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Friday, July 22, 2022

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 20 Jul 2022 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

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Do the elements of supernovae stay within the range of the previous solar system? Is a solar system with a star of sufficient mass just recycling elements within that range?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 09:15 PM PDT

I get that nebulae can be many AU's in diameter, but isn't the distance between solar systems much larger to the point where there would be very little cross pollination between solar systems? Also what happens to planets that aren't destroyed by supernovae? Are there gas giant sized planets drifting around within galaxies unattached to a star?

submitted by /u/tbird1134
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Are ants capable of flatulence?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 05:37 PM PDT

How does the genetical difference between modern humans and our 300 000 year old ancestors compare to the genetical difference between our 300 000 year old ancestors and our 600 000 year old ancestors?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 11:47 PM PDT

Some people are more prone to mosquito bites. What criteria does a mosquito use when selecting their victims?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 07:35 PM PDT

When do gases uniformly fill a container vs layer by layer based on density?

Posted: 20 Jul 2022 02:46 AM PDT

Air in a closed container has Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapour etc in an even distribution throughout the container, despite the N2 having a lower density (1.2 kg/m³) than oxygen (1.4kg/m³) or CO2 (1.9 kg/m³)

But in other cases, it is argued that the carbon dioxide will drop down (as in fire suppression systems), or hot air will rise etc based on differing densities.

Is it all about mixing - or are there other effects at play?

submitted by /u/KesTheHammer
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What does atmospheric pressure really tell us about anything? Can we use the number of hectopectares to divine something useful or even tangible? Like anything to do about the weather, chance of rain, temperature

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 11:36 PM PDT

I have a barometer that tells me a number in hPa (right now it says 1007, which is apparently close to normal? But what is the significance of that, of an- I assume- "normal level of atmospheric pressure"?) I can't figure out what the point even is of knowing this information at a given time! The only time in which I could see this being useful is if-whether weather conditions occur at corresponding hPa levels--if i could replace temperature, chance of rain, is it sunny or cloudy, etc. with it.. I have no idea what I'm talking about.

Can anyone just fill me in and explain atmospheric pressure, its significance to life- my life, every day life, anything

Hope this is the right flair, I couldn't find the one for meteorology or something.

submitted by /u/Lesbianseagullman
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Could trauma result in bicephaly in reptiles?

Posted: 20 Jul 2022 03:23 AM PDT

Forgive the weird question, but I was curious. From what I understand bicephaly in reptiles is typically caused by either genetic or environmental factors, the most common being abnormal incubation temperatures. I was wondering if there is any sort of physical trauma that could result in bicephaly, such as an egg being dropped or slightly damaged? If so, would it be possible for scientists to make a notch in a developing embryo and encourage bicephaly? I know it's kind of morbid, but I was really curious as to whether or not physical environmental factors have an impact on this since I couldn't find many sources surrounding it!

submitted by /u/svconfession411
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How do Projectile Tracking Systems actually function?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 08:23 PM PDT

Especially with regard to the spinning mirror. I can't find a good source that explains how the mirror is capable of turning so quickly. Example footage here: https://youtu.be/z7H5_o4UYw4

submitted by /u/Otisliveson
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How long does it take naturally for silver to form? (not man made ones)

Posted: 20 Jul 2022 07:27 AM PDT

Is D-Ribose a precursor to Ribitol?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 09:31 PM PDT

Is it possible for a new born to develop no genitals at all?

Posted: 20 Jul 2022 04:29 AM PDT

And if yes, in what genetical conditions? Would they physically develop more like a female or male?

I'm mostly interested in this to know if sexually "neutral" humans could exist, and how. If you need me to be more precise, please tell me !

Thanks for your answers!

submitted by /u/ShueiHS
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How can a bacteria have membrane bound organelles?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 07:03 PM PDT

I just came across a video about the giant bacteria thiomargarita magnifica, which is visible to the naked eye and has membrane bound organelles. How is it classified as bacteria instead of protozoa with membrane bound organelles?

submitted by /u/Cyberman2277
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vào lúc No comments:

Wednesday, July 20, 2022

How does tomato juice remove smells? Why is it more effective than many other natural and synthetic compounds?

How does tomato juice remove smells? Why is it more effective than many other natural and synthetic compounds?

