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Thursday, June 30, 2016

AskScience AMA: I’m Professor Brian Hare, a pioneer of canine cognition research, here to discuss the inner workings of a dog’s brain, including how they see the world and the cognitive skills that influence your dog's personality and behavior. AMA!

AskScience AMA: I’m Professor Brian Hare, a pioneer of canine cognition research, here to discuss the inner workings of a dog’s brain, including how they see the world and the cognitive skills that influence your dog's personality and behavior. AMA!


AskScience AMA: I’m Professor Brian Hare, a pioneer of canine cognition research, here to discuss the inner workings of a dog’s brain, including how they see the world and the cognitive skills that influence your dog's personality and behavior. AMA!

Posted: 30 Jun 2016 04:33 AM PDT

Hi Reddit! I'm Brian Hare, and I'm here to talk about canine cognition and how ordinary and extraordinary dog behaviors reveal the role of cognition in the rich mental lives of dogs. The scientific community has made huge strides in our understanding of dogs' cognitive abilities – I'm excited to share some of the latest and most fascinating – and sometimes surprising – discoveries with you. Did you know, for example, that some dogs can learn words like human infants? Or some dogs can detect cancer? What makes dogs so successful at winning our hearts?

A bit more about me: I'm an associate professor at Duke University where I founded and direct the Duke Canine Cognition Center, which is the first center in the U.S. dedicated to studying how dogs think and feel. Our work is being used to improve training techniques, inform ideas about canine cognitive health and identify the best service and bomb detecting dogs. I helped reveal the love and bond mechanism between humans and dogs. Based on this research, I co-founded Dognition, an online tool featuring fun, science-based games that anyone with a dog can use to better understand how their dog thinks compared to other dogs.

Let's talk about the amazing things dogs can do and why – Ask Me Anything!

For background: Please learn more about me in my bio here or check me out in the new podcast series DogSmarts by Purina Pro Plan on iTunes and Google Play to learn more about dog cognition.

This AMA is being facilitated as part of a partnership between Dognition and Purina Pro Plan BRIGHT MIND, a breakthrough innovation for dogs that provides brain-supporting nutrition for cognitive health.

I'll be back at 1 pm EST to answer your questions, ask me anything!

submitted by /u/Dr_Brian_Hare
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DRACO (a potential cure for most viruses) will it really work?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 11:24 PM PDT

Do yo guys have any interesting thoughts? I did my research and even read the AMA that was done 8 months ago. I understand that funding is the biggest problem but why wouldn't any multi-millionaire or billionaire try to fund him? not even one?!?

submitted by /u/119redditerium
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Why does squinting improve my far vision?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 11:54 PM PDT

How much coal and ancient flora would a diamond of this size require to make? (Link inside)

Posted: 30 Jun 2016 05:56 AM PDT

Would a world economy run by Artificial Intelligence work?

Posted: 30 Jun 2016 12:18 AM PDT

Imagine a world in which the government was operated by "super computers" post-singularity? Could it work? This Artificial Intelligence would intimately know every human on earth (something like the internet) - it would thus be omnipresent and omnipotent, but also (ideally) ethical and humane. This government could also be a combination of human input and A.I. and could operate like a brain or symbiotic relationship. Would A.I. governments solve problems like free energy, or is it only possible once free energy is discovered? Would there even be trade (economies) with such a system in place?

In a response, please explain how you think a world economy that embraces Artificial Intelligence would look/operate.

submitted by /u/kylevbennett
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Are there any possible roadblocks in the construction of a near-supercooling of conventional computer components?

Posted: 30 Jun 2016 12:15 AM PDT

I know, I know, conventional conductors are not superconductive, but their conductivity is still positively affected by extremely low temperatures. I was toying with the idea of somehow creating a liquid nitrogen-cooled computer, (For, you know, gaming, I guess.) the problem being with the parts. I don't know very much about cryonics, and I don't know whether the polymer used in the construction of circuit boards will somehow degrade in super-low temperatures. I would like your take on the situation, and I am alright with hearing that this idea is completely impossible.

