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Wednesday, February 24, 2021

AskScience AMA Series: We are rare disease experts and directors with the NIH, ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are rare disease experts and directors with the NIH, ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are rare disease experts and directors with the NIH, ask us anything!

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

Rare diseases and genetics: Rare diseases affect more than 300 million people globally, but few have approved treatments. Because the majority of rare diseases are genetic, gene-based approaches offer promise for developing new therapies. In observance of Rare Disease Day coming up on February 28, we're a team of experts here raising awareness of rare diseases, advancing clinical research on them and providing resources to the rare diseases community. We'll be here at 1 p.m. (ET, 18 UT), ask us anything!

Username: /u/NIHGov

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How has the flu been affected by the lack of people getting it?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 09:27 AM PST

I've heard about how only around 1k people got the flu in 2020, and I'm curious if this has had any effects on it as far as we know?

submitted by /u/Mrkoolman
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AskScience AMA Series: Hello Reddit! For Medscape Education, we are Dr. Fatima Cody Stanford, Dr. Rachel M. Bond, Dr. John Whyte, and Michael Sapienza ready to answer your questions about Health Equity in the Time of COVID. Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 04:00 AM PST

We will be answering your questions related to health equity from 12:00-3:00p ET (17-20 UT), especially those that have been brought to light during the pandemic. Here's a little bit about each of our backgrounds and how to find us online.

  • Dr. Fatima Cody Stanford is a fellowship trained obesity medicine physician scientist at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School (HMS). She is the Director of Diversity for the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard and the Director of Anti-Racism Initiatives for the Neuroendocrine Unit at MGH. Twitter @askdrfatima
  • Dr. John Whyte is a physician, author, and Chief Medical Officer @WebMD. He's passionate about changing how we think about health. Twitter @drjohnwhyte
  • Michael Sapienza, CEO of the Colorectal Cancer Alliance. Twitter @coloncancermike
  • Medscape is the leading online global destination for physicians and healthcare professionals worldwide, offering the latest medical news, expert perspectives, and relevant professional education and CME. Twitter @Medscape @MedscapeCME

In the new Clinical Advances in Elevating Health Equity learning center, we take a deeper look into the current state of health care, from structural inequalities to individual patient care. This resource will share interviews, expert commentaries, CME opportunities, and new insights that aim to improve health outcomes for all patients. Check it out: https://www.medscape.org/sites/advances/elevating-health-equity

Ask Us Anything!

Username: /u/Medscape

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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What's the latency of the Mars rover Perseverance regarding communications to earth / commands from earth?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 12:59 AM PST

I've read, that the 2012 rover had a latency around 20-40 minutes, depending on the position of the planets. Did the communication become faster?

submitted by /u/dr3am_f1xxx3r
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 07:00 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why do viruses have different ways on affecting the human body instead of having the same impact altogether?

Posted: 24 Feb 2021 01:32 AM PST

What I observed on the viruses is that they have unique ways on affecting the human body like for example the COVID-19 virus affects the lungs, kidneys, liver and many more while Rabies affects the brain. What gives them the ability to affect the organs in their own style just like the other pathogens like bacteria?

submitted by /u/TheRealWredge2518
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The Mars Perseverance Rover's Parachute has an asymmetrical pattern to it. Why is that? Why was this pattern chosen?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 11:22 AM PST

Why can't we have contagious vaccines?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 09:13 AM PST

Unless I'm misunderstanding, vaccines are viruses themselves that trigger an immune response which is intended to protect against a specific strain of a closely related virus.

Why can the target be highly contagious, but we can't have a vaccine that is too? Is mutation too much of a risk?

submitted by /u/Lookitsmyvideo
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How do two metals in space bond together?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 09:13 AM PST

How do two metals in space bond together when they touch? I had a friend tell me this and it just blew my mind

submitted by /u/Hotwife_Hannah666
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I am considering using electrolysis to remove rust from a pair of antique Wiss Tailors Shears that have a brass shear bolt that is better left in place. Will the presence of brass on the cathode affect the electrolysis process and vice versa?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 10:37 AM PST

I am debating whether or not to use Evaporust or electrolysis. My concern is that the brass might split into its component elements or in some other way be harmed during electrolysis. Or would this only occur if the brass was on the anode?