How does tomato juice remove smells? Why is it more effective than many other natural and synthetic compounds?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 07:33 AM PDT

Edit: Should have posted this to r/nostupidquestions! Turns out, tomato juice is NOT more effective than many other natural and synthetic compounds. Damn you Spiderman (The Spectacular Spiderman, 2008) for inspiring this question after a fight at the dump.

submitted by /u/seaflans
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What's the most massive black hole that could strike the earth without causing any damage?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 09:30 AM PDT

When I was in 9th grade in the mid-80's, my science teacher said that if a black hole with the mass of a mountain were to strike Earth, it would probably just oscillate back and forth inside the Earth for a while before settling at Earth's center of gravity and that would be it.

I've never forgotten this idea - it sounds plausible but as I've never heard the claim elsewhere I suspect it is wrong. Is there any basis for this?

If it is true, then what's the most massive a black hole could be to pass through the Earth without causing a commotion?

submitted by /u/Syscrush
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Do elastic arteries follow Bernoulli’s principle? If not, why?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 06:49 AM PDT

Okay, so this is a doozy. I was basically having a doubt in the physiology of blood pressure and arteries and my professors were unable to completely answer it, but they gave the reason as 'the large elastic arteries do not follow Bernoulli's principle'. I'm not satisfied with this explanation but as they are not physics professors they just made me accept it as such. So I'm flairing this as physics, but it could be that they misinterpreted my original question which is kinda complicated. So is it true? And why?

submitted by /u/DoubleZOfficial07
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Why don’t the ‘cos’ ends of viral DNA bind inside the capsid?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 08:03 AM PDT

So, the DNA within the head of a capsid such as a lambda particle have these extensions at the 5' strand of each end, called 'cohesive' or 'cos' ends. Apparently, they don't bind to each other during packaging and they don't bind to each other while bundled up inside the capsid. Once released into the host cell, however, they have no issues finding and then binding to each other. Why is that?

submitted by /u/plectinresearcher
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is it true that one of the effects of puberty is the rapid growth of the brain?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 07:04 AM PDT

So one of the effects of puberty is the rapid growth of the human body

BUT is it true that one of the effects of puberty is rapid growth of the brain? Because I read somewhere that one of the effects of puberty is rapid growth of the brain

Please when you answer send me the scientific paper / source that you got the answer from

submitted by /u/mrpotato4565alt2
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How does wood glue work?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 11:46 PM PDT

I understand how glue works but wood glue seems to become a permanent piece of the wood after it's used sometimes lasting hundreds of years. Just curious what's going on there chemically.

submitted by /u/glock2glock
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What is stopping scientists from adding more and more neutrons to an atom to create an infinite amount of isotopes?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 04:40 AM PDT

I understand that at a point, more neutrons do not 'stick' to the nucleus, but why? What is stopping them from doing so? Why is it not possible to get an infinite amount of isotopes?

submitted by /u/EGKMRF
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How do train tracks withstand hot and cold temperatures?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 09:10 AM PDT

In the UK, Network Rail explained why the UK rail infrastructure is unable to cope with hot temperatures, however, it also said that 'If we stressed our rails for exceptionally hot weather, they wouldn't be safe for the winter and we'd have broken rail because it's too cold.'

What I'd like to understand is how the rail infrastructure in places that do experience extreme sides of weather is able to withstand the extremes. In my head I'm thinking of cities in North America on the east coast which experience very low and very high temperatures. How does their rail infrastructure cope with extremes? How are they built differently?

submitted by /u/cosulytt
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How do captive-bred reptiles become salmonella carriers?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 11:47 PM PDT

Allegedly 90% of reptiles carry salmonella. Where do captive-bred reptiles pick it up if they're hatched in incubators and away from the poop of older reptiles? Is it passed on during the formation of the egg? Or can it just survive for so long on water/surfaces that it's just a matter of time until they do? What about the remaining 10%, why don't they get it?

submitted by /u/Ohsa
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What is the process through which physical/mineral sunscreens (the ones that block with titanium/zinc oxide) lose their efficiency within a few hours?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 01:20 AM PDT

If I understand correctly FDA has a ban on claiming more than 2 hours of protection regardless if its a chemical or physical sunscreen - but I would assume that without swimming/washing the physical ones should work longer as the oxides do not break down due to sunlight?

submitted by /u/prookyon
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Has the gene frequency of Tay-Sachs disease in humans decreased since screening began in the 70s?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 10:26 PM PDT

Genetic testing for Tay-Sachs begin in the 70s.

