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Thursday, May 27, 2021

Why can I see my LED lightbulbs flicker when I see them in my periphery, but not directly?

Why can I see my LED lightbulbs flicker when I see them in my periphery, but not directly?


Why can I see my LED lightbulbs flicker when I see them in my periphery, but not directly?

Posted: 26 May 2021 01:38 PM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: We're Experts Here to Discuss Zoonotic Disease. AUA!

Posted: 27 May 2021 06:00 AM PDT

Zoonotic diseases, those transmitted between humans and animals, account for 75% of new or emerging infectious diseases. The future of public health depends on predicting and preventing spillover events particularly as interactions with wildlife and domestic animals increase.

Join us today, May 27, at 2 PM ET (18 UT) for a discussion on zoonotic diseases, organized by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). We'll discuss the rise of zoonotic diseases like COVID-19 and Zika, monitoring tools and technologies used to conduct surveillance, and the need for a One Health approach to human, animal, and environmental health. Ask us anything!

With us today are:

Links:

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Is there a meaningful difference between how we metabolize different sugars?

Posted: 26 May 2021 06:47 PM PDT

Can anyone go into detail about the metabolisms of sucrose vs glucose vs fructose?

My curiosity stems from the bit of folk wisdom that Cane Sugar sodas are "better for you" than High Fructose Corn Syrup sweetened ones. Is that true? If so, how so?

My interest is from a biochem/ metabolic standpoint. How do their metabolic pathways differ?

submitted by /u/Panthropoly
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How does Difference Frequency Generation work in nonlinear optics, and how is it energy conserving?

Posted: 27 May 2021 05:23 AM PDT

I'm having trouble finding a good explanation of what is going on that is understandable for someone without background in optics.

so i understand DFG is the process where w1,w2 are input, and w3 is the output, where w3=w1-w2.

now, the energy diagram shows w1 getting absorbed and w2 and w3 being emitted.

wouldn't that mean that the output should be both w3 AND w2? and why is w2 a required input here?

is the w2 input supposed to cancel out the emission of w2 via destructive interference?

that'd be my reflexive guess but i'm not seeing any mention of such interference and in this lecture the w2 emission in the energy diagram has (amplified) next to it which would be the opposite of destructive interference, if anything. so i'm missing something important here.

...halp?

submitted by /u/SymphoDeProggy
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How do the Starlink satellites in very low orbit overcome drag?

Posted: 26 May 2021 10:37 PM PDT

The more closely orbiting satellites have an altitude of 340km/210mi. Does atmospheric drag play a major role there?

I know satellites often have a small engine to maintain orbit, but wouldn't it burn through the fuel relatively quickly? How long of a lifespan can be expected?

submitted by /u/hufflepuph
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does alzheimer’s have specific causes or does it come on randomly?

Posted: 26 May 2021 05:50 PM PDT

Are human brains the most wrinkled in the animal kingdom? Or are there animals with more wrinkles than us? Would the animals have the potential to be smarter than humans?

Posted: 26 May 2021 05:22 PM PDT

I've heard in pop culture that a wrinkly brain is a smarter brain, and I was just wondering if humans had the most wrinkly brain out of all animals.

Also, are there other animals whose 'brain wrinkle rating' is comparable to ours? If so, how come it seems only humans are so much more advanced than those comparable animals?

submitted by /u/datdutho
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What is the Largest Clade with One Extant Member?

Posted: 26 May 2021 04:35 PM PDT

The family Ailuridae has one extant member, the red panda, is there any larger clade (like an order or something) that also only has one extant member?

submitted by /u/Digitman801
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Is glass cracking consistent? Will the same crack occur under exactly the same conditions?

Posted: 26 May 2021 01:04 PM PDT

Thought it would be cool to create crack patterns for aesthetical reasons in controlled areas, is this even possible?

submitted by /u/xDroneytea
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Do sparks break the sound barrier?

Posted: 26 May 2021 01:51 PM PDT

Do sparks break the sound barrier? is that the clicking noise?

When we hear thunder is that because the lightening is breaking the sound barrier?

submitted by /u/nonstop9999
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Why Do Protons Cross the Membrane in a Proton-exchange Membrane Fuel Cell?

