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Tuesday, July 27, 2021

Studies have shown that the breast milk of mothers that have been vaccinated for Covid-19 carry antibodies to protect the baby (passive immunity). Does this process also confer active immunity? I.e. does the baby's body have any long-lasting protection should breast feeding cease?

Studies have shown that the breast milk of mothers that have been vaccinated for Covid-19 carry antibodies to protect the baby (passive immunity). Does this process also confer active immunity? I.e. does the baby's body have any long-lasting protection should breast feeding cease?


Studies have shown that the breast milk of mothers that have been vaccinated for Covid-19 carry antibodies to protect the baby (passive immunity). Does this process also confer active immunity? I.e. does the baby's body have any long-lasting protection should breast feeding cease?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 08:03 PM PDT

Where does the energy that causes tides come from?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 02:57 PM PDT

I know the moon's gravity causes it but from the looks of it, it seems to be creating energy out of nothing which should be impossible, like, does it come from the energy of the moon's orbit? If so then does that mean the moon will eventually crash into the earth in however million years?

submitted by /u/nbjax
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How do weather models take into account wildfire smoke / air pollution?

Posted: 27 Jul 2021 04:35 AM PDT

All the smoke that has been in the air the past few days probably has had some effects on the weather (blocking sunlight, nucleating condensation, etc.). Do weather forecast models take this into account? If so, how?

submitted by /u/-Metacelsus-
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If increased kinetic energy = perception of heat/high temperature, why does using a fan to blow around air (increase kinetic energy) cool us down?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 03:47 PM PDT

Rather than some mind-blowing physics, I'm expecting this to be more of a common-sense kind of solution, but I've been stuck puzzling over it for a while.

submitted by /u/bobhob314
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Is it possible to make something like a Faraday cage but for ferromagnetic fields?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 11:42 PM PDT

What happens when T-Cells or B-Cells are in the blood for too long?

Posted: 27 Jul 2021 03:10 AM PDT

We only really use them when we're infected with something, right? So, I imagine that they get deployed and leave after the job gets done....but what happens if the just chill in the blood?

submitted by /u/The_Start_Line
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What happens to food like chips, crackers, or cereal exposed to air that causes it to lose flavor and change in texture?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 07:22 PM PDT

Why does the Black Sea have so few islands, compared with the nearby Aegean?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 07:46 PM PDT

Could you make a metal alloy non-conductive?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 07:18 PM PDT

Glass backs are increasingly common on smartphones due to wireless charging - there can't be a conductive material like metal between the two inductive coils. But there are many benefits to metal backs on phones, chiefly drop resistance. Is there any way to create an alloy that is non-conductive (or at least minimally conductive) yet otherwise retains similar material properties to metal?

submitted by /u/legoinventor510
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Why is it, that when we stratch an itch, we feel relief and the itching feeling goes away?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 12:11 PM PDT

Someone asked this in my master's class as an offhand comment many years ago, and I still do not know why this is the case. I know not all itches are the same, but as someone who has sensitive skin I've ever since wondered why does the itching seem to stop or at least be relieved when the scratching starts.

Note, when I say itch I mean the feeling that something needs to be scratched, and when I say scratch I mean the action of scratching.

submitted by /u/munkijunk
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How did the Apollo capsule slow down for re-entry?

Posted: 27 Jul 2021 12:57 AM PDT

I'm reading Apollo 10 entered re-entry at 36,397 mph. That's about 20 times faster than a bullet. What was the primary way it slowed itself down? I wouldn't think parachutes would work at that speed, right?

submitted by /u/Rockfiresky
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Why do atoms gain or lose electrons even though it would make the charge of the atom not neutral?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 09:00 PM PDT

Is Nonbinary presence lower or different in regions that use primarily a gendered language?

