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Friday, November 30, 2018

the ISS is a pretty well closed system. Every astronaut has brought their own microbiome, do we know anything about what they leave behind and what survives?

the ISS is a pretty well closed system. Every astronaut has brought their own microbiome, do we know anything about what they leave behind and what survives?


the ISS is a pretty well closed system. Every astronaut has brought their own microbiome, do we know anything about what they leave behind and what survives?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 10:41 AM PST

It would be pretty cool to know which strains of microflora were brought aboard & by whom. I would imagine some stick around for a long time & some disappear as soon as a particular astronaut leaves.

Is the air and dust in the ISS just as alive and diverse as on earth? If you took all the people out of the ISS what would the ecosystem look like? If you left food out would one or two strains ultimately dominate or would there be constant flux?

I'm just curious about what microflora might do on a spaceship. Is every nook and cranny going to be overgrown with fungus after 10 years? I'd love to hear any speculation, wild or not.

Thanks askscience

submitted by /u/mule_roany_mare
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Why does a phase to phase electrictrical contact result in an explosion?

Posted: 30 Nov 2018 06:07 AM PST

I'm looking for the actual physics of why this occurs.

In regards to a three phase system, when you connect A and B phase, or B and C or A and C this results in an explosion in the transformer.

Why is that?

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It is estimated that there are between 1-10 quadrillion ants on Earth. How did we come to that number?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 09:24 PM PST

What's the average gap distance between current collectors in Supercapacitors?

Posted: 30 Nov 2018 08:06 AM PST

Studying various high capacitance Supercapacitor designs, it seems that the area of the electrode plates are large, and the gap-distance between those elements are quite small, however, what is the average gap-distance measured to be?

Some source cite it to be "order of a few ångströms" or a few micrometers.

To clarify: The gap distance "d" is the same variable used in the capacitance equation, the distance between the two plates.

submitted by /u/9tothe9
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Do protons and neutrons have the same mass, or are they slightly different?

Posted: 30 Nov 2018 05:45 AM PST

Because in beta decay, a neutron is converted to a proton and an electron, so I thought they might be different.

Also, as a follow-up, is the mass of a proton plus the mass of an electron equal to the mass of a neutron or are there other particles in play?

submitted by /u/Sunov
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What do the "L-", "D-", "R-" and "S-" prefixes for molecules mean?

Posted: 30 Nov 2018 04:15 AM PST

for example, there is L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid, and I don't understand what the difference between the two is

submitted by /u/gedankenlos
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Why does depth of field in cameras decrease with an increase in aperture?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 08:22 PM PST

Are there any male-specific consequences of being underweight?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 04:15 PM PST

Most websites talk about the deleterious effects of being underweight on women - such as irregular menstruation and decreased bone density - but I was wondering how much of the health consequences of being underweight in women overlaps with men, and if there are any male-specific consequences of being underweight. Or are there no male-specific consequences of being underweight?

submitted by /u/KalaArtemisia
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The human heart is asymmetrical, which is why it is felt more easily on the left side of the chest (fairly consistently in humans). During fetal development, what signals do the individual cells use to "know" which side is left vs. right while differentiating to make the organ?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 07:41 PM PST

I've been thinking about this topic, and it makes sense how cells can "know" (please excuse the terminology) up from down, as there is gravity. However, in making asymmetrical organs such as the heart, how do the cells distinguish left from right before differentiating to develop the organ?

submitted by /u/ladychad
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Does the spin of all the particles in an atom's nucleus face the same way? If so, does this also affect the electrons?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 10:34 PM PST

How does blowing on something cool it off? Is it different for solids vs liquids or is the overall premise the same?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 06:36 PM PST

Do mosquitoes have a preferred blood type?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 10:19 AM PST

I'm asking because I'm usually the one in my dorm that gets surrounded by mosquitoes while my friends are relatively better off. Is it because of my blood type or does body odor has something to do with it?

submitted by /u/BiskyFrisket
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After light slows traveling through a medium, does it accelerate back to c upon reentering a vacuum or does it remain the same velocity as it was the moment it exited the medium?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 11:51 AM PST

If there are so many satellites and more orbiting around the earth, how can we ensure that they not collide?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 09:40 AM PST

First post yay

submitted by /u/Lmntron
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How does the perception of spice scale?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 01:12 PM PST

With the YouTube show Hot Ones, the host and guest eat increasingly spicier wings as the interview goes on.