Removing the shear bolt is very difficult and replacements are not available in case it is damaged.

Thanks in advance. My last chem class was in the 1970s

submitted by /u/Smith-Corona
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COVID-19 vaccines should not be administered within 14 days of receipt of another vaccine. But why? Especially if they are not live vaccines such as the flu shot or Tdap vaccine? Can vaccines interfere with each other?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 06:28 PM PST

I am a teacher in Ohio and the only way I can get the covid vaccine is through my school. I have to get the first dose on Friday but I'm pregnant (35 weeks) and just got the Tdap vaccine last Wednesday. It will be day 10 when I'm scheduled for the covid vaccine. Will they prevent me from being allowed to get my vaccine?

submitted by /u/kbrown28
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Does ice sublimate in freezers?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 09:40 AM PST

I was looking at the phase diagram of water and I don't understand how ice can sublimate in a freezer. At 1 atmosphere and say, -10 to -15C, it looks like the ice would have to melt before reaching the gas phase. Or the pressure would have to drastically drop. Does ice really sublimate in a freezer and if so, how?

submitted by /u/Enferno82
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How do Computers Use Electricity to Complete Computational Tasks?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 08:42 AM PST

Whenever my computer or Playstation is "working hard" to complete a computationally intensive task, the fan starts whirring to cool the circuitry inside it. I'm guessing that has to do with the amount of electricity being used to complete the task, which is what's generating the heat, but I don't understand how that electricity is used to fulfill the computing task or why more is required for more difficult tasks.

submitted by /u/dyohann3396
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How does the mutation in the DNA lead to a mutation in the CFTR protein resulting in Cystic Fibrosis and the accumulation of thick mucus in the epithelial cells of the lungs?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 05:58 AM PST

I understand WHAT Cystic Fibrosis is, but not HOW it happens.

submitted by /u/Lawad24
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Can an enzyme become a different enzyme after getting denatured?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 02:51 AM PST

Are the biological children of gay people more likely to be gay than the biological children of straight people?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 07:24 PM PST

When I try searching for an answer, I get a bunch of results about whether gay couples can be good adoptive parents, or the affect of fraternal birth order on sexual orientation. This isn't what I'm looking for. Surely in societies where being gay is taboo, a significant number of gay men end up having biological children due to social pressure. I am curious if these children are more likely to be gay. If so, would this lead to a larger percentage of people being gay in societies where homosexuality is oppressed? That would be ironic. Any sources you could point me to would be awesome.

submitted by /u/JamesonLKJ
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The outer planets in our solar system understandably take longer to orbit the sun than the inner planets. Is it possible to have an outer planet that moves so quickly that it completes revolutions more quickly than the inner planets? Or conversely, an inner planet that moves so slowly?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 08:20 PM PST

I'm interested in whether something like this would be possible and what conditions would have to be met (for the planet in question, the star, the other planets, etc.) if so.

submitted by /u/Stormin_the_Castle
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Is there any studies on how Covid has spread in North Korea? Has the country's isolation protected it? In what ways has it managed to spread?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 08:53 AM PST

The Indian subcontinent was an isolated landmass for millions of years. Did unique dinosaurs or wildlife evolve during that time?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 04:28 PM PST

Does your mood affect biochemical processes within your body?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 06:25 PM PST

Is there anything else scientist could learn or gain from a modern day nuclear bomb test?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 08:29 PM PST

The title pretty much says it all. I'm asking because it's been years since the last test and I don't know if there's anything else that could be discovered from doing them for scientific reasons and not military reasons, like discovering elements 119 and 120?

submitted by /u/errornamenotallowed
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Are the vaccine test groups diverse?

Posted: 23 Feb 2021 12:03 PM PST

Title pretty much says it.

Are women/people of diverse ages/BIPoC represented in the test groups conducted by pfizer/moderna etc?

On a related note, can I look up the test groups and statistics somewhere? Google yields no results.

submitted by /u/Juranur
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How much of the recent news about magnetic poles flipping is legitimate?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 02:58 PM PST

Not sure if this is flaired appropriately, if not let me know.