Posted: 27 Jul 2021 07:15 AM PDT

My question is a combination of a sociology and linguistics question. Does the language of a region being gendered i.e. not having non-gendered pronouns (like German or Spanish) affect the prevalence of non-binary gender identity, or the way in which it presents?

submitted by /u/sentinel101
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How did we first learn about enantiomers and chirality in nature and pharmaceuticals?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 05:24 PM PDT

I coulda sworn it was from early birth control pills that didn't work and then cause birth defects but now im not sure and i can't find it on google. Orgo was 20 years ago for me :p

submitted by /u/smellygymbag
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Are sea level and evolution connected?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 08:47 PM PDT

This is a question that's been on mind my a lot lately. Land plants increased drastically in diversity in the mid-Carboniferous, which was coincident with a drop in eustatic sea level. Theropods became prominent in the Permian, when eustatic sea level dropped again. Is this just bad science, or is there a connection here?

submitted by /u/jesus-chrysocolla
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Can the body remove plaque buildup in the arteries, if so how?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 08:28 AM PDT

Apologies if this is a commonly asked topic, I did several searches on the subject both in and outside of this sub and couldn't find a satisfying answer.

Whenever you try to research cholesterol, even on the most niche, specific, science based sites the answers given are always "Mediterranean diet, excercise, stop drinking and smoking" and that's fine if I'm trying to make a lifestyle change to decrease my cholesterol, but that's not my question.

My question is: can plaque buildup be chemically (or otherwise) decreased in the arteries i.e. destroying plaque build ups and clots over time, and if so how?

The way that the concept of heart attacks, high blood pressure, cholesterol, plaque, and the general concept of heart and circulatory health are portrayed... It always seemed to me that plaque build up is a static, permanent, irreversible calcification process that latches onto the inner wall of an artery and stays there forever. It also seems as though even after improving one's lifestyle, the common knowledge is that those plaque buildups just sit there and never go away.

As a chemistry major with a healthy respect for the sciences my gut instinct says that's impossible or we'd all be dead by now. How could plaque never go away?

So: how does our body remove, destroy, reduce, etc. Plaque build up in the circulator system? Chemically? Mechanically? I can't imagine passing a plaque stone like a kidney stone, it sounds incredibly painful so there must be some process by which our bodies avoid all of this, right?

Edit: doing some further research I found that HDL cholesterol will "vacuum" LDL up and transport it to the liver to be removed from the body. As an amendment to my question: can you explain how this process works?

submitted by /u/Matt1050
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Why is lipid nanoparticle capture preferred to lyophilization for RNA?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 08:10 PM PDT

With the two prominent uses if this method being the vaccines most of us have had, I was wondering why lyophilization is unfavorable to such a system. My educated guess would be that either RNA doesn't survive a freeze cycle or that the nanoparticles produced aid in the efficacy. I must emphasize that this technique is not unique to the vaccines we've all heard of. Anyone with knowledge of bionanotechnology, biology, immunology, and etcetera would have valuable input to this discussion.

I have flagged this as engineering as it seems to fit the topic the best. Chemistry, biology, medicine, and human body are all relevant as well -- I have studied and used these topics in my career as an engineer.

I ask this because I currently study drying of proteins and other hydrophilic macromolecule. I work to improve patient experience through formulation innovations.

submitted by /u/MThatcherSexDemon
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Why are humans limited to a particular running speed?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 08:36 AM PDT

I've been watching the Olympics, and it seems that there is an upper limit to human running speed - what variables exactly dictate this?

submitted by /u/blubberpuss1
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Do fish "drink" water? Do they desalinate it somehow?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 01:01 AM PDT

Water is needed for every life, how fish and others sea creatures handle salty water? Do those mechanisms differ in inland fish from sea fish?

submitted by /u/staszkon
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When people undergo hemispherectomies where half of their brain is removed, what ends up filling the space where the brain was?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 05:00 AM PDT

I was reading an article where it mentioned that several people had half of their brains removed in order to treat seizures. I'm assuming that there just isn't a pocket of air sitting in these peoples' skulls, so is the cavity filled with blood or some sort of cerebral fluid?

Article: https://www.webmd.com/brain/news/20191119/they-had-half-their-brains-removed-heres-what-happened-after

submitted by /u/ALPaca3
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How much damages can a single volcanic eruption cause?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 01:36 PM PDT

Monday, July 26, 2021

What do we mean when we say that an eagle has better eyesight than a human?

What do we mean when we say that an eagle has better eyesight than a human?


What do we mean when we say that an eagle has better eyesight than a human?