Why does it seem that the 100k-300k Scoville range hits much harder than the 1m-2m Scoville range?

submitted by /u/PHealthy
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Why do clear plastics turn milky white when twisted or bent?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 02:18 PM PST

Like when you twist a plastic water bottle and it turns that milky whitish color, why is that?

submitted by /u/bww1380
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If the theory is that Life On Earth started with some primordial chemical reactions accidentally triggered, then is it possible that in the billions of years that have passed we have had this happen again and we have multiple roots for life?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 07:13 AM PST

How do gut microbes get passed from mother to child if the microbes live in the intestines and the baby passes through the vagina?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 09:25 AM PST

Wouldn't it be different microbes in the vagina vs the gut? If not, why/how do those same microbes get to the vagina?

I understand that sometimes the mother defecates during pregnancy and that sometimes this is a method of inoculation, but seems like it doesn't always happen

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What are the advantages/disadvantages for an organism to having a small or a large number of chromosome pairs?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 09:54 AM PST

How many planets have we found like earth? And how many of them are in a good distance for us?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 10:00 AM PST

Thursday, November 29, 2018

How bright would Andromeda be if it were a quasar?

How bright would Andromeda be if it were a quasar?


How bright would Andromeda be if it were a quasar?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 11:43 PM PST

If there were only two objects in the universe, how would we know which is moving away from which? Or would we know?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 02:24 AM PST

Let's say in the whole universe there are only 2 stars and they are moving away from each other at different velocities. Would we know each star's velocity without the reference point of a 3rd object? If they are rotating around each other to the point where they are always the same exact distance from each other would we even know, or as far as we knew they would be considered to not be moving/not have any velocity?

If there were only one object in the universe, let's say me, am I effectively not moving, or would there be any way to tell I'm moving and in what direction?

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To what degree can lungs repair damage caused by smoking?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 02:11 PM PST

I'm wondering how this varies for different frequencies of smoking - and whether damage can repair at all. And, of course, how do you know/ what metrics are there, if any. Soz if wrong sub.

submitted by /u/Molotov_Is_Dead
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Why are horns / trumpets shaped the way that they are? How does the flair increase volume?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 05:47 PM PST

Are there predators in the microscopic world?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 10:47 PM PST

I've been thinking a lot about how life is sustained on earth by consuming. There are top predators all the way down the food chain such as this cat. I was wondering about microscopic world, are there any awesome predators in the microscopic world?

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Do we know anything of prehistoric fruits and vegetables?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 03:45 PM PST

Are there any fossils of plants that were once edible or could be edible by humans today?

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How do they isolate the exact antibodies they want for an immunoglobulin shot?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 09:37 PM PST

Apparently IVIG is just a bunch of random antibodies (which I'd also like to know how they separate that from blood).

The immunoglobulin shot is specific. HOW do they get the correct antibodies they want out?

submitted by /u/SecondTimePreggo
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Can two quanta interact with an electron at the same time in the photoelectric effect?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 03:29 AM PST

I was studying the photoelectric effect at school the other day and I was wondering if two photons that do not have enough energy to eject an electron on their own, can interact with the electron at the same time and extract it out of the metal; unfortunately the teacher didn't know the answer....and couldn't find a concrete answer on the web.

submitted by /u/Apaconcrack
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Is it possible to calibrate an optical instrument using the cosmic background radiation as a source?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 02:35 AM PST

Have any spacecraft instruments been calibrated against the 2.725K CBR? If so, what were the main issues that had to be solved to perform such operation? I was wondering specifically whether It'd be necessary to cool the instrument below that temperature to be able to effectively measure the CBR without noise.

submitted by /u/danilon62
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Why is Ca(OH) a bad conductor of electricity even though its a strong base ?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 01:01 AM PST

Why did steam locomotives not push the trains?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 02:10 PM PST

Steam locomotives produce a lot of smoke from the coal fire.
That used to be an issue for the passengers on the train, especially in tunnels. It meant that in the first wagons, it was impossible to open a window without getting black smoke inside.

So why weren't the engines pushing the train instead?

