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Thursday, May 31, 2018

Why can't we perform a Pancreas transplant for those with Diabetes?

Why can't we perform a Pancreas transplant for those with Diabetes?


Why can't we perform a Pancreas transplant for those with Diabetes?

Posted: 31 May 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Why are battery-powered devices such as phones fully operational all the way until 0% charge while flashlights lose functionality the lower the battery gets?

Posted: 30 May 2018 06:52 PM PDT

How long does someone have to remain on immunosuppressants for after receiving a transplant?

Posted: 31 May 2018 06:54 AM PDT

Would the body "get used" to the transplanted organ, or would you have to stay on immunosuppressants for the rest of your life? Wouldn't that cause serious quality of life issues?

submitted by /u/Rob-With-One-B
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Can an electrical device be powered using only negative voltage?

Posted: 31 May 2018 05:41 AM PDT

I know that one can convert an AC voltage to positive and negative DC voltage, and one can combine the two to obtain different voltages (for instance, +12vdc and -5vdc will give you +17vdc). So, what if I had a device that would provide me with -5vdc, and a ground? Could I then plug the ground into a USB's Vin, and the -5vdc to the USB's ground and power a USB device? Or is there some reason that this won't work? If there is, what is the reason?

submitted by /u/PuddlesRex
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Can we detect rogue black holes?

Posted: 31 May 2018 01:06 AM PDT

So we can now, reliably, detect gravitational waves from merging black holes, and even merging neutron stars. But what about black hole - black hole encounters that resulted in one of the pair being ejected out into space? Wouldn't the tremendous velocity of an infinitely dense object dragging through space-time exude it's own gravitational waves?

submitted by /u/Riven55555
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Do people weigh differently in different areas on earth?

Posted: 30 May 2018 05:59 PM PDT

Since the earth is not a perfectly round sphere, different areas on earth must have varying depths of minerals and other elements underground which may affect the gravitational pull of the core of different areas. Would this mean if I weighed the same in one place and I moved to a country on the other side of the world I would weigh differently even if my mass is indifferent?

submitted by /u/Bezelkk
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Is the Axis of the Sun moving in relation to the Milky Way?

Posted: 31 May 2018 12:16 AM PDT

Is our solar system changing its plane in relationship to the rest of the galaxy as we revolve around the galaxy core?

submitted by /u/WeHoRaveLife
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Why are copper and gold brightly colored when most metallic elements, even chemically similar elements, are silvery-gray?

Posted: 30 May 2018 01:45 PM PDT

Why are certain elementary particles considered elementary if they decay?

Posted: 31 May 2018 12:01 AM PDT

Looking at a list of all the elementary particles in the standard model, the charm quark, strange quark, top quark, bottom quark, muon, tauon, W boson, Z boson, and Higgs boson all quickly decay into other particles. So why are they considered elementary particles? Why isn't the W boson considered a composite particle of an electron/antineutrino or positron/neutrino? Why isn't the top quark considered a composite particle made up of a W boson and a bottom quark?

submitted by /u/Popopopper123
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How do they date trees that are thousands of years old? Surely they cant just cut it open and count the rings?

Posted: 30 May 2018 12:43 PM PDT

Did the constructions of the Suez canal and Panama canal have any noticeable effects on the global climate?

Posted: 30 May 2018 03:53 PM PDT

A lot of our climate is dependent on the ocean, iirc past opening and closing of waterways through shifting plate tectonics caused pretty vast climate changes. So would the opening of two canals, which both connect to new oceans cause any significant change?

submitted by /u/Geese-surf-the-net
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How does a plant keep track of large amounts of time? Not day/night. For eg. Kurinji plant in Western ghats of South India blooms every 12 years with consistency.

Posted: 30 May 2018 10:55 AM PDT

It is predictable enough that Govt. has put up ads for tourists to watch this in July 2018. Swathes of hills get blanketed by this blue flowers.

submitted by /u/nosanto
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How "bright" is WiFi?

