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Sunday, January 31, 2016

AskScience Panel of Scientists XIV

AskScience Panel of Scientists XIV


AskScience Panel of Scientists XIV

Posted:

Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.

This post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is here.

The panel is an informal group of redditors who are either professional scientists or those in training to become so. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.

Membership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!


You are eligible to join the panel if you:

  • Are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences, AND,

  • Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.


Instructions for formatting your panelist application:

  • Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).

  • State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)

  • Succinctly describe your particular area of research in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)

  • Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?

  • Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience which you feel are indicative of your scholarship. Applications will not be approved without several comments made in /r/AskScience itself.


Ideally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.

Here's an example application:

 Username: /u/foretopsail General field: Anthropology Specific field: Maritime Archaeology Particular areas of research include historical archaeology, archaeometry, and ship construction. Education: MA in archaeology, researcher for several years. Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4. 

Please do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.

You can submit your application by replying to this post.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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If you were orbiting a black hole just a few feet outside the event horizon and you stuck your arm past, what would happen when you tried to pull it out?

Posted:

Is anthropogenic climate change predicted to modify seasonal lag?

Posted:

I was out jogging in shorts today on what is normally the coldest day of the year, and I was wondering, ignoring stochastic weather patterns and my own confirmation bias, whether anthropogenic climate change is expected to move the coldest day of winter farther away from the solstice.

submitted by /u/iorgfeflkd
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Why do we think that the universe should be slowing down without dark energy pushing it to accelerate?

Posted:

How do we know that there is another force responsible for the acceleration of matter in the universe (i.e. dark energy) rather than the acceleration being a direct result of the big bang itself? Why do we think that everything should be slowing down at this point without that force? Having a bit of trouble with my phrasing as I'm not well versed, but hopefully this gets my question across.

submitted by /u/shrubberynights
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Is there a way that lexical-taste synesthesia could develop in a manner similar to color-grapheme synesthesia being learned from colorful refrigerator magnets?

Posted:

When a black hole is rotating what exactly is physically rotating?

Posted:

Black holes are supposedly a singularity (to the best of our knowledge) if the black hole is a singularity how can it be rotating? Is space itself rotating? Do we know that black holes actually rotate, i.e. have we detected rotating black holes in some way?

submitted by /u/ergzay
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If space is constantly expanding and stars/galaxies are moving through space at high speed, how come the constellations have remained the same for all of recorded astronomical history?

Posted:

I recently saw a Facebook post from a "flat-earther" (someone who believes Earth is a flat plane and not a globe) that posed this question as supposed "proof" that we live on a flat earth and that the rest of the universe orbits us.

submitted by /u/masterianwong
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How is it that radiation suits protect people?

Posted:

Maybe this is TV magic and I don't know what a real suit looks like but it seems like people become immune to radiation when they put on these thin plastic suits. How is it that radiation can be so dangerous and yet so easily dealt with.

submitted by /u/Xoboo
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Which circumstances must be present to have a tidal locked planet/moon?

Posted:

I just watched the newest video of "In a Nutshell" about red dwarfs were they say, that planets which circle red dwarfs in an inhabitable distance would be too close to the star and therefore tidal locked, just like the moon is tidal locked to our earth. (time-code to the point in the video)

So, which circumstances must be present, that such a tidal lock develops?

Why are for instance moons like Himalia (surrounds Jupiter) or Phoebe (surrounds Saturn) not tidal locked?

submitted by /u/SikkiNixx
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What would our color spectrum look like if we had four (or two!) cones rather than three?

Posted:

I had already asked this question on asksciencefiction, but was told it probably belonged here.

FWIW, I'm asking mostly from a writing perspective, as in I want to have a species that varies in number of cones, or the specific wavelengths of cones than humans, but I'm having trouble wrapping my head around the idea. I'm currently learning about visual sensation and perception in one of my courses this semester, if that helps at all with answers either

submitted by /u/Azdusha
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What is the minimum amount of time a human can perceive?

Posted:

It's regularly stated that someone next to a detonating nuclear bomb would feel nothing. But what would be the minimum amount of time needed to feel something? Would people on the planes on 9/11 for example actually have felt anything?

submitted by /u/I_Am_Really_Terrible
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Every summer in NYC, the mosquitoes are surprisingly prevalent. Every winter, obviously, they die off. How do they repopulate?

Posted:

What is causing the erosion in the cracks of this rock on the Moon?

Posted:

This is a recent image taken from China's Yutu rover. The large rock has several cracks in it, the corners of which appear to be worn, with "soft" corners. I assume the cracks were more sharp when they were created.