Posted: 26 May 2021 07:28 PM PDT

Everything I read insists that the protons from the anode cross the proton-exchange membrane to the cathode but I never see any justification. I saw electrochemical gradients mentioned once but if it's just the diffusion of protons from high concentration to low concentration, then why is oxygen required? Doesn't the recombination of protons and electrons into hydrogen on the cathode side reduce the proton concentration by itself?

submitted by /u/VLDR
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Is the moon Titan losing its atmosphere, and if so, at what rate?

Posted: 26 May 2021 03:32 PM PDT

I heard that Titan's moon is losing its atmosphere, as in the Wikipedia article, "Because N2 is the primary component (98%) of Titan's atmosphere, the isotopic ratio suggests that much of the atmosphere has been lost over geologic time." How does this loss of an atmosphere compare to other planetary bodies in our Solar System, such as Earth, Venus, and Mars?

Source: A. Coustenis (2005). "Formation and Evolution of Titan's Atmosphere". Space Science Reviews. 116 (1–2): 171–184

submitted by /u/wiz28ultra
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The Pillars of Creation in the Eagle Nebula were destroyed 6,000 years ago, but the light from their destruction won't reach us for another 1,000 years. How do we know this?

Posted: 26 May 2021 08:10 AM PDT

Are the scientists who conduct vaccine trials the same as the company that developed it?

Posted: 26 May 2021 09:41 PM PDT

I've been looking around on google, but have yet to find anything that mentioned the topic.

While I myself am confident in the vaccine, my mother is hesitant, and I'm looking into things to ease her doubts.

A question came to mind about who conducts the trials in specific - primarily if the scientists involved have connections to the developers of the vaccine themselves, and if that thereby might be reasons to have concern.

Does anyone have more information on this topic, and know where I might be able to find a source of how this is handled?

submitted by /u/Zodai
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How does cosmic microwave background radiation work?

Posted: 26 May 2021 10:59 AM PDT

I understand that it's remnant energy from the Big Bang, and that it accounts for the temperature of the universe (right?).

In chemistry class, we define temperature as the kinetic energy of particles in a system, but how can space have a temperature when there are no particles for energy to move?

Also how is CMB just everywhere? From what I understand, energy is usually in the form of electromagnetic waves, which travel infinitely in a vacuum until they are absorbed by something. What exactly is CMB if not a traveling wave?

submitted by /u/jacker494
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How to calculate solar eclipse totality duration for specific locations?

Posted: 26 May 2021 04:10 PM PDT

When I look up information about the totality of the 2024 solar eclipse over North America, all I ever see for the length of the totality is for the place where it's the longest.

Is there a method for calculating how long the totality will last for a given location? I'm prepared for the math and physics to be way over my head, but be entertained and informed nonetheless.

Edit: I forgot to mention that I have a layman's understanding of some of the factors, such as the Moon's speed at that point, and a vague guess that there's a relationship between latitude and duration.

I'm god awful bad at math beyond grade school basics, but if you have a highly technical answer, feel free to indulge your mathematical expertise!

submitted by /u/ffenliv
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Why does enthalpy equal heat under constant pressure?

Posted: 26 May 2021 12:17 PM PDT

I fully understand the mathematical proof of this relationship. But I can't come up with an intuitive explaination of why this is. Does that mean that at constant pressure the whole change in energy comes from heat?

submitted by /u/Which_Network8208
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The Galapagos are on the equator off the coast of Ecuador is that just a coincidence or does being on the equator help make the islands?

Posted: 26 May 2021 07:05 PM PDT

How do pulsars have harmonics?

Posted: 26 May 2021 09:09 AM PDT

Hello all, I was wondering, if pulsars rotate at an approximately solid frequency, how can we detect harmonics of this frequency that are faster than the rotation of the pulsar?

submitted by /u/SpaceTurtle106
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Do virus' like the common cold infect brain cells?

Posted: 26 May 2021 10:15 AM PDT

So the way I understand is that virus' infect cells and use them to poop out more of themselves and your immune system will target these infected cells. Can the common cold infect neurons in the brain and then your immune system target's these neurons?

submitted by /u/OvaHeilung
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Do we have an idea how old animal tool use is?

Posted: 26 May 2021 12:34 PM PDT

Human have obviously had a drastic change in tool use the past few million years. This is, in the grand scheme of things, a very recent development. Do we know how old animal tool use is - in primates, birds etc? I started wondering this in the context of thinking about if there are any potential "runner-up" species in terms of achieving human technological advancement, or if we think their tool use has been more static over time

submitted by /u/ThreeMountaineers
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Has the male to female ratio of humans always been near one to one?