Posted: 30 May 2018 01:06 PM PDT

Assuming you could convert 100% of the amount of energy that the signal contains and convert it entirely to a certain wavelength of visible light how would that compare to a common bulb or led? Please consider a home series wireless N variety access point, and if possible give us a comparison to a lightbulb, christmas light, etc.

submitted by /u/llamalease
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What makes Ferromagnetism and Paramagnetism dominant over Diamagnetism?

Posted: 31 May 2018 01:34 AM PDT

How did the Apollo 11 crew pass through the Van Allen radiation belt and why can't ot be done today to enhance research in deep space?

Posted: 30 May 2018 11:05 AM PDT

How did we come to realize that some planets are gaseous while others are not?

Posted: 30 May 2018 02:32 PM PDT

Meteorologists, how is there a difference between the actual temperature and the “feels like” temperature my weather app shows?

Posted: 30 May 2018 11:07 AM PDT

Why would Gaddafi implementing the African Gold Dinar have destabilized the American dollar?

Posted: 30 May 2018 02:45 PM PDT

It was supposed to be a currency backed by the value of gold and used by all African countries. I've read that it would have helped out the African economy immensely, and also ruined the American one.

Why would it only significantly affect the USD? Or do I only think that because I'm reading US written articles? Or is it to do with Libya's considerable oil reserves?

submitted by /u/chiron42
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Along what axis are polarized sunglasses polarized, and why?

Posted: 30 May 2018 02:27 PM PDT

How do they vary wattage in incandescent light bulbs?

Posted: 30 May 2018 04:23 PM PDT

I understand that standard US incandescent bulbs are receiving 120v from my wall socket directly and I know that reducing the resistance can raise the wattage, but how do they do this? Is it a thicker filament? Different material? Longer filament?

In the same regard, can I buy an incandescent bulb in the USA and put it in a European lamp in Europe or will the bulb burn out from the higher base voltage coming from the wall?

submitted by /u/NorthboundFox
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 30 May 2018 08:12 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Wednesday, May 30, 2018

Is long exposure necessary in taking pictures of "deep space" and if so, how come?

Is long exposure necessary in taking pictures of "deep space" and if so, how come?


Is long exposure necessary in taking pictures of "deep space" and if so, how come?

Posted: 29 May 2018 06:44 PM PDT

If I had a quality telescope, and just zoomed into the general direction of the centre of the Milky Way, say, and took a quick photo, would I be able to see the centre in good quality?

Edit: hoh, this blew up. Thanks for the responses! Now I know how it's done haha

submitted by /u/TheSovietColossus
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Why is it that when you feel mildly sick from dehydration, within merely the time it takes to drink water, you almost instantly feel better? Is it a psychosomatic case, or is the body that effective at taking in water?

Posted: 30 May 2018 05:01 AM PDT

Why do you need to refrigerate some sealed foods after opening? Doesn’t the temperature matter even when it’s sealed?

Posted: 29 May 2018 05:26 PM PDT

Are submarines vulnerable to storms on the sea?

Posted: 30 May 2018 03:25 AM PDT

Is your brain able to make sense of the situation if one gets shot in the head? Is there any time between impact and death?

Posted: 29 May 2018 01:22 PM PDT

Title. Might be a bit too macabre to post here. I don't know. I'm wondering if a brain has time to process anything if it gets completely destroyed, like in an explosion or something.

submitted by /u/_Surge
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Why does an ideal fuel:air mixture not burn completely, in practice? Why do the "lean" mixtures used in road vehicles not burn completely, either? Is there leftover oxygen, as well? If so, why is secondary air injection needed? Thanks.

Posted: 29 May 2018 08:37 AM PDT

How were photographs sent back to earth from early satellites?

Posted: 29 May 2018 09:21 PM PDT

Digital cameras as we know them didn't exist in the late 1940s and 1950s, but I can't imagine that film was just ejected out of a satellite on a one way trip out of orbit and was expected to make it back to earth, much less survive reentry.

submitted by /u/beau0628
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How, and where do you find promethium?