I'm aware that the Moon has a tenuous atmosphere, but is it enough to produce wind-borne erosion?

submitted by /u/Phydeaux
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How accurate is Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's theory of 'Flow'?

Posted:

I'm wondering, how well respected are Csikszentmihalyi and his book Flow (1990) in academic psychology circles?

I have heard the theory detailed by numerous internet commentators, and searching for his work here on Reddit -- I've found it mostly discussed on pseudo-scientific subs such as Myers-Briggs centered groups and other questionable, less than rigorous self-help subs such as r/getmotivated.

It seems Csikszentmihalyi does hold a reputable position at Claremont's graduate psychology program, but I was just wondering how his theories have been received in the academic sphere.

Thanks.

submitted by /u/williamiamiam
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Do superconductors exhibit zero resistance at all frequencies, or is it only 0-ohm at DC?

Posted:

My understanding is that a superconductor has a structure that has a very long mean-free-path for electrons.

When you have a high frequency current, does the skin effect push the current to the edges of this path and cause collisions, i.e. R>0?

Or is this not how superconductors work?

submitted by /u/harrypancakes
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If an outbreak occurs in a small population, e.g. meningitis on a college campus, can you determine patient zero from antibody concentration alone using a technique such as ELISA?

Posted:

i.e. is antibody titer a reliable indicator of WHEN you were infected? If not, how can epidemiologists determine patient zero?

submitted by /u/yelli2
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Statistically speaking, if I were to generate a number from 1 to infinity, what could that number be?

Posted:

Would it have to be infinity? Could it be just any number?

submitted by /u/jinxsimpson
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How can one measure the age of humans?

Posted:

I came across this comment about refugees in Sweden saying that adults are getting away with crimes by pretending to be under 15.
I've wondered if there's any way to measure/verify the age of these people, since they throw away their IDs.

submitted by /u/Lustig1374
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Countable vs uncountable infinity: 0 to 1?

Posted:

So, I was just watching this Vsauce video and it states the following part way through:

Even the numbers 0 through 1 are uncountable

And this felt off to me.

Albeit I'm a little tipsy right now, and this post is taking me way too long to write, but isn't the "infinity" countable if you've bounded the upper limit?

Specifically between 0 and 1, I could use a system that went:

0,0.1,0.2,0.3, ..... 0.9

0.01, 0.02, 0.03, ... 0. 99

0.001, 0.002, 0.003 ... 0.999

Basically, can't you cycle through 1, 2, 3 then 4 ... digit numbers, in order, to have a countable infinity? Slowly but surely I'd state every number between 0 and 1.

I've seen this a few times (there are more real numbers between 0 and 1 than integers between 0 and infinity) but it just doesn't sound right to me.

Hopefully someone can explain, and hopefully this question doesn't sound stupid when I wake up in the morning.


Basically, I don't get why this feels uncountable vs fractions which are meant to be countable. And the argument he uses (where you have a list that you can always create a new number) also seems to work for integers where there's no fixed length. All in all, it seems like these feel the same to me.

submitted by /u/Pluckerpluck
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Why do people grind their teeth while sleeping?

Posted:

Noticed this last night while my friend crashed with me. Her teeth just kept me up all night.

submitted by /u/BooBoo-is-God
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A few questions regarding incandescence?

Posted:

1: Looking on the interweb, I have come across two sites that say that if something incandesces at the same color, they're generally around the same temperature. Is this true, and why is this?

2: Incandescence is pumping thermal energy into something until it starts glowing. Does that mean that you can make anything incandesce, like water or wood, if it were in an ideal environment (no oxygen ect)?

3: Thermal energy starts with the infrared right? And if you keep adding energy it starts creating visible light. By extrapolating "forward", can we assume that more and more heat will start causing ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma rays to be eventually emitted (assuming the material doesn't decompose by then)? By extrapolating "backwards", do ALL materials emit radio waves at the very lowest-energy end of the spectrum?

Thanks

submitted by /u/tylerchu
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What can I feed to dinoflagellates?

Posted:

Hello AskScience. My family has some pet dinoflagellates (specifically unicellular protists of the division Dinoflagellata and of the species Pyrocystis fusiformis) and we have been buying "dino food" from the company we purchased them from but I can't shake the feeling that I am dramatically overpaying for a solution I could make myself or purchase from a scientific supply company. Unfortunately the Google has been less than helpful in describing what they eat. (There is an otherwise great page from the Smithsonian however.) So, can anyone tell me what to feed these jewel-encrusted sea monkeys? Thank you!

submitted by /u/putasporkinit
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How do we measure time in the early universe?