Posted: 25 May 2021 09:44 PM PDT

Does the ratio change with societal mores or does society change to reflect biology?

submitted by /u/WallyReflector
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What's the difference between sleeping and being awake? Is there a line or is it more like a gradient to awaken?

Posted: 25 May 2021 09:09 PM PDT

Wednesday, May 26, 2021

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science


Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 26 May 2021 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How did the first atoms come into existence and how do we know that?

Posted: 26 May 2021 03:54 AM PDT

Is the demagnetization process of an alloy (aermet100 in my case) dependent on the time at which the part is held at the Curie temperature, or the time it takes to build Up to the Curie temperature? Or is it just an instantaneous event?

Posted: 25 May 2021 08:18 AM PDT

How fast is fluid pressure?

Posted: 25 May 2021 08:07 AM PDT

Knowing that fluids are considered to be incompressible, I had the thought of how fast does a fluid transmit pressure.

Example: If I have a 1km long .5in internal diameter tube filled with water, and I apply pressure to one end of the tube, how long would it take for the pressure to reach the other side of the tube? Google only gives me information about Bernoulli's Principle, but that doesn't help.

submitted by /u/DLVVLD
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Do mice and birds have different colour vision?

Posted: 25 May 2021 12:09 AM PDT

We recently took in a female ginger Manx cat (quite unusual). She's a great mouser but doesn't catch many birds, which is ideal. I've seen on Reddit a simulation of how tiger's prey are typically colourblind to its stripes, allowing the orange to blend in with green grass and leaves.

Is it possible that birds can easily see our ginger cat but rodents cannot due to differences in their colour vision?

submitted by /u/mehum
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Does kneading wheat “increase” the actual amount of protein(gluten) in the dough or does it just form chains?

Posted: 25 May 2021 04:07 AM PDT

What determines if a super cooled gas/liquid becomes a Bose-Einstein condensate or a solid?

Posted: 25 May 2021 03:26 AM PDT

It makes sense to me that as a gas cools it becomes liquid, then further it becomes solid, how does BEC fit in here?

submitted by /u/ReasonableWish7555
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Do pupils dilate for different single colour lights differently?

Posted: 24 May 2021 10:52 PM PDT

For example, do pupils dilate more due to blue light than due to red light?

I tried to do a Google search for this. Even searched scholar papers, but to no avail. There was one paper that looked promising, based on its title, but I couldn't understand it.

submitted by /u/SoulsBorNioKiro
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How do birds that spend long periods of time cruising at high altitude, especially bare-headed vultures and the like, protect their skin and vision from UV damage?

Posted: 24 May 2021 03:03 PM PDT

How specific does a Lagrange point have to be to stay stable?

Posted: 24 May 2021 06:24 PM PDT

Is this a space defined by tens of kilometers, or hundreds, or centimeters? Is there an exact point, from which any deviation would cause inevitable (but perhaps very slow) orbit deterioration?

submitted by /u/Bem-ti-vi
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Why do some flowers wilt faster than others?

Posted: 24 May 2021 05:40 PM PDT

Kinda random but got mom a bouquet of different flowers and noticed all the roses wilted several days before the daisies. What structural differences in these flowers makes one faster to wilt?

submitted by /u/genghispekhan
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Tuesday, May 25, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Gene Kritsky, known as the Indiana Jones of cicadas. I'm here to present new discoveries about these "bugs of history," when to expect them, what to do about them and how you can participate in mapping the next brood. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Gene Kritsky, known as the Indiana Jones of cicadas. I'm here to present new discoveries about these "bugs of history," when to expect them, what to do about them and how you can participate in mapping the next brood. AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Gene Kritsky, known as the Indiana Jones of cicadas. I'm here to present new discoveries about these "bugs of history," when to expect them, what to do about them and how you can participate in mapping the next brood. AMA!