EDIT: Sorry, it's 2am here. Let me try again at that title. "Are there any possible roadblocks in the construction of a cryonic computer using conventional computer components?"

submitted by /u/bpor68
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What exactly is a "Lagrangian" and when would I use it?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 07:56 PM PDT

From reading a little, it seems to be a more convenient reformulation of Newton's laws, but I'm having trouble understanding exactly how, and why it is more convenient.

submitted by /u/MapsAreCool
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Emission Spectrums?

Posted: 30 Jun 2016 01:03 AM PDT

Can someone simplify Emission Spectrums?

submitted by /u/sonofeson
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Why is an event horizon neccesary for Hawking radiation? All explanations I've read so far seem like they would work just as well for a gravitational field that's not strong enough to create an event horizon.

Posted: 30 Jun 2016 07:06 AM PDT

What happens to the ants when a couple square miles unexpectedly floods, do they all die and new colonies slowly move in?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 03:26 PM PDT

Is it possible/viable to reflect sunlight onto a thermoelectric generator to produce electricity?

Posted: 30 Jun 2016 12:38 AM PDT

I stumbled upon this video and I wondered if it would be possible to use the heat generated to power a thermoelectric generator? Are there some phenomena or practical limitations that prevent us from doing this? If possible, how does the kwH generation of it compare to that of a solar panel?

submitted by /u/Cheezychipz
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Would placing a turbine at the exhaust of a rocket work?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 11:33 PM PDT

were you to place a turbine just before the shock waves in a rocket nozzle could you convert the direct thrust of the rocket into mechanical force with any amount of efficiency or am i missing something?

submitted by /u/10wilkine
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Will it be possible to print bacteria and viruses from 3D printers in the future?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 06:23 PM PDT

Is it mathematically significant for sets of consecutive numbers to add up to a prime number or does it happen often enough that nobody cares?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 06:28 PM PDT

Why does mountain air smell so sweet?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 06:17 PM PDT

Are there chemicals that get released in my brain while asleep that cause me to think more clearly in the morning?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 06:54 PM PDT

I've noticed that right after I wake up, especially if its from the middle of a dream, my mind seems like it has that "'moment of clarity" effect...my thinking seems clearer and more rational, as well as more creative and active in ways.

Is there a word for this phenomena?

Are there chemicals that get released in my brain while asleep that would cause this effect?

submitted by /u/__ZEE
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Why do some of us go mad/insane?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 06:47 PM PDT

Why do glaciers from the same ice field recede and advance at different rates?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 10:24 PM PDT

I work in Alaska as a captain on tour boats in glacial fjords. One glacier in particular (South Sawyer Glacier in Tracy Arm) has receded almost a mile since last fall. North Sawyer Glacier in Tracy Arm has remained almost stationary in the same timeframe. What causes one to behave so differently from the other?

submitted by /u/fajord
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How does the human mind recognize faces?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 11:26 PM PDT

In addition, how long does it take before a human can memorize a face? Like, why can't humans typically recognize random faces that they saw at a store on a given day? It seems to me that it takes more than just 30 seconds to memorize a face, but why?

submitted by /u/sfzach
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Why don't GPS satellites use a low earth orbit?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 05:58 PM PDT

GPS, Glonass and Galileo all use a medium earth orbit of around 20,000 km.

What factors prevented them choosing a low earth orbit of say 400 km?

You'd think launching them would be cheaper and simpler, and communication with them would be easier, albeit requiring adjustments to the mathematics used.

submitted by /u/fjw
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Why is the force of kinetic friction less that the force of static friction?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 10:52 PM PDT

We all know that once youve started moving something, it is easier to keep pushing than it was to initially move it. This is due to the co efficient of static friction being greater than the coefficient for kinetic friction right? But why is that?

submitted by /u/Peter_See
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Is it possible to induce gigantism in humans or other animals by using a device to press on the pituitary gland? Are there any cases of this?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 11:13 AM PDT

Wednesday, June 29, 2016

What are the physics behind different baseball pitches?