Posted: 25 Jul 2021 08:52 PM PDT

For instance, is its "picture" just zoomed in? Is it sharper, so sharp that it can so details from really far away? Are the colors brighter? Can it zoom in and out on command like a camera? Can it sharpen and blur like a camera? What does "better eyesight" mean?

submitted by /u/DeCoolManEight
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Is there a decreased incidence of Long Haul COVID associated with breakthrough cases for vaccinated folks?

Posted: 26 Jul 2021 04:02 AM PDT

Would a huge stretch of completely flat land be an old landform, or a newer one?

Posted: 25 Jul 2021 02:48 PM PDT

If there aren't any hills obstructing anything, and seeing for MILES on flat land. Would that land be a very old landform, or not as old?

submitted by /u/Axeloy
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Do COVID variants exist as discrete strains or is there a continuous distribution of variants?

Posted: 25 Jul 2021 08:28 PM PDT

For example, if you look at two related variants, is there a continuous spread of variants that exist in between the two? How much does a given variant have to change to be considered a new variant?

submitted by /u/heir-of-slytherin
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Did FoldingAtHome have any effect on the development of vaccines for Covid 19?

Posted: 25 Jul 2021 07:07 PM PDT

A lot was talked about how FAH helped to show the "first moments of life of the virus" but I haven't been able to find anything related to whether this helped to achieve anything regarding Covid.

submitted by /u/DjCanalex
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Why would a satellite camera separate a moving object into RGB component images while also having a complete color image, all on the same capture?

Posted: 25 Jul 2021 08:08 PM PDT

This is the image in question.

A while back, I was working and had to consult Google Maps for something and noticed something quite unique. The satellite managed to capture a plane mid flight, but the colors were separated into their separate RGB channels, and yet still had a full color image of the plane directly underneath it. I'm absolutely puzzled as to why this would occur, and it can't be some sort of prism effect because there's no gradient between each color on the tail of the plane. It's perfectly separated. I don't know if this should be a physics thing (I think it should because optics) or if it's more of a computer/engineering question.I can't remember exactly where, but I know for sure that it was in Florida.

submitted by /u/smiffeh343
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Is there work on sphere-packing inside a cone of a given aperture?

Posted: 25 Jul 2021 12:03 PM PDT

I was doing the planning for a croquembouche, and that got me to thinking about the maximum number of cream puffs one could fit inside the (traditionally cone-shaped) dessert, which I thought I could model as spheres packed inside a cone. I would expect this amount to vary based on the cone's aperture, but I'm not sure, and my search for an answer to this question only turned up papers on packing cones inside of other things. Can anyone answer my question/point me in the right direction?

submitted by /u/captainthomas
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Does psychiatric conditions like depression or psychosis cause brain damage?

Posted: 25 Jul 2021 02:06 PM PDT

If so, how do these conditions contribute to brain damage? Do treatments like therapy or medication reverse it?

submitted by /u/buffalorayy
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What makes up the gray matter of the spinal cord?

Posted: 25 Jul 2021 03:01 PM PDT

I am studying for an anatomy exam and on one of the slides it states, "gray matter in the spinal cord consists of short nonmyelinated interneurons and motor neurons." That's only partially true, right? In addition to neuroglia, the spinal cord gray matter also has sensory neurons, right? Since, during a monosynaptic stretch reflex, myelinated sensory neuron synapses with a motor neuron in the ventral horn of the gray matter.

submitted by /u/YouNeverFigured
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Why don’t dorsal rami form nerve plexuses?

Posted: 25 Jul 2021 02:55 PM PDT

Studying for an anatomy exam and I saw that a distinction I must know is that ventral rami for plexuses (except T2-T12 which are intercostal nerves), but dorsal rami do not. What do dorsal rami form and why do they not form plexuses? Thanks!

submitted by /u/YouNeverFigured
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The St. Clair River definitely has a delta when it enters Lake Dt. Clair. But why don't other connecting rivers in the Great Lakes have deltas, with the likes of the Detroit, St. Mary's, Niagara, and the St. Lawrence?

Posted: 25 Jul 2021 02:43 PM PDT

What does it a mean for a fire to create its own weather?

Posted: 24 Jul 2021 10:27 PM PDT

Reporting on the Bootleg Fire this week made a big deal about it "creating its own weather". While I don't doubt that's true, what does it actually mean? How would that transition be measured? Are there some telltale features that make it safe to declare such a thing about a wildfire?

submitted by /u/zhilia_mann
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Do fish, whales or other sea animals drink water?