Posted:

Can someone help me wrap my brain around what cosmologists mean when they say something like "1 second/minute/year after the Big Bang" How can you measure time in the very early universe before atoms formed? Wouldn't the tremendous gravitational forces also warp the passage of time?

Physics

submitted by /u/Gzogzez88
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What is the smallest possible size a star could have and still be classified as a star?

Posted:

Alternatively, is there a limit as to how large a star can get?

submitted by /u/HiroHitowasalright
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Saturday, January 30, 2016

What are the fastest accelerating things we have ever built?

What are the fastest accelerating things we have ever built?


What are the fastest accelerating things we have ever built?

Posted:

After seeing a reddit post in where a rocket (or missile) accelerates to Mach 10 in 5 seconds, I now have the question if there is anything similar or faster than this. Edit: Link to the gif: http://i.imgur.com/l7v5FzZ.gifv The title of the gif states that the missile is accelerating with 100g.

submitted by /u/noodlesoup231
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Does dreaming serve a purpose? Is there some benefit to dreaming versus not dreaming?

Posted:

Does the term "escape velocity" describe a minimum orbital velocity or can an object escape merely by going straight up at that speed?

Posted:

Another way of thinking of this is whether the escape velocity varies with the angle of travel relative to a stable orbit or the planet surface.

submitted by /u/o2fill
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Does any other animal besides humans just sit down and think ?

Posted:

Can the Uncertainty Principle break down in superposition?

Posted:

This may be terribly misinformed or fundamentally flawed query that belongs on ShowerThoughts, but can someone explain the outcome of the following scenario?

Consider a single instrument that is capable of measuring both the momentum and position of a single particle asynchronously (For added entertainment, imagine it's a cat). The instrument's function fluctuates between the two states, never possessing both simultaneously. The condition of these fluctuations is a switch, the position of which is affected by the readings from a geiger counter positioned next to a sample of a radioactive substance. If this instrument were to be positioned so as to measure the momentum and position of a given particle in an alternating and random fashion, would the particle's momentum and position be known with equal precision albeit in a state of superposition, thereby defying the uncertainty principle?

submitted by /u/Lachy25
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Do Gravitational Waves Satisfy the Wave Equation?

Posted:

Recently started learning about waves and their associated wave functions, and I believe my lecturer said "all simple waves should satisfy this equation". Though Gravitational waves are no way simple, would they still satisfy it in some way or another?

submitted by /u/Branwolf
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Is 10^80 an accurate representation of the amount of atoms in the universe?

Posted:

I saw a post about how Google developed an algorithm to beat world championship 'Go' players. One person interviewed said "there are more board configurations of 'Go' than are atoms in the universe." I researched it further and sure enough a lot of sources say the estimated amount of atoms in the observable universe is estimated to be around 1080. That's an incredibly huge number, however, I don't buy it one bit. Considering that the observable universe is 46 billion light years in any direction from us, I can't believe that 1080 is an accurate representation.

Is this accurate? Is there a concept I might be missing or misunderstanding? Am I underestimating 1080?

submitted by /u/Meexley
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If we could see atoms, would the chemical bonds be visible?

Posted:

How does radiation from the sun compares to radiation from a wi-fi router?

Posted:

I'm having this discussion where I said that being out in the sun for one minute is much more harmful, in terms of radiation, than living with a wi-fi router in the house for a year. Now he wants citations and proof, but I can't find anything online that compares radiation from the sun and wi-fi routers. Thank you!

submitted by /u/Ell_Djej
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Is it possible that a great flood, similar to the story in the bible?

Posted:

Obviously I'm not saying that the biblical account is historical truth but I was wondering if there was any scientific, probably geological, evidence to show there was a massive flood (most likely regionally). This came about as I was looking into different mythologies which all talk about a great flood of sorts. this takes place in hebrew, greek, egyptian, some native american, and many other mythologies. I figured if there was a story about it in so many mythologies then it probably came from an actual event that took place.

EDIT: I took out the term globally because even before this got posted after mod approval I figure Global was already out of the question because when thinking about an actual cause for it, my thinking being a massive tsunami, i figured the closest the world has probably come to that was probably before the advent of humanity (as in like the idea of a giant meteor that wiped out the dinosaurs). I wanted to stress the idea of massive catastrophic regional floods. Plus people love to attack the global idea and forget the regional.