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Why is the electricity that sometimes pops from an electrical socket blue, but lightning is yellow? ⚡️

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 10:31 PM PST

Are venomous snakes immune to other snakes, or other kinds of snake’s, venom?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 03:58 PM PST

How can a pot plant live for years in the same soil without starving from eating all the nutrients in the soil?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 01:25 PM PST

What do we know about the origin of comets?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 11:11 PM PST

How do ice comets form, and how much do we know about where and how they were formed? What are the popular theories about this?

submitted by /u/BlueEyedGeekery
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In regards to the recent missionary who died trying to contact a remote tribe on Sentinel Island, much has been made about how he could have decimated the tribe with modern disease. Assuming administration was possible - would simple antibiotics mitigate this risk? If not, would modern medicine?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 01:10 PM PST

Do high electron affinities imply that materials are good conductors?

Posted: 29 Nov 2018 01:04 AM PST

How much natural gas is in a gas shale deposit?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 04:12 PM PST

I don't mean how much natural gas reserves are in shale deposits, but rather, what is the grade of a shale gas reserve? If you were able to dig out the shale deposit from underground and look at it independent of the surrounding rock, how many cubic feet of gas would you get out of every tonne or cubic meter of rock?

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Is ALS more common today than in the past?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 11:59 AM PST

I'm willing to consider the fact that we're just more aware of it as a society after the ice bucket challenge, but it seems much more common today.

submitted by /u/tuuper25
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What changes led to the massive polio outbreaks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 10:16 AM PST

Polio has been around for a long time, but this morning I learned that there weren't any (recorded) major outbreaks anywhere in the world before the mid-1800s...yet by the early 1900s there were paralytic outbreaks all over the world crippling thousands of children. I have been searching for explanations but, outside of a small number of anti-vax sites, I haven't found any (non-paywalled) attempts to explain what drove the switch from a slow drip of isolated cases to massive terrifying outbreaks.

So...what happened? Do scientists suspect that a more dangerous strain emerged? Some change environmentally or socially? What made poliovirus so much more scary in such a short period of time?

submitted by /u/djublonskopf
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If you had 2 glasses of water,one at 40°c and one at 0°c and left them out in a table in a room,would they both reach room temperature of 20°c at the same time?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 10:07 AM PST

Why is getting oxygen into the bloodstream bad?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 01:39 PM PST

I heard that doctors would squeeze the syringes to get air out because they don't want air in the blood stream, but why is getting oxygen in veins bad? If a doctor gets oxygen into the bloodstream, won't it just diffuse into the blood and oxygenate the blood?

submitted by /u/GangstaKev
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Wednesday, November 28, 2018

High-intensity ultrasound is being used to destroy tumors rather deep in the brain. How is this possible without damaging the tissue above?

High-intensity ultrasound is being used to destroy tumors rather deep in the brain. How is this possible without damaging the tissue above?


High-intensity ultrasound is being used to destroy tumors rather deep in the brain. How is this possible without damaging the tissue above?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 03:16 AM PST

Does this mean that it is possible to create something like an interference pattern of sound waves that "focuses" the energy at a specific point, distant (on the level of centimeters in the above case) from the device that generates them?How does this work?

submitted by /u/EPIC_BOY_CHOLDE
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For the universe, if the Big Bang were 12:00:00 on Jan 1, and the theorized Heat Death were 11:59:59 on Dec 31, what day/time is it now?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 08:38 PM PST

I know comparing the time that has passed to the time that will pass is a very large number, but that's very hard for most people including myself to imagine. I'm hoping if we put it on a calendar scale it'll help.

I mean, has it even been one minute yet?

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When battling a cold or flu, does taking drugs to ease symptoms impact recovery time?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 04:37 PM PST

It's my understanding that the symptoms of cold and/or flu virus infections (hot flushes, sweating, excess mucus production, inflammation, etc) are the body's attempts at trying to eliminate the virus, alongside the immune response. When we take drugs to try and help reduce those annoying symptoms (paracetamol, phenylephrine, etc), are we interfering with the healing process and ability to overcome the infection?

submitted by /u/NickEhlers
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Do other animal species experience the same right vs. left handed population differences as humans?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 03:43 PM PST

So the other day I was wondering if other animals exhibit hand dominance like humans and read that other primates, kangaroos, and a host of other animals show signs of handedness.