Posted: 24 Jul 2021 11:39 PM PDT

I'm spontaneously curious how animals that live under water, including, but not limited to, seawater, ingest water.

Can some animals use their "skin", or is there another known way, besides drinking, to digest water underwater?

submitted by /u/trickm8
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What shape are the nuclei of each element?

Posted: 24 Jul 2021 06:24 PM PDT

I'd heard the protons & neutrons were in a ball shape for most of the periodic table, but that later periods they started to look less like spheres and more like footballs (american).

I'm thinking specifically how the protons & neutrons arrange themselves, if it's in basically a ball or what. I looked online and only found one blog, but it doesn't look academic. Anything in academic journals, I don't have access to right now, nor experience with sifting through them.

submitted by /u/fireinthedust
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What was the land like during the Cambrian period?

Posted: 25 Jul 2021 04:24 AM PDT

Was there any hint of life of it save for bacteria of course? Any plants animals or fungi? Or was the earth just a barren wasteland?

submitted by /u/GeneticJail
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Does the body produce Vitamin D in the presence of moonlight similar to sunlight?

Posted: 24 Jul 2021 06:56 PM PDT

Sunday, July 25, 2021

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXV

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXV


AskScience Panel of Scientists XXV

Posted: 24 Jul 2021 10:25 PM PDT

Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.

This post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is here.

The panel is an informal group of Redditors who are either professional scientists or those in training to become so. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.

Membership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!

-------------------

You are eligible to join the panel if you:

  • Are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences, AND,
  • Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.

-------------------

Instructions for formatting your panelist application:

  • Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).
  • State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)
  • Succinctly describe your particular area of research in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)
  • Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?
  • Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience which you feel are indicative of your scholarship. Applications will not be approved without several comments made in /r/AskScience itself.

-------------------

Ideally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.

Here's an example application:

Username: /u/foretopsail

General field: Anthropology

Specific field: Maritime Archaeology

Particular areas of research include historical archaeology, archaeometry, and ship construction.

Education: MA in archaeology, researcher for several years.

Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4.

Please do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.

You can submit your application by replying to this post.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why does the speed of light being constant for all observers imply spacetime is non-Euclidean?

Posted: 24 Jul 2021 01:18 PM PDT

I'm a layman when it comes to physics, so the question may be ill-formed and/or incorrectly framed. I'm trying to really grasp the nature of (flat) spacetime. I'm watching this video, and she says how there's no way for the speed of light to be constant for all observers if spacetime were Euclidean.

If I take the speed of light being constant for all observes as axiomatically true, then I feel like I'm close to grasping flat spacetime, but I don't really understand why this statement has to be the case. I'm guessing there's a simple mathematical proof that shows why the spacetime is basically a series of hyperbolic contours -- can someone point me to that?

submitted by /u/millenniumpianist
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If our ears locate the direction which a sound comes from by the time lag between our two ears, how does it determine if it's in front or behind of us?

Posted: 24 Jul 2021 05:49 PM PDT

Does the Hoover Dam need the water from Lake Mead to stay structurally sound?

Posted: 24 Jul 2021 12:42 PM PDT

I've been reading articles about how low the water level is in Lake Mead and it got me thing about two things.

  1. Does the concrete that was used to build the dam rely at all on being continuously wet (i.e. is the concrete prone to crumbling prematurely when it's dry for extended periods of time)?

  2. Since the dam was built to hold back tremendous pressure from the lake now that the lake is so low is there concern that the dam could collapse into the lake because the water isn't there to balance things out?

The thing was built during the Great Depression and wasn't sure, at the time, if they ever factored the lake ever drying up in their engineering plans.

submitted by /u/frupp110
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What makes the oceans so salty? Was it a one-time event, or does this naturally happen with giant pools of water? How come the Great Lakes don’t turn to salt water?

Posted: 23 Jul 2021 08:27 PM PDT

Do animals get mental illnesses? What does it look like for them?

Posted: 23 Jul 2021 10:58 PM PDT

How closely related are the 600 putative ubiquitin E3 ligases from each other?