What are the physics behind different baseball pitches?


What are the physics behind different baseball pitches?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 07:22 PM PDT

What makes a sinker sink? a curveball curve? a fastball straight?

submitted by /u/narcules
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If I set my water temperature to 50 deg celsius and have a shower why does the bathroom fill with steam, as this is half of the boiling point?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 11:42 PM PDT

Why isn't a Bose-Einstein condensate get talked about much in lower level science classes even though it's considered a "state of matter"Or is this different than being a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 02:27 AM PDT

Do you get lighter the further underground that you go?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 06:46 AM PDT

I figure you'd get lighter the deeper you go underground since you weight more on bigger planets and less on smaller planets and the deeper underground you go the less mass is below you. Additionally there will be more and more mass above you which is going to be pulling you towards it as well.

So if the center of the earth were hollow wouldn't you be weightless if you were there?

submitted by /u/pard68
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Modeling a wave(water)?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 06:52 AM PDT

Hey, first time poster here. I was wondering if there's an equation that finds the size of a wave when an object(I assume the equation would be based on the surface area that impacts the water, the weight of the object, and the speed) is dropped into a body of water?

I also wonder if, in a closed environment, would a wave ever stop? I would think so due to friction with the air and the water, is there an equation to model this?

Thanks in advance for any answers :)

submitted by /u/Stickman1998
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In the 'Light Echo' images of the V838 Monocerotis star why are the leading edges blue?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 02:54 AM PDT

In this image, the light pulse seems to have blue light reach the outer extremities first, and the red light seems to trail behind. What causes this?

submitted by /u/european_impostor
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 08:05 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Do gravitational waves lose energy?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 01:09 AM PDT

If a gravitational waves change spacetime on there way does this acquire energy and does it therefore vanish after some time?

submitted by /u/bokuWaKamida
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What specifically is stopping people from finding an analytical solution to the Navier-Stokes equations under turbulent conditions?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 03:01 PM PDT

Can every possible shape (drawn by a graph in a coordinate system) be represented by an equation? If so, how can a shape be turned into an equation?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 11:30 AM PDT

I read that since gravity is only attractive, the graviton would have to have a spin of 2. What does odd/even spin have to do with attractive/repulsive forces?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 11:14 AM PDT

I understand that the photon has a spin of 1 and is therefore capable of being both attractive and repulsive. But I don't understand how this works. I read somewhere that for even spin, q1q2 > 0 is attractive and q1q2 < 0 is repulsive, while the opposite is true for odd spin. But I honestly have no idea what that means, or why it is that way. I'm an amateur so please dumb it down as much as you can. Thanks for the help.

submitted by /u/splice_my_genes
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Do we have any idea of what selective pressures might have acted upon the evolution of spermalege and traumatic copulation in bedbugs?

Posted: 29 Jun 2016 03:10 AM PDT

In particular, I'm puzzled by the ability of the spermalege to filter out spermatozoa and introducing them into the testes of a male, in the case of homosexual traumatic copulation, as has been observed in Xylocoris maculipennis. Yes, it is a rather fascinating biological mechanism in a garish kind of way, it implies that a specific bedbugs testes may contain some sperm from another one ... call it self-cuckolding if you want ...

But I am curious and can't help but wonder: How could this specific biological mechanism which allows less certainty of ones paternity be selected for?