I've been seeing a lot of articles lately about the magnetic poles flipping 42,000 years ago and causing extinctions and such. My prior understanding was that the connection between poles flipping and any sort of catastrophic changes was tenuous and heavily disputed, but it seems like the consensus has changed somewhat. All of this seems to follow a relatively recent study based on fossilized and very long-lived trees in New Zealand IIRC. However, I'm not sure how much of what I'm seeing is legitimate and well supported vs. media doing its thing and my feed reacting to my activity and showing me more of the same.

Any insight is appreciated, thanks y'all.

submitted by /u/k3kat_aljabn
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Does taking vitamin-D supplements, influence our own process of making these vitamins?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 01:24 PM PST

Monday, February 22, 2021

Do COVID-19 vaccines prevent Long COVID?

Do COVID-19 vaccines prevent Long COVID?


Do COVID-19 vaccines prevent Long COVID?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 06:04 PM PST

There have been reports that COVID-19 can for some leave lasting damage to organs (heart, lungs, brain), even among people who only had minor symptoms during the infection.

[Q1] Is there any data about prevalence of these problems among those who have been vaccinated?

Since some of the vaccines, notably the one developed by Oxford-AstraZeneca, report ok-ish efficacy in preventing symptomatic COVID-19, but very high efficacy in preventing severe COVID-19, I'm also interested in how does this vaccine fare in comparison to the ones that have higher reported efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19. So, to phrase that as a question: [Q2] should we expect to see higher rates of Long COVID among people vaccinated with vaccine by Oxford-AstraZeneca than among those vaccinated with vaccine by Pfizer-Biontech or Moderna?

submitted by /u/am9qb3JlZmVyZW5jZQ
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What protocol(s) does NASA use to communicate long distances?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 09:32 AM PST

I am looking at https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/rover/communications/ which talks about how the rover communicated with Earth, which is through the orbiter.

I am trying to figure what protocol does the orbiter use? Is it TCP/UDP, or something else? Naively I'd assume TCP since the orbiter would need to resend packets that were lost in space and never made it to Earth.

submitted by /u/melbogia
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What kind of distances would you need in order to show that on a sphere, three 90 deg turns make a triangle?

Posted: 22 Feb 2021 04:09 AM PST

First, yes I know the earth isn't a perfect sphere but it should be close enough for this.

So on a "close-enough" sphere, someone should be able to travel some distance, x, make a 90 degree turn and travel x again, make another 90 degree turn, travel x again and return to their point of origin. My question is: what ballpark distance would x need to be in order to demonstrate this?

submitted by /u/jradio610
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Are there more frequently occuring faces? biology/neuroscience

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 07:11 PM PST

What I mean is, are there more common strings of DNA/genetics to determine facial features than others? Or is it related to how I perceive faces?

There have been many times when I see someone and in my head I think they have a "common" face, as in, they share a lot of features and/or a similar composition of those features to a lot of other people I've seen. I don't recognise the person, or think they look average. It's that they just have 'one of those faces' that I see a lot.

I'm wondering if this is actually a thing that has been studied on a genetic level, whether certain sequences of dna are more typical than others, or if it may be more or a neurological thing related to how I process faces and interpret/recognise them.

If it helps, I also don't see identical twins as being fully identical. I think they look VERY similar but they always look different to me. This could be related if its neurological rather than an actual biological phenomenon.

P.S. I don't study science in anyway so apologies if anything I've said sounds dumb haha

submitted by /u/abscissioninbloom546
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is there any real science behind "calming colors"?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 06:59 PM PST

Can painting my walls a pastel blue actually do anything? It sounds fake. Like something a paint brand would come up with to sell more paint.

submitted by /u/Scarlettthereddit
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If you had a hypothetical indestructible submarine that was pressurized and could drill thru solid rock and you drilled right to the exact center of the earth, how would gravity act on you at that center?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 10:05 PM PST

Or would this theoretical submarine break so many physical laws that the outcome is unfathomable? Would you float at that center point? Would you implode into yourself as gravity acts on you from every direction at once?

submitted by /u/Snaz5
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How is it determined if a vaccine reduces transmission of the virus?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 05:36 PM PST

Reports are saying that data coming out of Israel shows that the Pfizer / Bio-Tech vaccine is slowing the spread but all I'm seeing in the articles is that it is reducing infection by 89%. How does this relate to the transmission rate? If you are vaccinated and not as likely to get infected, does that automatically mean you are also less likely to spread it?