Posted: 25 May 2021 04:00 AM PDT

Hi! I'm Gene Kritsky, PhD (Entomology, 1977, Illinois) Professor of Biology and Dean of Behavioral and Natural Sciences at Mount St. Joseph University in Cincinnati. I'm a Fellow of the Entomological Society of America and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. I have published over 250 papers and 10 books, including two on periodical cicadas. My cicada research has attracted national attention with appearances on the ABC Evening News, CBS Evening News, the Today Show, CBS Sunday Morning, and CNN Science News. My work has also been featured in U.S. News and World Report, USA TODAY, Parade, People, Discover, Scientific American, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Science News, The Scientist, and many international publications.

I have been called the Indiana Jones of cicadas. I'll be on at 2 p.m. ET (18 UT), Ask Me Anything!

Here's a link to the story the Cincinnati Enquirer, part of the USA TODAY Network, published about me: https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2021/05/09/brood-x-cicadas-gene-kritsky/7349531002/?gnt-cfr=1

Username: /u/usatoday

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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I don't understand why nuclear fusion isn't energy-neutral. As in, the mass defect is identical to the increase in binding energy required for the Helium nucleus, so, shouldn't that just be where the mass defect energy "goes"? Hydrogen bombs work, though, so, I know I'm missing something.

Posted: 24 May 2021 11:49 AM PDT

So, I understand the idea of conservation of mass/energy, and that if you converted even a very small amount of matter into pure energy, it converts to a surprisingly large amount of energy.

Thus, why nuclear fusion creates a whole bunch of energy, that, there is this discrepancy in mass, called the "mass defect" between the total mass of the two constituent molecules (two deuterium molecules, let's say, in this case), that get combined to form a single Helium molecule, and, that amount of mass that "vanished" during the fusion, can't literally just vanish altogether, it has to either become energy, or go somewhere or do something (law of conservation of matter/energy etc), and, thus we get the energy-output of the extremely energy-outputting event that is nuclear fusion (well, at least very energy-outputting when it comes to the fusion of lightweight elements, anyway. I know it gets more complicated once you're dealing with elements heavier than Iron and all that, but I digress).

Anyway, but the thing that confused me is, it seems like the binding energy for the Helium nucleus that gets formed by the two dueterons is larger than the total binding energy that the two deuterons had (prior to fusing) by EXACTLY the same amount as the energy you'd get from the amount of matter of their mass defect getting turned into pure energy, in terms of their total combined mass vs the mass of the Helium nucleus that they become.

So, shouldn't it just be an exactly, flawlessly energy-neutral event, then?

Like, if that amount of energy, that the mass defect would've put out, when that amount of mass gets converted into energy, is EXACTLY the amount of energy that is required for the higher binding energy needed to the Helium nucleus compared to 2x the binding energy of the deuterium nuclei, then, shouldn't that just be where that mass defect energy "goes", thus meaning no energy output to the outside world, when deuterium/helium fusion occurs?

I mean, I know that clearly I'm missing something here, since, of course, we know for a fact that hydrogen bombs (among other fusion-related things) do work, and are extremely exothermic and so on, thus the gigantic explosions and fireballs and so on...

Anyway, yea, so, I know I'm missing something here, as far as how this actually works, but, I'm not sure what it is.

submitted by /u/stemmisc
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When and how did the Cape Floristic Kingdom form?

Posted: 24 May 2021 12:45 PM PDT

The world is thought to have 6 floristic kingdoms dominated by certain assemblages of plant taxa, and all but one cover a massive amount of land. The one exception to this is the Cape Floristic Kingdom of South Africa, which is only about 2 million acres in area (smaller than the state of Connecticut) but has the highest amount of endemism of any non-tropical region, and is still considered its own floristic kingdom despite its extremely small area. Why and how did this region even form instead of just staying like the surrounding Paleotropic region, and how long ago might it have formed?

submitted by /u/HumaneBotfly
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Roughly how many virion are released when an infected cell ruptures?

Posted: 24 May 2021 04:10 PM PDT

I don't expect a precise answer and expect it varies with virus and cell type but I really have no idea what order of magnitude range is plausible.

submitted by /u/symmetry81
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Do dogs have a Fusiform Face Area or do they recognize each other by smell?

Posted: 24 May 2021 07:39 AM PDT

Do dogs have an area of the brain for recognizing human faces? What about other dog's faces? Or do they recognize you by scent more than by face? What's the neuroscience and psychology behind the inter- and intra-species recognition among dogs? Not sure what flair to use for this...

submitted by /u/stirling_s
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What are the latest data on transmission of COVID-19 from vaccinated to unvaccinated people (e.g., children)?