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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How fast do I need to drive to keep watching the sunset?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 11:16 PM PDT

Say just for an example I'm driving west along the 41st parallel in the USA. The sun just begins to set on the horizon and I want to keep it right where it is, visually. How fast would I need to travel west to keep the sun right where it is?

submitted by /u/DPick02
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What is Angular Momentum how does it work and what the Laws Behind it?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 04:50 PM PDT

Also if you have any sporting examples to go with your answer that would be much appreciated.

submitted by /u/TexTheManChild
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In movies "going into shock" after an injury is always bad, but isn't it one of the body's defense mechanisms? How could it help?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 09:41 AM PDT

Is it possible to have nonzero acceleration and zero velocity in this example?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 02:13 PM PDT

My teacher explained that it is possible to have a non zero acceleration while having zero velocity. I agree. The classic example of throwing a ball upward shows this. But my teacher's example was this. "Imagine you're in your car and you are stopped (velocity=acceleration=0). Now imagine you press the pedal and to floor and you start accelerating. Your acceleration is non zero but your velocity is zero because you are starting from rest." I asked him to repeat because I did not understand him. Again he said the same thing. Can someone clarify this please?? My intuition tells me that my teacher is mistaken.

submitted by /u/ragtagCheetah
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Which temperature does an electron beam have?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 11:43 PM PDT

I understand that the temperature is determined by the stored energy of the elements / molecules. Since an electron beam is made of accelerated electrons with a speed of two third light speed, and the kinetic energy of the electrons can be used for welding (EB-welding) i would like to know what is the (theoretical?) temperature of the beam.

submitted by /u/Madusch
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How does stored body fat get metabolized by the body?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 09:37 AM PDT

When you run low on food energy, your body starts to burn excess fat to supply it with the necessary energy, right? What I'd like to know is how this process happens. You have belly fat... does it get absorbed into the bloodstream? Does it get transferred to the stomach? How does all this happen?

Forgive my basic interpretations of the human body and its functions, but I just always thought it was a weird, rather unexplained topic.

submitted by /u/rastafarian_eggplant
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How much do we really understand about magnetism?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 09:59 AM PDT

I took an electronic properties of materials course last semester, and at the end we spent a week talking about magnetic materials. From what I gathered, we have a fairly decent idea of how and why electronics work, but magnetism is much less understood. Is this accurate?

submitted by /u/sxeQ
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Why didn't humans evolve to like vegetables and not like very sugary foods?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 11:00 AM PDT

If vegetables such as spinach are really good for you, why didn't humans evolve to enjoy those instead of very sugary foods like ice cream and cookies? I get that sugars were good for us because we could build fat, but vegetables contain much healthier components.

submitted by /u/jengama22
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Why do detergents dissolve oils, but not greases? What's special about degreaser that does?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 09:50 AM PDT

Tuesday, June 28, 2016

AskScience AMA Series: We are Sarah Fortune and Eric Rubin, researchers at the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, who study how drug resistance evolves in bacteria, and we’re here to answer your questions!

AskScience AMA Series: We are Sarah Fortune and Eric Rubin, researchers at the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, who study how drug resistance evolves in bacteria, and we’re here to answer your questions!


AskScience AMA Series: We are Sarah Fortune and Eric Rubin, researchers at the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, who study how drug resistance evolves in bacteria, and we’re here to answer your questions!

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 05:02 AM PDT

Science AMA Series: We are Sarah Fortune and Eric Rubin, researchers at the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, who study how drug resistance evolves in bacteria, and we're here to answer your questions!

Hi, reddit!

We are Sarah Fortune and Eric Rubin, researchers at the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health. Although our research focuses on tuberculosis, we are generally interested in how drug resistance evolves in bacteria and how we can subvert the development of resistance.

Antibiotics have helped reduce infectious diseases, particularly those caused by bacteria, from one of the most common causes of death to diseases that are mostly completely curable. However, as each new antibiotic has been developed, resistance to each has slowly or, in some cases, rapidly emerged. There have been some cases that are highly publicized, including the recent infection of a woman with a strain of bacteria that was resistant to a rarely-used but useful last ditch antibiotic, colistin. This case, in Pennsylvania, was the first example of this type of resistance mechanism in the US. But antibiotic resistance is increasing throughout the world, both in hospitals, which have long harbored highly resistant organisms, and in community settings.

How much of a threat is this? What can we do about it?

