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Thursday, July 5, 2018

How are fire works engineered?

How are fire works engineered?


How are fire works engineered?

Posted: 04 Jul 2018 07:36 PM PDT

How does one figure out how the pattern will spread and time it accordingly. And use the right mixture to attain color?

submitted by /u/newhorizon56
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How do Virtual Machines handle Memory Caches?

Posted: 05 Jul 2018 07:17 AM PDT

Let's say I have a multicore processor with three cache levels. On it, there is a hypervisor with two virtual machines running.

As I understood it the hypervisor kind of pretends to be a computer with smaller memory to each VM.

I also know that a cache is a faster and smaller type of memory, like RAM relates to the harddrive, but a cache can't be explicitly targeted by an application programmer. Does an operating system programmer handle cache accesses? Or is the cache behavior determined by a even lower level, like directly in hardware?

If the OS on one VM wants to write to the cache, does it tell the hypervisor "Hey I want to write to this specific line/address of my own virtual cache!"? A "virtual cache" sounds weird, because indirection is slow and caches are supposed to be fast. Also, when multiple VMs each have a dedicated space in the cache, these spaces would be rather small.

Therefore, maybe the VM doesn't concern itself with caches and just tells the hypervisor on which vitual adresses it wants to read and write and lets the hypervisor decide when and where to access a cache.

Probably I have misunderstood something about operating systems and it works differently altogether.

The background to this question is that I'm reading the paper "Flush & Reload" by Yarom and Falkner from 2014. They explain that the cache opens a side-channel, where information can leak from one process to another. They write that this also works for cross-VM attacks. I want to have a clearer understanding on how the caches of two VMs on the same host interact.

I would be grateful for even some pointers.

submitted by /u/JohannesWurst
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 04 Jul 2018 08:12 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What makes an object bendable?

Posted: 05 Jul 2018 07:46 AM PDT

What changes do interior facets make to an acoustic horn's sound?

Posted: 05 Jul 2018 07:17 AM PDT

I was looking at the Denman Exponential horn which is rectangular rather than circular and then I remembered that some gramophone horns have a faceted interior. What changes do these facets make to the sound?

submitted by /u/hypotune
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What is punctual prevalence? In the medical field I know what prevalence, point prevalence and lifetime prevalence is but I am coming across some articles citing punctual prevalence. What is the difference between these?

Posted: 05 Jul 2018 05:28 AM PDT

Do toxin effects stack, or are there diminishing returns at some point?

Posted: 05 Jul 2018 05:27 AM PDT

Depends on where it acts (liver, heart, cellular level) and a few other factors, I know, but (random example) let's assume we have a toxin 150mg of which are fatal after 10 hours without medical treatment, would using 450mg cut that down to 3ish or simply make those 10 suck way more symptom-wise?

submitted by /u/HirsutismTitties
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How is the regurgitation risk managed in emergency surgery?

Posted: 05 Jul 2018 05:02 AM PDT

When you have a general anaesthetic, you have to fast to reduce the risk of you vomiting and the potential to aspirate it. But if someone requires emergency surgery (car crash etc.), presumably they've eaten in the last 12 hours, so how is the vomiting risk managed?

submitted by /u/Skylarkien
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[[Physics]] What is the highest FPS (both captured and displayed) that can ever be achieved? What are the limiting factors?

Posted: 05 Jul 2018 03:19 AM PDT

What part of lightning does the thunder come from? Is it the bolt hitting the ground?

Posted: 04 Jul 2018 11:39 AM PDT

Paleontologists: How common is it for fossils to have significant marks caused by the excavation process?

Posted: 04 Jul 2018 11:55 AM PDT

Whenever I watch people digging it strikes me how easily fossils could be damaged. How do you know when to stop digging quickly and forcefully and start being more gentle?

submitted by /u/chubbygeodesic
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Can light be reflected exactly back onto it's original path in the opposite direction, and cancel itself out?

Posted: 04 Jul 2018 03:17 AM PDT

So if light is an EM wave, and just talking about the E-field here at a single point in space, then the E-field has one direction (traveling in line and not being redirected), though the E-field strength may vary over time.

If you reflect that same light back into that path, this means the E-field direction is opposite of original light, so is it possible to make the reflected light always have the same magnitude everywhere in that path as the original light to cancel everything out?

submitted by /u/yosimba2000
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Why does overdosing on pills cause Gastrointestinal bleeding?

Posted: 03 Jul 2018 08:46 PM PDT

How does Gastrointestinal bleeding work even?

Why is one of the major symptoms of overdosing on lets say Ibuprofen , or any other pills , Gastrointestinal bleeding , what do the pills do to cause that damage? As much info as possible would be appreciated :)

I dont know if this is an appropriate question , but I'm just really curious about it and I had no clue where else I could ask. :)

submitted by /u/NaziTookMyTurret
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Once it was feasible, how long did it take life to form on Earth?

Posted: 03 Jul 2018 07:55 PM PDT

While I can look up when the earliest evidence of life is, I've always wondered how long it took for life to form on Earth from the time it became possible.

So, at what point did the Earth have all the basics needed for life to arise? I'm thinking of the most obvious/common type of life -- whatever that might be -- rather than some unlikely form.

And then, at what point did it form? And on a universal scale of time, how quickly is that? I'm trying to get a sense of how likely life is based on how quickly it arose on Earth -- despite having only a single example of it happening.

submitted by /u/of_the
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Where does fat go when you burn it?

Posted: 03 Jul 2018 07:52 PM PDT

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