Since then the incidence of Tay-Sachs has fallen by more than 90 percent among Jews, thanks to a combination of scientific advances and volunteer community activism that brought screening for the disease into synagogues, Jewish community centers and, eventually, routine medical care.

Until 1969, when doctors discovered the enzyme that made testing possible to determine whether parents were carriers of Tay-Sachs, 50 to 60 affected Jewish children were born each year in the United States and Canada. After mass screenings began in 1971, the numbers declined to two to five Jewish births a year, said Karen Zeiger, whose first child died of Tay-Sachs.

Tay–Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.[1] The most common form is infantile Tay–Sachs disease, which becomes apparent around three to six months of age, with the baby losing the ability to turn over, sit, or crawl.[1] This is then followed by seizures, hearing loss, and inability to move, with death usually occurring by the age of three to five.[3][1] Less commonly, the disease may occur in later childhood or adulthood (juvenile or late-onset).[1] These forms tend to be less severe,[1] but the juvenile form typically results in death by age 15.

Tay–Sachs disease is caused by a genetic mutation in the HEXA gene on chromosome 15, which codes for a subunit of the hexosaminidase enzyme known as hexosaminidase A. It is inherited from a person's parents in an autosomal recessive manner.

Three main approaches have been used to prevent or reduce the incidence of Tay–Sachs:

Each of the mechanisms above would work to eliminate embryos with two Tay-Sachs genes, and preimplantation genetic diagnoses could be used to eliminate embryos with one Tay-Sachs gene, though I have no reason to think it is used that way.

By eliminating embryos with two Tay-Sachs genes, adults (who could reproduce) with Tay-Sachs are also eliminated and so I would think that over time, the genetic frequency of the Tay-Sachs disorder would decline.

Is there any evidence of this for Tay-Sachs?

Has the gene frequency of any recessive genetic disorder been reduced through screening mechanisms?

submitted by /u/LJAkaar67
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Does the electric field of light exert force on plasma particles?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 07:10 PM PDT

Say there's a cloud of plasma floating in space, and there's a uniform magnetic field around/permeating it. If there is also an electric field present, the plasma will move in the direction of E x B, from what I understand.

Now say there is a beam of laser light shooting through the plasma. Light is made of photons, which are electromagnetic oscillations.

So how does a photon end up affecting the plasma?

One option I could see is that the electric field from the laser and the background magnetic field means the plasma moves in the E_laser x B_background direction.

Another option is that it moves in the E_laser x B_laser direction.

Another option is that it doesn't move but oscillates back and forth along one of those directions, because light is oscillating.

Another option is that it moves in the direction the light was going, because light has momentum and its pushing the plasma. Which is just the 2nd option, but with a different reason.

Another option is that it doesn't move at all and I don't understand photons.

submitted by /u/Bananawamajama
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If gravity increased drastically at a certain spot of the ocean, what would happen in that area?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 10:53 PM PDT

Lets say for example there was a circle in the Pacific Ocean with a diameter of 100ft. Within that circle, the gravity increases by an incredible amount and it only increases within that circle. What would happen to the water in that area? would it cause a straight hole to the bottom of the ocean or would a different kind of phenomenon occur?

submitted by /u/looking_at_themoon
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Do birds fly around for fun?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 06:01 PM PDT

I've always wondered this. I'm on the 46th floor of a hotel right now and see small birds chasing each other around outside. Is there a biological reason for this (food / insects I can't see) or do they just fly around for fun?

submitted by /u/nickofthenairup
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Where can I get a fasta file for the rhinovirus genome?

Posted: 19 Jul 2022 10:45 AM PDT

I'm trying to make a parser for .fa files and this seems like it won't be a huge file.

submitted by /u/plsdontkillmee
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How is it possible for the JWST to have the bandwidth to send back all the data it's collecting?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 10:49 PM PDT

It's so far away yet collecting so much data, I don't understand how it can send it all back. Is it using lossless compression of some kind?

submitted by /u/non-troll_account
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vào lúc No comments:

Tuesday, July 19, 2022

Why is grapefruit juice not safe to consume with certain medications?