We'll be back at 3 pm EST (noon PST, 8 pm UTC) to answer your questions, ask us anything!

submitted by /u/HarvardChanSPH
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I remember during the 90s/00s that the Ozone layer decaying was a consistent headline in the news. Is this still happening?

Posted: 27 Jun 2016 07:36 AM PDT

If I didn't know how old I was and there was no documentation, how could my age be determined and to what degree of accuracy?

Posted: 27 Jun 2016 04:50 PM PDT

Watts, Voltage, and Amperes What are they?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 04:18 AM PDT

The title is a bit misleading as I do know what they are but I don't entirely understand them. I have a test in Science class soon, however, taking a look back at my notes, I feel like I overcomplicated everything and am feeling confused.

I understand that Watts is the outcome of power or J/S. I know that electrons actually move slower than snails but what we generally mean is the voltage drop. I know that Voltage*Amperes=Watts

I'm not sure what volts (or voltage) are. I'm not entirely sure what a voltage drop is, is it a constant burst of energy or is it just electricity moving? Are watts per second? If I left a 20W lightbulb running for an hour and I have to pay 18c per kWh, how do we figure out how much money that costs?

submitted by /u/OtterlyGaming
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Why do diesel and petrol/gas exhausts gasses differ so much at high revs?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 05:44 AM PDT

I've long wondered why when a petrol/gas car idles you see a visible white exhaust which becomes clear or invisible when the engine is revved, where as when a diesel engine idles it's generally not visible, but when it's revved it turns into a thick black exhaust?

submitted by /u/jolyon_russ
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Glasses do limit the field of view in which the wearer can perceive details. Does this limitation/restriction influence the development of the brain in children?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 05:38 AM PDT

The development of a child seems to be influenced by pretty much everything to one degree or another, and so I was asking myself the question: do glasses influence their wearer?

The stereotype of the intelligent glasses wearing student is as old as the glasses themselves, and I always wondered if there was some truth to it. If I recall correctly no link between IQ and wearing glasses or not was found (why would there be), but I thought of something else:

Restricting one's field of view would force a person to focus on less things at once. The brain is only capable of analyzing so much data, maybe limiting the amount of detail in view at every given moment has an influence on how much 'processing power' is left for the remaining information.

If that is the case, then starting to wear glasses at an early point in life would probably shape the way we deal with visual information for the rest of our lives, wouldn't it?

Has there been research on this topic? I would appreciate pointers into the right direction

Edit: I picked the neuroscience flair, but I'm not actually sure if that's the correct category.

submitted by /u/FriendsCallMeAsshole
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How common is iron on a cosmic scale?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 05:20 AM PDT

Why does heat seem to make things shimmer? Why does it form the mirage?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 01:31 AM PDT

If amphetamines and opiates both work by overstimulating dopamine production, why are their effects on the body almost polar opposites?

Posted: 27 Jun 2016 11:40 AM PDT

Why did it take painters so long to 'discover' the rules of perspective?

Posted: 27 Jun 2016 11:59 PM PDT

[Physics] If two songs (one at 50db and another at 30db) are playing at once, what is the total loudness?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 04:36 AM PDT

Just wondering because I'm a hypochondriac who worries about ear issues. I had been listening to music at 50 - 60db for an hour without realizing that I had a shuffle playlist on around 20 - 30 db the entire time. Also wondering if damage is possible from that.

submitted by /u/TomOfBlades
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Why was a part of NASA's observation satellite's, Landsat 8, mission overview to share data to the general public on a nondiscriminatory basis at no cost to the user?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 01:41 AM PDT

What is with up with using words like large and very large in the names of telescopes and detectors? Is it a running joke?

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 03:52 AM PDT

Why not give these things (like the LHC) a resounding title, like "The People's Glorious Ringed Collider" or for the VLT, the "Unblinking Eye Into The Eternal Void"? Or just something like, you know, Hubble.

submitted by /u/damondefault
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If you have cancer and begin starving, does cancer growth slow?