EDIT: Thank You for all the answers.

submitted by /u/heardhiscall
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If light travels fastest in a vacuum then would fiber optic cables transmit data faster if they were moved into space?

Posted:

Can Fluorine lose an electron and have a +1 charge?

Posted:

Falling through the earth?

Posted:

In my head, I've been playing with a model where I fall through the gravitation of the earth. I'm assuming I managed to dodge all the individual particles as I fall, so that I'm not stopped by smashing my head into the ground. Also obviously assuming I'm not going to die from it.

So usually when people answer this question (which is usually demonstrated as a hole through the earth so that you're not obstructed), you fall past the center until you're near the surface on the other side, and you bounce back between the two sides getting further from the surface each time until you eventually settle in the middle of the earth's gravitation.

But I was thinking, what about the gravitation of the particles around you, such as the gravitation of the particles in the atmosphere, crust, oceans and mantle - even though the earth as a structure would attract you towards the center, wouldn't the gravity of these regions also affect you as a gradient, thus changing the path?

Sorry if this is a wrong way of looking at it, feel free to correct me.

submitted by /u/daigonite
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Why isn't molality more common than molarity?

Posted:

I often seen molarity used to describe solutions all the time, and molality only as a problem for just number crunching practice. I even see %mass used more often than molality.

I used to think molarity seemed like the better measurement to use, but the more I think about it, the more molality seems to be the better measurement. It seems like it would be more accurate to prepare solutions by molality vs molarity due to molality being density-independent, along with molality being used to calculate effects like boiling/freezing point elevation/depression.

submitted by /u/DrWari
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Why will the Smith Cloud cause stars formations, after entering the Milky Way?

Posted:

A sparse cloud of gas enters the area with a more dense distribution of matter (do i understand galaxies right?) - why would it cause a burst of star formations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%27s_Cloud). Will it be caused by gravitational forces from galaxy bodies? But should not they tear apart the cloud?

And why is it called impact, collision with disk and so on? As the clouds gets closer - the forces will grow stronger over time, without any jumps or collision points.

submitted by /u/ShPavel
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If I were a cowboy on the run in a skyscraper, from which floor could I jump from before I killed my escape horse?

Posted:

How much energy would be needed to make the Ocean Boil?

Posted:

Since salt increases the amount of energy/temperature that is needed for water to boil, and with the high concentration of salt in the ocean, how much would be needed for it to reach its boiling point? Could you measure on a smaller scale with the same density of salt as the entire ocean?

Someone in a speech today said "you cannot boil the ocean" and it made me think of how much it would take.

submitted by /u/HxCElephantz
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I flip a fair coin over and over. I stop after the proportion of heads among all flips exceeds 80%, but not earlier than after 10 flips. What is the expected time before I stop?

Posted:

EDIT: the important part is whether I expect to stop at all.

submitted by /u/thetimujin
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Is eating a raw diet the healthiest method of sustinence?

Posted:

Aka a largely vegan diet? I've heard this argument a great deal from vegans. As well as the argument that "we aren't supposed to eat meat" I.e. "Meat eating is unnatural".

submitted by /u/Fumesofpoon
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Friday, January 29, 2016

AskScience AMA Series: I'm George Crabtree, Director of DOE’s Batteries and Energy Storage Hub and one of the leaders of the energy storage revolution that seeks to replace traditional, fossil fuel technologies with more sustainable alternatives. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm George Crabtree, Director of DOE’s Batteries and Energy Storage Hub and one of the leaders of the energy storage revolution that seeks to replace traditional, fossil fuel technologies with more sustainable alternatives. AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm George Crabtree, Director of DOE’s Batteries and Energy Storage Hub and one of the leaders of the energy storage revolution that seeks to replace traditional, fossil fuel technologies with more sustainable alternatives. AMA!

Posted:

JCESR is essentially a research partnership integrating government, academic, and industrial researchers from many disciplines to overcome critical scientific and technical barriers and create new breakthrough energy storage technology. Using chemistry, computers and a host of other tools, our mission is to deliver two prototypes, one for transportation and one for the grid, which when scaled to manufacturing are capable of delivering five times the energy density at one-fifth the cost of the commercial batteries available at our launch in 2012.

I will be back at 2:00 pm EST (11 am PST, 7 pm UTC) to answer you questions.

submitted by /u/George_Crabtree
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Why can mosquito transmitted viruses, such as Zika, only be transmitted by a specific mosquito species?