Why is grapefruit juice not safe to consume with certain medications?

Why is grapefruit juice not safe to consume with certain medications?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 05:43 PM PDT

vào lúc No comments:

Monday, July 18, 2022

Is it possible to use multiple satellites across space to speed up space communication?

Is it possible to use multiple satellites across space to speed up space communication?

Is it possible to use multiple satellites across space to speed up space communication?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 03:49 PM PDT

Reading about the Webb teleacope amd it sending info back at 25mb a sec, i was thinking abput if it were possible to put satellites throughout space as relays. Kinda like lighting the torches of Gondor. Would that actually allow for faster communication?

submitted by /u/Lonewolf_drak
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Why does COVID have an effect on menstrual cycles?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 11:41 AM PDT

Are there ever cancer studies testing new drugs that don't involve concomitant therapy with chemo and radiation?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 03:21 PM PDT

In trying to research potential treatments for glioblastoma, I came across cannabinoids. It seems like they all fight cancer (glioblastoma specifically) and could inevitably some day cure people's cancers. There have been hundreds of studies, but as near as I can tell there has never once been a single study that tested these in live humans, without being administered in combination with chemo and radiation. I heard a long time ago that they will never ever do that because if a person dies then someone gets blamed for not using chemo and radiation. That kind of logic seems designed to forever prevent there from being any kind of cure or alternative to chemo and radiation, ever.

Do they ever do any in vivo studies on any (new or existing) cancer drugs that are not designed to see if the drug can "assist" chemo and radiation? If not, is there any "path forward" for anyone to ever develop a drug that actually cures cancer?

submitted by /u/rrdein
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Does our total human energy use noticeably warm the planet?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 09:42 AM PDT

I'm not talking about the warming effects of CO2, but rather adding up all of our total energy use and assuming it will all eventually turn into heat, does that in itself have a warming effect on Earth?

submitted by /u/Enough-Screen-1881
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vào lúc No comments:

Moon craters mostly circular?

Moon craters mostly circular?

Moon craters mostly circular?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 01:11 AM PDT

Hi, on the moon, how come the craters are all circular? Would that mean all the asteroids hit the surface straight on at a perfect angle? Wouldn't some hit on different angles creating more longer scar like damage to the surface? Thanks

submitted by /u/G1rvo
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Why aren't space-based radio telescopes really a thing?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 08:41 AM PDT

So searching for radio telescopes I found that there are almost none currently operating in space and historically very few as well. Most of the big radio dishes in space are turned Earthwards for spying purposes.

As a layperson this strikes me as strange because it seems like a radio telescope would be significantly easier to build and launch than an optical telescope.

A few possible guesses come to mind based on my small amount of astronomy knowledge:

Fewer advantages over land-based observation, relative to an optical scope?

Interferometry using huge numbers of smaller ground based dishes simply more useful?

Some engineering challenge I'm not considering?

submitted by /u/HardlineMike
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Is the Atlantic Ocean mostly dead?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 11:28 AM PDT

This article, citing research from the Global Oceanic Environmental Survey Foundation, claims that the Atlantic Ocean is mostly deprived of life due to plankton population collapse from pollution: https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/humanity-will-not-survive-extinction-of-most-marine-plants-and-animals/?fbclid=IwAR0kid7zbH-urODZNGLfw8sYLEZ0pcT0RiRbrLwyZpfA14IVBmCiC-GchTw

It sounds bad, but it's also from a study that may not be peer reviewed (I can't seem to find methodology, authors, or even the text of the study) by a group I've never heard of and seems focused on activism.