Posted: 27 Jun 2016 06:02 PM PDT

Similarly, does eating at a large caloric excess increase the speed of cancer growth?

submitted by /u/FourthLife
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Does the fact that the total intrinsic mass quarks in a proton only makes up a tiny bit of it's mass, mean if we "turn off" the higgs field we would still have protons (and matter) only lighter ??

Posted: 28 Jun 2016 06:37 AM PDT

Assuming you could get a good running head start and properly time it, would tackling a person sideways while they are falling help prevent injury/death?

Posted: 27 Jun 2016 06:00 PM PDT

So lets say there's someone who's suicidal and planning to jump from a building and you have some time to prepare yourself. If you are able to tackle them sideways would that decelerate them at all? Or would it just add horizontal velocity to their vertical velocity? Logically I'm thinking the latter of the two but when trained to fall from heights you try to roll out of them, a.k.a changing the direction of your momentum. So I'd assume a tackle would just be a sloppy version of a technical roll.

submitted by /u/Truesoldier00
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Is bone marrow always making blood cells? If yes, what is causing old cells to go away? If no, what starts and stops the process?

Posted: 27 Jun 2016 09:58 PM PDT

Can a city affect the weather?

Posted: 27 Jun 2016 04:32 PM PDT

If a giant storm is heading towards a city can the city affect the storm? I've watched many times on radars as storms seem to bubble around larger cities. Where I'm from they just refer to it as the "Lubbock effect" but I'm wondering if the city may actually be the cause.

submitted by /u/KingoftheCrackens
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What is so special about the genetic structure of Orchids that they can hybridise so freely while retaining significant fertility.

Posted: 27 Jun 2016 12:54 PM PDT

Orchids really sort of stand out in this respect. While in other organisms, hybridization will at most involve a handfull of closely related species, with relatively rare preservation of fertility, orchid breeders routinely pump out not just interspecific, but even intergeneric hybrids with relative ease. Such complex crosses have led to artificial poly-genera such as Potinara (Brassavola x Laelia x Cattleya x Sophronitis) or even outrageous things combining input from up to 7 different genera as in Masonara (Aganisia × Batemannia × Colax × Otostylis × Promenaea × Zygopetalum × Zygosepalum). It is far from unusual for individual plants to have such a complex history of hybridation behind them they might as well be called genealogies...

And these intergenerics all seem to be relatively freely breedable with one another, provided one remains in the same alliance.

So why, and mostly how, is this possible? What is so special about orchid genomes that such artifical hybridation is possible without significantly reducing fertility?

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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[Biology][Chemistry] What is the science behind skincare products? Is there really a reason to use face wash instead of soap on your face?

Posted: 27 Jun 2016 11:04 AM PDT

We have all heard the pH story, marketing that claims soap is too aggressive etc. But is there any scientific research that actually justifies skincare products? Or is it all just clever marketing?

submitted by /u/TheyTukMyJub
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How can we reliably tell the difference between male and female voices?

Posted: 27 Jun 2016 02:13 PM PDT

Is it just tone (high for female, low for male), or is it more complex than this? Do transitional hormonal therapies change voices so that they become more reliably identifiable as the new sexual identity?

submitted by /u/paetrixus
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Why does the behavior of an airflow going through a nozzle changes between subsonic and supersonic speeds?

Posted: 27 Jun 2016 04:45 PM PDT

I'm currently follow an aircraft technician course and, during the engine section, we see how a turbine engine works and how the airflow is affected by convergent and divergent nozzles at subsonic and supersonic speeds. However, my classmates and I cannot quite understand why the air behaves differently between those two speed ranges, so if anyone could help us understand better this would be very much appreciated.

submitted by /u/firefly_12
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Is there a field for Weak Nuclear Force and Strong Nuclear Force?

Posted: 27 Jun 2016 04:24 PM PDT

I also learned that Coulomb's Law parallels Newton's gravity equation. Is there a similar equation for Strong and Weak Nuclear Force?

submitted by /u/Scezory
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