Then I started to think about human left handed trends, like how left-handed humans generally have shorter life spans and are GENERALLY more gifted in mathematics and music. In humans, there is a positive correlation between complications of birth and left handedness. Left handed humans are also more likely to break bones, get breast cancer, and suffer from heart disease.

Do other animal species see these same differences between their right and left handed populations?

I did a bit of digging and couldn't find anything myself, so I thought that you beautiful people maybe be able to help me out.

PS. This is more of a zoology question than biology but this is the closes tag I could find :/

submitted by /u/FunnyMemeName
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Would Fermat have understood Andrew Wiley's proof?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 06:25 AM PST

The math that Andrew Wiley used to prove Fermat's Last Theorem is more advanced than anything available in the 1600's.

Would Fermat have understood Wiley's proof? If not, doesn't a proof of the theorem have to use the "technology" available at the time in order to be considered valid?

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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 07:11 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Has the slightly unethical part of the science community found a specific spot to hit on your head in order to increase your math/science ability yet? Asking for a friend

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 06:32 AM PST

Completely hypothetical I promise

submitted by /u/-Noracked-
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What is the History of Defining Water's Boiling Point?

Posted: 28 Nov 2018 08:13 AM PST

I heard a story years ago that I am struggling to remember accurately and I can't find online. The gist was that some famous (perhaps Greek?) scientist estimated the boiling point of water to be 90°C (obviously they weren't actually using Celsius :) ). The next person to come along measured it at 100°C and said, "Oh, but so-and-so is a great scientist. I must be off. Maybe I'll just report that I think the boiling point of water is 92°C." The next guy measures 100°C and says, "Those other guys can't have missed by that much. Maybe I'll report that I think it's 93°C." And so on, until estimates converged to 100°C.

Does this ring a bell for anyone? I love the example as an illustration of systems learning slowly, for better or for worse, but I wish I knew both the details and the truth of the story. Any help is much appreciated.

submitted by /u/Doctor_Underdunk
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Why can we measure the diameter of a proton but not an electron? Do we have any proof that the electron has size rather than being a point particle?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 09:27 PM PST

I think for an isotope to be created, the neutron number has to change, but how? as in what causes an element to have different number of neutrons?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 10:59 PM PST

Why can’t we use food as energy?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 10:52 PM PST

We live off of food. All of our energy comes from food. All of our motion is fueled by the food we eat. And our body temperature is due to the burning energy we get from food. So why can't we use food to fuel other things like say a car. Why can our body tear food down to energy but we can't build a device that basically does what our body does, tear food down to energy.

submitted by /u/5dwolf20
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Why do we see hydrogen's spectral lines in absorption in the sun's spectrum?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 04:08 PM PST

Why are hydrogen's wavelengths missing from a star's spectra. Does it have something to do with the gas enveloping the sun?

submitted by /u/TheArmChairGen
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Why does food get crispy when you cook it longer?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 04:06 PM PST

For that matter what actually happens when you cook food? I hardly know anything about cooking, but I was making some food earlier and just had this thought. I really only think of it as heating food up, potentially combining ingredients and things along that nature. However I don't get why it would change just from heating it up. Can someone please explain.

submitted by /u/afediukov
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Out of my depth. My nephew is trying to figure out how a cell phone speaker works, what powers it, how does it connect so tiny? He's 14, how do I explain this?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 09:49 AM PST

He's interested in taking things apart. Right now he has an older phone I think it's an iPhone 6? He found the speaker assembly, and used ifixit to identify the other parts. But he wants to know how to make it work apart from the cell phone. How can he hook the speaker up so it plays from a bluetooth source? I have a soldering iron, but that's as useful as I can be.

Thanks for your help in advance!

submitted by /u/ProfessionalCranbery
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Why are higher energy levels clustered together?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 09:49 AM PST

When dealing with things like emission lines, you usually see something like this, with the higher n-values being spaced closer together. Why?

submitted by /u/StupidPHYS
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Is there any difference between the light that a flashlight makes to the light that the sun makes?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 10:04 AM PST

Is there any way to determine how high mountains used to be?

Posted: 27 Nov 2018 09:32 AM PST

I'm watching a documentary about Himalayas right now and it got me wondering: could there be a point during Earth's lifetime where the mountains were higher than they are now? If so, how could we know that?

submitted by /u/SwipySwoopShowYoBoob
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