Is there any way to verify if this study is real? And if it's real, is it scientifically sound?

submitted by /u/thenormaldude
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Could we handle nuclear waste by drilling into a subduction zone and let the earth carry the waste into the mantle?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 07:15 AM PDT

Pins & Needles ( what is actually happening ? )

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 06:01 AM PDT

What is actually happening in the body/brain to cause the pins and needles or sharp tingling sensation felt after blood rushes back to a numb body part ?

submitted by /u/4fingerfrank
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Why is the “Buzz” on High Voltage power lines Louder on a cloudy day than on a clear day?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 06:03 AM PDT

When walking in a parking lot that has High Voltage Power lines over it, I noticed that the 'Buzz' was much louder today, a cloudy day, than it is normally on a clear day. What is the reason for this? Is it even louder when it rains?

submitted by /u/MayrutSingh
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In the Warming Stripes, how can the blue stripes be explained?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 04:06 AM PDT

The way I understand the Warming Stripes (the blue/red bar code showing global temperature changes), the reds indicate temperatures warmer than what they're supposed to be, while blue indicates colder than what they're supposed to be.

But the bar starts with a lot of blue until 1980 or so. Why were temperatures lower than they're supposed until from ~1900 to 1980 and how is that determined?

submitted by /u/qkvb
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Does the universe as a whole have an orbit?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 09:38 PM PDT

I know it's expanding- but does it have a rotation? Our planet orbits our sun, which orbits our super massive black hole… it seems like rotation is the standard. So does the universe as whole have a spin? And if not why?

submitted by /u/AnselmFox
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Can you fuse any two pieces of the same material in space just like metal?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 01:00 PM PDT

We know that on earth here when we cut two pieces of metal the freshly cut surface oxidizes preventing the metal from joining back together,

Though in space the metal does not oxidize and is able to fuse back together into a single piece of metal,

My question is, is this the case for all material? For example wood, (I don't know why we can't fuse that back together on earth) if we took a piece of wood to the vacuum of space could we fuse it back together just through pressure?

And if we can't, can someone explain why we can't?

submitted by /u/Ilayeggs121
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Static and dynamic equilibrium?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 06:40 AM PDT

I dont understand the point of static equilibrium? If the forward and backward reaction rate is zero then why is it not just considered as not reacting at all? Why call it static equilibrium? I dint understand the answers on google like the example of diamond and graphite, is there another possible example of a static equilibrium?

submitted by /u/TheGuans
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How did elephants evolution lead to them having a trunk?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 05:50 AM PDT

Before the trunk is fully functional is their an environmental pressure that leads to elongated noses?

submitted by /u/avdolian
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Would a replacement reaction between a metal and a solution of more then one metal salt result in an alloy precipitate?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 04:03 PM PDT

Summary: Large solid chunk of steel submerged in a solution of copper(ii) sulfate and tin(ii) sulfate (estimated ration of 10-1). Left to sit for 24 hours. Reaction expected to produce precipitates of metallic copper and tin and a solution of iron(ii) sulfate.

Question: Would the copper and tin precipitate out as a metallic alloy, or would they come out as separate layers, crystals, etc.. ?

So... I've been messing around with copper(ii) sulfate for the past few days. One of my ongoing experiments started with putting scrap electronics solder in a solution of the stuff. My idea was the tin and lead would replace the copper and leave a solution of pure tin(ii) sulfate and insoluble lead(ii) sulfate and copper metal. The results were promising as I was left with a beautiful turquoise blue solution along with white precipitate of lead(ii) sulfate and copper collecting on the old solder. My only mistake was that I did not have enough solder, and so the resulting solution was still mostly copper(ii) sulfate.

It was this mixture of tin(ii) sulfate and copper(ii) sulfate that I added a slightly rusted steel hammer head to. I honestly didn't have a plan at this point other then a quick google search to see where iron was in terms of reactivity. Success on that: I now have an almost pure solution of iron(ii) sulfate. I will likely continue using sulfate to juggle metal ions with reckless abandon.

It's the hammer head I sacrificed that I'm really curios about. It's completely covered in copper crystals and I'm pretty certain the tin is mixed in as well. I'll link a picture in the comments. I really want to know if I just accidentally made a copper-tin alloy.

submitted by /u/venbrou
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How infectious are you during the inflammatory phase of COVID?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 01:24 AM PDT

Can we detect the effect of economic recessions, depressions, etc. on the statistical distribution of e.g. height?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 08:58 AM PDT

I figure that (economic) hard times equal, at least for some populations/groups, lower caloric consumption than usual, which could have some consequences for body size, in particular, height.

In particular if it happens to children or young adults still in the progress of growing, which i figure would be more sensitive to changes in intake(?), and therefore prevent them from reaching their full "potential".