Posted:

I'm struggling with the concept that a virus like Zika can only spread through a specific mosquito species, why not all mosquitos, fleas, ticks, and all the other blood suckers out there. Also, looking for a detailed explanation of the entire virus transfer from one person to another, I feel like I may not have a good grasp on the transfer process and I would like to understand it better. Thanks.

Edit: I have been informed I should have used genus instead of species in the title. thanks!

submitted by /u/explanationmark
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If I flip a coin. Tails I stop and heads I flip again. What will be the average coin flip before I stop?

Posted:

How exactly are memories forgotten, and where do they go?

Posted:

Why do electrical clocks drift and why are atomic clocks more accurate and don't drift as much?

Posted:

I know some use vibrating quartz. Are the vibrations just not measured accurately or is it something to do with the quartz? Any other thing you can think about this subject would be cool, or if you know of a good lecture/talk about it. Anyways thanks for taking the time to read.

submitted by /u/firehurts13
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Is evolution always a very slow and gradual process? Has there ever been a freak mutation, an extra weird little finger or something, that caught on and became streamlined and "healthy" over time?

Posted:

Was wondering about this as I toiled away

submitted by /u/asdfasdfasdf123451
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what is it called when you put others down for something you like that may be a little weird?

Posted:

So, what i'm wanting to know is what is it called when you feel weird for liking something, so when you hear someone openly say they like it you almost uncontrollably start treating them as less and almost make fun of them?

submitted by /u/SmokeDeToke
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When it snows heavily, why don't the snow clouds result in lightning and thunder?

Posted:

Like how rain clouds result in lightning and thunder?

submitted by /u/Verdanaveo
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"earth/ground" node in electrical circuits, how does it work?

Posted:

I can't get my head around earth/ground in electrical circuits, from what I understand the Earth itself is a reservoir of free electrons and it was used as a return pathway in single phase power transmission systems back in the days, but how? And from where these electrons come from?

The earth consists of rocks and dirt which they have a very high resistance to the flow of electrons, how can it be treated as a current carrier? The "ground node" as we refer to it is just a metallic rod/mesh buried in the ground

submitted by /u/rootofminusone
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Explanation of Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse. Specifically, why does adding bolts increase the load?

Posted:

The original design had a beam, with a bolt at the end, with the nut connected at the bottom.

The constructed structure had a beam with two bolts, the bolt closest the the center had a nut connected at the top, and the bolt at the end had a bolt connected at the bottom.

Here is the image if my explanation was hard to follow: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/HRWalkway.svg

submitted by /u/anooblol
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Why does a photons frequency increase when it has more energy?

Posted:

What about the energy increase causes this?

submitted by /u/vacantbanana
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when a gene is recessive both parents need that gene in order for the trait to show, does this also mean that when both parents have that gene that definitely shows up?

Posted:

since the "ginger-gene" is recessive do all siblings have red hair then?

TL;DR: is my sister my sister?

submitted by /u/Enum1
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how are some neutron stars not black holes?

Posted:

facts 1- anything with a radius equal to to or smaller than its schwarzchild radius will become a black hole source

2- more massive objects can become black holes by a achieving a density equal to or greater than a less massive object would achieve upon reaching its schwarzchild radius source

3- the smallest observed mass of a neutron star is 1.1-1.4 solar mass source

4- the least dense neutron stars have a density of 3.7*1017 kg/cm3source

5- the sun would only need to achieve a density of 1.84*1016 kg/cm3 source

6- 1.1-1.4 and 3.71017 are greater than 1 and 1.841016 respectively

source- i think this is fairly self evident

clearly some of these facts are wrong but which and how

submitted by /u/randomredditor12345
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Help understanding pH of water?

Posted:

So I'm only in college biology1 and I'm not quite sure I understand what makes the acidity of water increase or decrease.

Tell me if I've got this right;

  1. Two water molecules are part of a hydrogen bond. This hydrogen bond overpowers the covalent bond and breaks one of the hydrogen atoms and steals it's proton, leaving behind an electron. This makes Hydronium (same as H+?) and hydroxide (same as OH-?)

  2. My textbook only addresses hydronium, saying that the more hydronium in the water the more acidic the water is.

So I understand if there's more hydronium, it's more acidic, but isn't the amount of hydronium the same as the amount of hydroxide?

Should it be saying "the more hydronium AND hydroxide in the water, the more acidic" ?

So then are we saying water, with a pH of 7, has an average amount of H+ and OH- and thusly water that is more alkaline has less than average number of H+ and OH- breaks?

submitted by /u/miiitchhh
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