Article for reference

submitted by /u/reualcda
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What happens to the robots on Mars when they’re done using them? Can we fly them back or do we leave them there?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 07:45 PM PST

Why does the theory of general relativity suggest celestial objects operate on a two dimensional plane?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 09:08 PM PST

Models, which represent the mass of objects, show that as mass increases, the depression in this theoretical two-dimensional plane increases. I wonder, why does this represention of mass rely on the idea of a this plane? Obviously, the universe is three dimensional, so I can not comprehend the idea of massive objects creating a depression in a two dimensional plane, whch contributes to certain properties of gravity. Unless, this is looked at on a smaller scale, such as a solar system, in which most bodies could be coplanar. For the record, I am not familiar with spacetime curvature, or in depth analyses of Einstein's theories of relativity.

TLDR: how do two dimensional representations of three dimensional space time curvature work? How do you break down what exactly the model is showing?

submitted by /u/_flipside-
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Besides primates, are there animals that smile?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 08:06 AM PST

Sometimes people think dogs smile when they are panting but do animals actually express happiness with expressions?

submitted by /u/basementdweller123
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Why do we need to take antibiotics at the exact same hour every day?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 05:44 PM PST

Which galaxies could we send probes to?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 11:54 AM PST

Trying to research this. Usually journalists point out that spatial expansion will make other galaxies unreachable through normal transit (disregarding wormholes or similar possibilities). But that's not true because at least one galaxy, Andromedia, is going to merge with our Milky Way galaxy. Obviously at least one galaxy is accessible. Is Andromeda the only one we could send a probe to? How does expansion figure into this? It would be a one-way trip, but is a window of opportunity to send probes or even spread life to other galaxies closing?

submitted by /u/NippleSuckingAsshole
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Are there specific physical or chemical properties that make a material a good conductor (or insulator) of both heat and electricity?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 10:18 PM PST

Sunday, February 21, 2021

How did sinovac develop an inactivated vaccine faster than the the new rna vaccines?

How did sinovac develop an inactivated vaccine faster than the the new rna vaccines?


How did sinovac develop an inactivated vaccine faster than the the new rna vaccines?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 02:37 AM PST

If one of the main advantages of rna/vector vaccines is faster rollout how did sinovac develop a traditional inactivated vaccine faster or at least almost the same rate?

submitted by /u/C3em
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Does the way in which the milk teeth are removed from the mouth affect the way in reach the adult teeth develop?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 07:27 PM PST

Why is it hard to pull a magnet off a metal surface but so effortless to slide it across the surface?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 06:56 PM PST

Playing with my name tag and it got stuck to my pen holder. I wasn't able to pull it off but it easily slid off. I don't get why a magnet doesn't pull back to the original position when sliding.

submitted by /u/easysep
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Will the Bird Flu in Russia become another pandemic?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 02:35 PM PST

https://globalnews.ca/news/7652671/russia-bird-flu/

Could this become another, but even worse, pandemic? (H5N8 bird flu)

Some people on r/worldnews seem to think this will be really bad.

I know there's not much information known, but is there a possibility that this could be bad?

submitted by /u/Ashamed-Grape7792
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What makes a virus more virulent?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 06:04 AM PST

It's commonly been explained to me that "the virus itself does not harm you, your body's immune response is what causes the actual harm to your body." But that doesn't strike me as correct. Some viruses are obviously more harmful than others. Is it really just "our body's reaction" to certain viruses that hurts us? Or is there actually something in the virus's genetic code that makes them more virulent and harmful.