Are there any data indicating that, e.g. "population group X experienced economic difficulties in the year Y, which was reflected in a statistically detectable deviation/anomaly in the distribution for height for the group some N years later, compared to how it is normally"

submitted by /u/QQwas
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How strong is the medical scientific case for vitamin C against the common cold?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 11:31 PM PDT

Do all planets receive the same wavelengths of light from their star?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 04:30 AM PDT

We observe our world through the light visible to our eyes, however there are know organisms who see different wavelengths, bees for example can see ultraviolet light. Could there be planets where potential lifeforms might have to evolv to see x-rays or microwaves in order to observe their world?

If some planets received a different composition of light waves than ours I suspect it might be possible but I don't know if that is physically accurate.

I know there are different types of stars and I know that the consensus is that a planet needs to be in the 'goldilocks zone' of a star to support life.

Thought I might ask here and hope it's not a completely stupid question haha thanks.

submitted by /u/ShineOnYouFatOldSun
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[Evolutionary Biology/Botany] Cactaceae is a very young plant family. Is this why they're so promiscuous?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 08:08 AM PDT

Cactaceae are the only family I know of where almost any species can be successfully grafted to almost any other species. Almost every cactus is capable of producing fertile, hybrids within its genus. Beyond that, it's been found that many cacti are even capable of intergeneric hybridization. Desert cacti are supposed to have diverged and evolved during a worldwide drying event roughly 10-25 mya (I'm assuming the rainforest/vining species evolved at a similar time) This is relatively recent on the scale of plant evolution, is this why they're able to graft and breed so freely? They haven't had enough time to diverge to the point of incompatibility?

submitted by /u/Kittten_Mitttons
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Does geology play a part in showing the average temperature of the Earth in a certain time period, like the chemical makeup of the rocks? Or is there more to it in determining geologically what the climate was like in the past?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 02:09 PM PDT

Had someone mention in another thread that we have historical data on temperatures obtained by geology studies that shows the climate currently doesn't match with the general trend we'd expect to be naturally occurring, so I'm curious as to if there's something geologically that shows the Earth's average climate in comparison to now, and how that shows it's much warmer now than it should be by natural progression.

submitted by /u/QuothTheRaven713
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Do peoole in comas have cycles like sleep/wake for brain activity or is a general muted brain activity the whole time?

Posted: 15 Jul 2022 07:32 PM PDT

Does hot weather bother insects?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 06:41 AM PDT

While I find it too hot to do anything, the insects seem to be busy as always, especially the bees on the lavender. Does the heat have an influence on them?

submitted by /u/klompje
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Elephant tusks are modified upper incisors, Deinotheriidae of the elephant order are modified lower incisors. Is this likely a case of convergent evolution, fulfilling a similar purpose in different way, or a varied expression of a shared genetic change?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 02:20 PM PDT

I'm not entirely sure the best way to word this question. Would the large size of the incisors be because of a shared large incisor set of genetic changes, or rather the large lower incisor developed independently of the large upper one.

submitted by /u/ajifoster321
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Why are planets almost perfectly spherical?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 07:59 AM PDT

Why are there no odd shaped planets, or planets shaped like cubes etc?

submitted by /u/AimForYaBoat
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Is there a reason your own "young" bone marrow couldn't put in storage for an immune system "restoration" when you are older?

Posted: 15 Jul 2022 07:48 AM PDT

It seems a reasonable hypothesis that a portion of the "problems" with an aging immune system come from aging stem cells in your bone marrow.

Obviously bone marrow extraction is very painful, but other than that hurdle, is there some reason I am not seeing that storing your own bone marrow on LN2 for later wouldn't be a way to restore the "youth" of your immune system later on in life?

submitted by /u/Natolx
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How do telescopes, on Earth, take pictures of the space with long exposures?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 09:29 PM PDT

People often say "picture with x hours of exposure" to capture images of the space. Since we are constantly rotating, how do you "fix" the telescope / camera for the long expose to a galaxy, the sun, or whatever is in space?

submitted by /u/Furita
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How single propeller Airplane are compensating the torque of the engine without spinning?

Posted: 15 Jul 2022 03:06 AM PDT

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