Posted: 30 May 2018 02:13 AM PDT

Why aren't white objects mirrors?

Posted: 30 May 2018 12:33 AM PDT

If white objects reflect all light, then why don't they act like mirrors? Only think I can think of is maybe that white objects are "messy" in the way they reflect light? Like the reflections go in different directions but I don't know if that's right or if there's maybe a better explanation.

And similarly, why are mirrors silver in color but reflect seemingly all light?

submitted by /u/PatrioTech
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Could somebody please better explain the difference between the speed of electricity through a conductor and an electron’s drift velocity?

Posted: 29 May 2018 10:11 PM PDT

How is it that an electron's energy can travel at nearly the speed of light but it physically take an electron an hour to make it across a meter long conductor? This confuses me.

submitted by /u/spooker11
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Does the Arthur–Merlin protocol in Complexity Theory have any connection with probabilistic "proofs" such as the Miller-Rabin Primality Test?

Posted: 30 May 2018 05:31 AM PDT

Scott Aaronson refers to the MA complexity class as being about probabilistic proofs. Does this mean things such as probabilistic proofs of primality, such as Miller-Rabin, or is it referring to something completely different?

submitted by /u/Jooseman
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Do you need a nervous system to get tired (i.e. experience tiredness)?

Posted: 30 May 2018 03:54 AM PDT

Can plants get tired? My rock looks tired. Is my rock tired though? What about my walls - are they tired?

submitted by /u/MisterShizno
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Why do manual transmission cars typically have 5-6 instead of 7-8?

Posted: 29 May 2018 01:11 PM PDT

Wouldn't it be more efficient, especially at high speed, to have a larger gear ratio?

With that said, isn't it common for automatic transmission cars to be "7-8 speed"?
Why are larger gear ratios more common to automatic transmission vehicles?

submitted by /u/StormwindChampion_
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How does testosterone make people become sexually attracted to others?

Posted: 29 May 2018 11:04 PM PDT

I remember the day I started liking the opposite sex, but I don't understand how testosterone goes from my gonads to my brain to doing something in my brain that makes me start noticing figures and long legs.

What does testosterone do once it reaches my brain that makes me like the opposite sex?

submitted by /u/Greybleak
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How does the size of an atom change as you move through the periodic table?

Posted: 29 May 2018 08:06 PM PDT

I know that the mass of an atom is due primarily to the nucleus and the make up of its nucleus determines the atomic number. Since mass and density goes up as we go along the periodic table, I would assume that the overall volume of the atom itself must not increase in a linear way. i.e. an atom with 10 times the mass of hydrogen is not 10 times the volume. My question is this, if a hydrogen atom were the size of a baseball, how big would some of the other atoms be? (C, Au, U, etc.)

submitted by /u/cpawoodwork2
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Is there any way to describe the right-handedness of a coordinate system without resorting to hands?

Posted: 29 May 2018 11:43 AM PDT

How does the umbilical cord form?

Posted: 29 May 2018 10:23 PM PDT

Why do we not know the exact 3-dimensional structure of the scrapie form of prion protein yet we know the proportion of alpha and beta sheets within its structure?

Posted: 29 May 2018 09:27 PM PDT

How do people create "x-ray videos"?

Posted: 29 May 2018 09:14 PM PDT

I am wondering how people get x-ray images that are videos. From how I understand normal x-rays work, it seems that a video would be impossible, and with my understanding of radiation exposure, probably be giving them cancer anyway. How would you take a video and not give the person involved cancer?

example of what I am talking about here.

submitted by /u/ModernAtomX
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Is pH What Determines What Is an Antioxidant/Oxidant?

Posted: 29 May 2018 01:18 PM PDT

Processed cocoa is cocoa that has been alkalized. It is said that it doesn't have as much antioxidative capability.

Are all these "antioxidants in health"-publications just exploring the pH of the body?