Also can the virus cause damage just by cell replication and cell death it directly causes? Isn't this destroying tissues and causing direct physical harm?

submitted by /u/thosewhocannetworkd
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How are we testing for SARS-CoV2 mutations? Do all test we do include testing for mutations?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 06:58 AM PST

How exactly are such small particles (I.e. API’s in vaccine/medication production) handled and studied in labs? Like, how are they physically manipulated/controlled so that they could be isolated and studied on such a microscopic scale?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 07:56 PM PST

Why are there no “Great lakes” in Europe?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 12:29 PM PST

As I understand, the Great Lakes were formed after the last Ice Age by ice. Northern Europe and Siberia both were under ice on the same glaciation, but why are there no great lakes in Eurasia? Did they get filled somehow or did they never exist at all?

submitted by /u/aldebxran
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Why is there such a high disparity between the number of first and second doses for the COVID-vaccine in the UK?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 08:10 PM PST

I was under the impression you have to get your second shot about 14 days after the first round of vaccination.

According to the UK governments' website the number of first doses administered is about 17 million while only about 0.6 million people have gotten their second dose.

What's up with that? Are these 17 million people still immunized?

submitted by /u/FifaFrancesco
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How does the astrazeneca vaccine work?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 12:50 PM PST

So I'm going to be taking the vaccine tomorrow and would like to know how this vaccine works, I've read online that the delivery method is through a non-replicating adenovirus which is found in a type of virus found in monkeys. As this is the first vaccine using this technology I'd like to know more about this vaccine as I'm wondering if there's any complications that can arise. For instant, could it be possible that in the future that people who took the vaccine months after still possess the DNA that was injected into them.

Another thing, how does the injected cell die? Does it die on it own or dies the immune system target and kill the vaccinated cell that manufactures the spike protein? If this is the case then it would suggest that this vaccine is completely safe to be administered right? that the vaccine can't potentially let's say keep duplicating the host cell? I've been reading posts that suggest that this vaccine can increase cancer risks or potentially cause long term problems but I'd like to understand the vaccine first and understand how it works. I'll be taking the vaccine regardless but I want to put these questions to rest.

Further questions: if the cells divide will the spike protein DNA be passed to the daughter cell?

submitted by /u/StressedOutBox
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can a 0% mortality virus or bacteria exist?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 11:39 AM PST

Hi, I know our body is full of bacterias, but do you think if a 0% mortality virus or bacteria woyld appear and this virus or bacteria would be highly contagious, we would be able to detect it. Would it be actually possible?

submitted by /u/Abrical
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Can having one virus (such as herpes, for example) make you immune from another virus (such as Covid-19)?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 11:06 AM PST

How will Perseverance attain purchase for lift off when Mars has no air?

Posted: 21 Feb 2021 04:20 AM PST

When did stars like our sun start to form in the universe?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 07:37 PM PST

How many infections/deaths can be caused by a single super-spreader covid event?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 06:58 PM PST

Is there any sort of Mathematica equation to describe how how many deaths or infections were caused by a single event? For example, a 25 person party held last November would have caused how many deaths?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/grintin
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Can someone plainly explain how claims that the Pfizer and Moderna mRNA vaccines can promote prions be refuted?

Posted: 20 Feb 2021 07:24 AM PST

While on the topic, what about claims that it can cause pathogenic priming or immune enhancement? I believe they cited older and controversial papers, but I still want to understand the science behind why they are not popular or taken serious. Here is the source that was cited https://scivisionpub.com/pdfs/covid19-rna-based-vaccines-and-the-risk-of-prion-disease-1503.pdf

Some context: I am hoping for the answers to help others who are scared too, as I am absolutely NOT anti vax but just worried.

I did the thing you're not meant to do and dive into an online rabbit hole right after getting my first vaccine. I'm currently in a country where the Pfizer jab is showing robust data that it is working well, but I can't stop coming across those claims online that scare me and my family (even though I'm trying to remain rational and to follow what most experts are saying). Thanks!

submitted by /u/dogegodofsowow
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Why did variolation causes lower mortality rate than natural small pox infection ?

Posted: 19 Feb 2021 11:31 PM PST

In either case the virus is infectious and not attenuated or modified. However very simple practice of variolation reduced the mortality rate to around 2% from 25% in natural infection.

submitted by /u/resistantBacteria
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