Posted: 23 Jul 2021 11:59 PM PDT

Saturday, July 24, 2021

Since mosquitoes and flies find their prey partially by following the odor of CO2, will increasing ambient CO2 in the atmosphere interfere with their ability to hunt? What concentration would we expect to see an impact?

Since mosquitoes and flies find their prey partially by following the odor of CO2, will increasing ambient CO2 in the atmosphere interfere with their ability to hunt? What concentration would we expect to see an impact?


Since mosquitoes and flies find their prey partially by following the odor of CO2, will increasing ambient CO2 in the atmosphere interfere with their ability to hunt? What concentration would we expect to see an impact?

Posted: 23 Jul 2021 06:43 PM PDT

When a person develops an alcohol tolerance by drinking frequently, does that mean their BAC is actually lower after a drink than the average person?

Posted: 23 Jul 2021 02:19 PM PDT

Is there any indication that extinct mammoths and mastodons support large fleshy trunks from looking exclusively at their skeletons?

Posted: 23 Jul 2021 07:01 PM PDT

The idea popped into my head when looking up the skeletons of ancient mastodons and mammoths. We know they have trunks because of their living cousins, the very few soft tissue fossils that were fortuitously preserved, and ancient human artwork like Rouffignac Cave, but does soft tissue structure like this leave any indications on the bones themselves?

In the paleo artwork I see, usually the trunks are drawn to be proportional to those of modern elephants, but what if this trait is more like Darwin's finch beaks where there's a whole range of lengths and shapes tailored to the animal's environment? We even have the Pygmy mammoths (akin to Darwin's finches) living off islands in California which had classic island dwarfism traits. Can we hypothesize any other morphological changes in them as well?

This makes me wonder what other flesh structures on ancient creatures we've completely missed out on in the fossil record. An elephant would look pretty silly without its trunk, and there might be many ancient species we have very very incorrect understandings of their actual shapes.

submitted by /u/AsAChemicalEngineer
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What happens if a volcano erupts violently underwater?

Posted: 24 Jul 2021 02:27 AM PDT

What happens if a volcano as powerful as krakatoa erupted deep underwater, could this even happen? why/why not

submitted by /u/The_One_Piece_
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How do Powerful North American East Coast Earthquakes Happen?

Posted: 23 Jul 2021 11:26 PM PDT

How did the 1817 or 1929 earthquakes happen? There's no subduction zone or fault per the article I'm reading (https://www.livescience.com/39507-bermuda-triangle-earthquake-1817-tsunami.html). The article says that there are just earthquakes along the continental shelf. Is there any research into the mechanisms behind this? Or has there been subsequent research finding something else at fault (geology pun :)? Is it just a fluke? Is it unknown? I couldn't find anything about these earthquakes with a big of digging.

submitted by /u/Solid_Antelope2586
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How do crest whitening strips work to whiten teeth on a molecular level?

Posted: 23 Jul 2021 02:25 PM PDT

Iirc it's hydrogen peroxide in a gel form, but is it's absorbed into the teeth or does it dissolve a layer, or something?

submitted by /u/Sankronized
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What's the difference between the 'cell-mediated immunity' & the 'antibody immunity'.?

Posted: 24 Jul 2021 03:08 AM PDT

Several newspaper outlets report these two figures as measuring markers of herd-immunity whilst giving results of the seroprevelance survey done.

What's exactly the difference between the two?

Cell Mediated Immunity vs the antibodies?

submitted by /u/nimitpathak51
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If hydrogen doesn't contain any neutron, how does nuclear fusion lead to the creation of elements containing neutrons?

Posted: 23 Jul 2021 08:20 AM PDT

Is COVID-19 reinfection unusual?

Posted: 23 Jul 2021 09:10 AM PDT

And is it true that reinfection comes with more serious symptoms?

If you could attach studies/papers of reputable sources that'd be great.

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/Sylenxer
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How does the body deal with virus/bacteria mutating inside it? Can an pathogen mutate and the existing immune response be rendered useless?

Posted: 23 Jul 2021 07:25 AM PDT

When walking across a rope bridge that is potentially weak equally throughout, is the greatest stress point in the middle or on one of the ends?

Posted: 22 Jul 2021 10:09 PM PDT

I was watching a show where a heavy character was walking across a weak bridge and was wondering where the most dangerous part would be.

submitted by /u/tehtimman
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