In other words, whats the difference between pH and a measure like ORAC?

submitted by /u/citruskeptic1
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Tuesday, May 29, 2018

Does washing off fruits and vegetables before eating them actually remove much of the residual preservatives and/or pesticides?

Does washing off fruits and vegetables before eating them actually remove much of the residual preservatives and/or pesticides?


Does washing off fruits and vegetables before eating them actually remove much of the residual preservatives and/or pesticides?

Posted: 28 May 2018 10:07 PM PDT

Does radioactive decay reduce an object's mass?

Posted: 28 May 2018 10:25 AM PDT

I've been trying to understand e=mc2 and one implication of that seems to be that emitting radiation (energy) would mean that an object's mass decreases. At least on a theoretical level, maybe not measurably. Is this the case? If not, how can that be reconciled with the equation?

submitted by /u/ds1749320
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Is there a limit to how strong magnets can be? Or can we make stronger and stronger magnets with technological development/resources?

Posted: 28 May 2018 03:20 PM PDT

If there is a limit, what sets it? If not, what is needed for a stronger magnet?

submitted by /u/jonsins42
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How do firefighters put out fire on top floors of skyscrapers?

Posted: 29 May 2018 05:32 AM PDT

I mean, they can't possibly have 50-floor ladders

submitted by /u/Gaumir
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How do we know the percentages of life that were wiped out in mass extinctions?

Posted: 29 May 2018 07:27 AM PDT

I did a little digging in the sub(and Google) but couldn't find a question like this. How would we know that the Permian extinction wiped out roughly 90% of the planets population for example? From what I understand most of the fossilized remains we have recovered only represent a practically non-existent percentage of life that has existed throughout history. How can we even estimate current extinction rates, I haven't seen a list of the supposed dozens of extinctions occurring daily?(Though if they exist I would be very interested in seeing it)

submitted by /u/Dabaus94
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Can single-cell organisms get cancer?

Posted: 28 May 2018 11:40 AM PDT

After element 20, the neutrons begin to outnumber the protons in stable isotopes. Why do they need the extra neutrons?

Posted: 28 May 2018 01:00 PM PDT

If sunscreen absorbs UV light, does that mean that sunscreen makes you warmer?

Posted: 28 May 2018 02:34 PM PDT

I have read that what makes sunscreen work is partly that it absorbs UV light. As everyone knows, objects in colours that absorbs visible light gets warmer in the sun (like a black t-shirt). Does that mean that you get warmer in the sun with sunscreen than without?

submitted by /u/mountwebs
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Why is forming a chemical bond described as exothermic, whilst it appears to be endothermic?

Posted: 28 May 2018 10:16 PM PDT

Little bit of background info: Currently I study UK A-Level Chemistry and physics, so please don't expect too much.

Recently, when studying energetics (enthalpy changes, bonding, etc.) I noticed what appeared to be contradicting statements.

For chemical bonding, in terms of energetics, we are taught exclusively that bond breaking is endothermic, and bond forming is exothermic (in all cases).

This however contradicts other information that I have read in terms of bonding within carbon; that is that when carbon forms four covalent bonds, the electrons in the 2s sub-shell move to the (higher energy) 2p sub-shell making a hybrid orbital with four electrons.

If electrons move to a higher energy level to allow bonds to form, such an interaction would require energy to be taken in by electrons to be in an excited state, and therefore be endothermic.

It is taught in our syllabus however, that bond forming is exothermic.

I have no doubt that my syllabus is correct, but could someone offer an explanation as to why this is the case?

I asked both of my chemistry teachers, yet couldn't get an explanation, and searching the web fails to find specific enough results.

Footnote: Sorry about the formatting, and any grammatical errors, this was posted on mobile. and for the unrelated title, I really didn't know what to put considering the question mark was compulsory.

EDIT: Thank you all for all of the excellent quality, understandable answers, and I look forward to reading into this concept a little more after the school break as it does seem quite interesting.

submitted by /u/lasqi
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Can photons be slowed down by gravity?

