

submitted by /u/ovideos
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What happens to photons when they get absorbed by particles? What do they transform into? And do the particles ever get saturated?

Posted: 14 Nov 2018 10:26 AM PST

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