Posted: 24 May 2021 07:56 PM PDT

Hoping to learn of some peer reviewed articles or even unpublished scientific studies. A lot of what I've seen so far is conjecture or hypotheses from doctors or scientists that transmission likelihood may be lower for vaccinated individuals. News sources and the CDC seem to suggest that the studies to gather the data are ongoing.

submitted by /u/TrowAvay1357
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Are people with 47,XYY more likely to have an XY child than an XX child?

Posted: 24 May 2021 08:22 AM PDT

So I recently learned about some genetic conditions such as Kleinfelters, Turner Syndrome, Trisomy X and 47,XYY. I saw that XYY syndrome does not necessarily affect fertility. So I am curious whether that means that someone with XYY would be more likely (2/3 rather than 1/2) to pass on a Y chromosome to their child than an X?

submitted by /u/MissTrillianAstra
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Are the COVID vaccine trials accelerated or in any material ways different from normal drug/vaccine trials?

Posted: 24 May 2021 07:43 PM PDT

I am absolutely not seeking to invalidate or even call in doubt the legitimacy of the vaccine. But one of the more ... hmmm ... sane vaccine hesitancy is based on how accelerated the vaccine was developed. I am just wondering if the trials are known to be as rigorous as any other drugs or vaccine to invalidate that argument.

submitted by /u/ishtar_the_move
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How do IVF embryos not induce an immune response when transferred to a third-party uterus?

Posted: 24 May 2021 01:06 AM PDT

When an embryo formed by the in vitro fertilization of the father's sperm and the mother's egg is transferred into another woman's uterus (a third party, not the mother), is there an immune system response involved anyhow? Since the body's very sensitive to foreign cells (as seen in the case of transplant recipients, who have to face the possibility of organ rejection, in the absence of which they still have to take immunosuppressant medication throughout their lives), how does someone else's embryo that's been inserted artificially into the uterus not elicit an immune response? How is it possible to carry such babies to term at all?

submitted by /u/ballisticraptor
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Air Pollution - How is it attributed as causal factor for extra deaths or reduction in life expentancy?

Posted: 23 May 2021 07:57 PM PDT

Recently, I came across an article that states that air pollution causes 8.8 M extra deaths a year. Also, there were some tidbits that sparked some extra questions in me. So, I'm looking for someone knowledgable in this area to please clarify my questions as I'm not from a Science background.

1) Let's take a simple example of accidents. We know how many people died due to motor vehicle accidents, as its easy to attribute the cause of a death to particular accident. But, how can we attribute deaths or 'extra' deaths to something like air pollution?

2) Poorer countries with bad air quality also have worst healthcare systems, more poverty and other such factors. How can air pollution be attributed as a 'causal' factor to additional deaths, and not just a 'correlated' factor?

3) From the article linked above, this is a specific statement that evoked my interest. "The link between air pollution and cardiovascular disease, as well as respiratory diseases, is well established. It causes damage to the blood vessels through increased oxidative stress, which then leads to increases in blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, heart attacks and heart failure.". Can someone please explain to me how this link was established epidemologically? Is this observed in humans or is this a link established via animal models? If in humans, I'm curious on what sort of studies and how were they designed to infer such a link.

4) Another interesting statement from the article above "When they looked at individual countries, the researchers found that air pollution caused an excess death rate of 154 per 100,000 in Germany (a reduction of 2.4 years in life expectancy), 136 in Italy (reduction in life expectancy of 1.9 years), 150 in Poland (reduction in life expectancy of 2.8 years), 98 in the UK (reduction in life expectancy of 1.5 years), and 105 in France (reduction in life expectancy of 1.6 years)." I'm guessing extra deaths or reduction in life expectancy are interchangable. How could one calculate this number?

Thanks in advance for shedding light on this topic and providing clarifications.

submitted by /u/RandomJerk2012
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Monday, May 24, 2021

What is the difference between Photofission and Photodisintegration?

What is the difference between Photofission and Photodisintegration?


What is the difference between Photofission and Photodisintegration?

Posted: 24 May 2021 02:32 AM PDT

Why are studies on how effective antibodies attained from having covid 19 are at future immunity so much more inconclusive than studies on effectiveness of the vaccine?