Posted: 28 May 2018 02:01 PM PDT

If gravity can curve light, can it slow it?

submitted by /u/alonchalo
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Why does being exposed to radiation increase your chance of cancer in the future?

Posted: 28 May 2018 02:14 PM PDT

By this I mean, why does it increase your chances later in life and not just as soon as you are exposed

submitted by /u/PM_ME_BOXBOX_NUDES
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Why are both neutrons and protons required for stable nuclei (excluding hydrogen)? Why is there a more-or-less specific ratio between neutrons and protons?

Posted: 28 May 2018 02:57 PM PDT

And what causes instability in neutron-rich nuclei, if it's the protons that destabilize the nucleus due to electrostatic repulsion?

submitted by /u/unia_7
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Why can't we convert the kinetic energy of the tires spinning back into energy to charge the battery of electric cars?

Posted: 28 May 2018 05:51 PM PDT

Can a proton that is the result of beta minus decay undergo beta plus decay and the resulting neutron undergoes decay again and so on? If so, how many times?

Posted: 28 May 2018 09:12 PM PDT

Artificially/Naturally I understand that mass is converted into energy and if so, how many times can it happen?

submitted by /u/karrablaster123
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Is there a reason for the hexagonal pattern on the doors of microwaves?

Posted: 29 May 2018 03:26 AM PDT

Or is it just better if we don't see what's in there 100% clearly?

submitted by /u/endisnearhere
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If a molecule can only have fixed energy levels then why is a Boltzmann distribution a smooth curve?

Posted: 28 May 2018 01:12 PM PDT

Hi, If a molecules energy level is quantized, why does a Boltzmann distribution look like this: http://noyesharrigan.cmswiki.wikispaces.net/file/view/MD_distribution.png/250991340/MD_distribution.png

and not a linear distribution?

submitted by /u/Box_xx
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Was it possible to see the first moonlanding via a telescope on our planet?

Posted: 28 May 2018 12:46 PM PDT

If a nuclear apocalypse were to happen, and every single nuclear weapon in the world was used, how long would it take for the accumulating fallout to decay and make the surface habitable?

Posted: 28 May 2018 06:32 PM PDT

Why are weather patterns so different in different parts of the United States?

Posted: 28 May 2018 02:15 PM PDT

I don't mean so much the climates, rather the manifestation of weather. On the East Coast, it will rain for days on end, while in the desert, in the West, it will rain very hard for about half an hour and then it will be sunny for the rest of the day. What factors cause such a difference in the way that weather occurs?

submitted by /u/ChezKicks
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Do large nuculii extend beyond the range of the strong force?

Posted: 28 May 2018 12:44 PM PDT

Why do storms develop after a hot day? And why do these storms sometimes get forecast but then seem to get pushed back later and never end up developing?

Posted: 28 May 2018 12:35 PM PDT

Self-explanatory title, but I just wondered because we have had a few hot days in the UK, and each day a storm has been forecast for early-mid afternoon. Then by the time it gets to midday it is pushed back later, and later.. what makes it so difficult to predict when/if a storm will develop after a hot day?

submitted by /u/SublimelySublime
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Could electromagnetic power be transmitted over long distances as magnetic flux instead of electric current?

Posted: 28 May 2018 09:09 PM PDT

My understanding of electromagnetism isn't as complete as I would like, but as I understand it, magnetic flux would rather be contained within ferromagnetic material than in the dielectric surrounding it, which seems like it should be better for power transmission than electric current which is in the dielectric surrounding the electric conductor. This difference makes it seem like the magnetic flux "resistance" (or what is the correct term?) of a ferromagnetic wire or chain should be lower than the resistance of electric wire.

The flux might be alternating, rotating or possibly even both alternating and rotating depending on what is able to be transmitted most efficiently.

It seems like at least one big advantage of using magnetic flux instead of electric current would be in the use of cheap iron wire or chain rather than more expensive aluminum, copper or copper-plated electric wire.

I assume someone must have already thought of this if it really is a viable idea, so what am I forgetting?

submitted by /u/dalkon
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