Posted: 24 May 2021 07:40 AM PDT

It seems that there is consensus that having Covid gives an individual some sort of immunity going forward, but when looking up how effective that immunity is, every resource tends to state that the level of immunity is unknown and everyone should just get vaccinated. How is it that we've had much more time to study the effectiveness of antibodies attained from having covid than the time we've had to study the vaccine, but the studies on the effectiveness of the vaccine are presented to be much more conclusive?

submitted by /u/tincantincan23
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Does catnip affect large cats like pumas or tigers?

Posted: 23 May 2021 08:28 AM PDT

Punctured Lung in ancient times?

Posted: 23 May 2021 05:17 PM PDT

How likely was it to survive a punctured, and collapsed lung back in the stone age or antiquity?

If someone got an arrow into the chest, and the lung was pierced, would it be possible for that person to survive if no serious infection occured?
And if someone survived something like that, how likely was it that the lungs would be left with some sort of damage?

submitted by /u/Alexander556
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When we recover from a viral infection, does the infected cells actually recover or do they get removed and replaced by new healthy cells?

Posted: 23 May 2021 12:14 PM PDT

Why does administering a vaccine to a sick person not cure an existing infection?

Posted: 23 May 2021 06:41 PM PDT

If a vaccine trains your body to make antibodies for a pathogen, why is it ineffective when administering to an already sick person?

For example, administering a vaccine to someone already sick with COVID-19 or to someone with a chronic infection like HSV-1/2?

EDIT question extension:

If the harmless antigens look the same as the real infection but are easier to take down, despite fighting on two front, would the body be able to produce effective antibodies faster from the easy to target vaccine antigens - reducing the sickness duration?

Additionally, if the person is infected with a chronic illness such as HSV-1/2 where viral load spikes occasionally, would administering a vaccine during the down time train the body to destroy the virus?

submitted by /u/apatheticonion
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In 'Methyl-amine' and 'Methamphetamine', where does the 'Meth' part come from?

Posted: 23 May 2021 03:31 PM PDT

What happens, on a molecular level, that leads to paper becoming soft after applying water to it?

Posted: 23 May 2021 07:17 AM PDT

How does fasting effect the brain?

Posted: 23 May 2021 07:49 AM PDT

I often heard that fasting can increase cognitive abilities is that true?

submitted by /u/BlintzKnight43
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Is there anything scientists can do or observe to infer how long the COVID vaccines will last?

Posted: 23 May 2021 07:27 PM PDT

At the moment, it seems to be that scientists just keep checking antibodies after x amount of time and then say "so far, it seems good for x amount of time." Is there anything they can do to determine the longevity of the vaccines?

submitted by /u/Estepheban
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What is the most recent R0 (R-naught) value of covid?

Posted: 23 May 2021 10:16 AM PDT

All things being equal, how contagious is this virus? I haven't heard an update I several months.

Furthermore.... if someone wears a mask, how much lower does the R0 factor drop? And how much does social distancing drop it? If this thing is going to get beaten, information like this will go a long way in convincing people to do these things.

submitted by /u/NavelBender
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Why are common allergens common?

Posted: 23 May 2021 04:16 AM PDT

I had to learn the common allergens as part of a food safety course, but it's only now that I wonder what makes these allergies more common than others?

submitted by /u/infosackva
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What is the exact mechanism by which acidosis/alkalosis causes a decrease/increase in neuronal excitability respectivly?

Posted: 23 May 2021 05:15 AM PDT

My lecture mentioned that acidosis causes a decrease in neuronal excitibility while alkalosis causes an increase in neuronal excitibilty, however the mechanism of how this happens was not explained.

I tried googling and discovered this answer

However this "answer" raises more questions than it answers. For example, what is the mechanism by which alkalosis cause hypokalemia? and if there's hypokalemia this will cause hyperpolarization which actually should decrease not increase excitibilty so how is this explained?

submitted by /u/N0TaCreativeUsername
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Governments should only print X money. How did they figure this number ?

Posted: 23 May 2021 05:26 AM PDT

What do vets do with the dog testicles/uterus after the neutering/spaying?

Posted: 22 May 2021 06:29 PM PDT

Can animals be autistic?

Posted: 22 May 2021 04:05 PM PDT

And if so: are some of the symptoms similar to those of humans (avoiding eye contact, etc.)?

submitted by /u/LifeIsABigBowlOfSoup
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