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Saturday, September 26, 2020

The oxygen level rise to 30% in the carboniferous period and is now 21%. What happened to the extra oxygen?

The oxygen level rise to 30% in the carboniferous period and is now 21%. What happened to the extra oxygen?


The oxygen level rise to 30% in the carboniferous period and is now 21%. What happened to the extra oxygen?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 03:55 AM PDT

What happened to the oxygen in the atmosphere after the carboniferous period to make it go down to 21%, specifically where did the extra oxygen go?

submitted by /u/rob2508
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Is there a difference between weapons grade uranium and "normal"(?)uranium?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 06:24 AM PDT

I've heard the term weapons grade a lot but I don't know how uranium could differ, other than potential isotopes? Are there different types of uranium? Different concentrations?

submitted by /u/Rango_Fett
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If you take an even number of fermions with 1/2 spin and bind them then the spin is now an integer and now a boson. Bosons do not follow Pauli's exclusion principle but fermions do, but now that the 2 fermions behave like a boson would they follow the principle or not?

Posted: 25 Sep 2020 06:57 PM PDT

Im gonna be honest, I'm not the smartest. Just a young high schooler that is curious with the world of science. A VERY long train of thought led me to fermions and bosons and now I ask this question which much curiosity. If I said something wrong or phrased something wrong please correct me. Thank you in advance!

submitted by /u/semechkislav
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Do we find fossils with bone cancer?

Posted: 25 Sep 2020 08:08 PM PDT

Why does the flu shot cause soreness at the injection site?

Posted: 25 Sep 2020 11:02 AM PDT

I got my flu shot the day before yesterday and my arm is still rather sore. I haven't gotten a non-vaccine shot in a very long time. Do all shots do this?

submitted by /u/surprisesugarfree
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Is it easier to make a vaccine for a bacteria or a virus?

Posted: 26 Sep 2020 06:31 AM PDT

I would figure bacterial vaccines would be easier because bacteria are larger and can weaken or kill them easier. But I am not sure.

submitted by /u/Just36words
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Are dogs better than a machine at detecting covid-19?

Posted: 25 Sep 2020 07:01 PM PDT

I recently saw a couple news article that report pilot runs of using dogs to screen for covid-19 in airports or other areas where humans will be in close contact. At first I thought that sounded kind of cool, using search and rescue or explosive detecting dogs to screen for other things they can smell sounds neat. But unlike search and rescue and explosive detection, the detection of covid-19 is directed. Dogs are good at search and rescue because they can smell low concentrations of volatile agents and hone in on where they are coming from and can also quickly rule out one large area or another. Basically they are really good at knowing where to look. In the case of covid-19 the articles suggest that people provide a sample that the dog smells and issues a verdict, flagging it for further testing or not. But in order to train those dogs we must know what scent or groups of scents they are targeting. Can't we just sample the air and just as quickly test for the agent in question? Machines require no 2-6 week training period like a dog that already has thousands of dollars in training so it seems that a quick air sample would be better. Or am I missing something?

submitted by /u/crookedkr
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Would creating a chain of satellites between Earth and Mars decrease the time it takes to communicate?

Posted: 25 Sep 2020 09:25 AM PDT

How many photons does it take to make up a 'bit' in a fiber optic network?

Posted: 25 Sep 2020 12:44 PM PDT

In a fiber optic network, 1s and 0s are represented by light or no light (simplistic view I know). My question is, how many photons does it take for the optic to sense a "1"? I'm thinking that link speed matters so lets say on a 100G link for easy math.

submitted by /u/AlmostBeef
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Friday, September 25, 2020

Do COVID tests actually take 24 hours to process or are facilities just swamped?

Do COVID tests actually take 24 hours to process or are facilities just swamped?


Do COVID tests actually take 24 hours to process or are facilities just swamped?

Posted: 24 Sep 2020 01:54 PM PDT

I had a COVID test done the other day and they told me the results could take 24-48 hours. Does the actual test take 24 hours to process or are the testing facilities/labs just really busy? How long does it actually take from the moment they begin testing the sample to when the lab knows whether or not the sample is negative/positive? I'm specifically curious about nasal swabs. If the actual test in the lab takes 24 hours, why is that? Does something in the test need to be cultivated for that long?

Edit: thank you for all the great in-depth responses and for all of the hard work from our lab techs/professionals! It's very humbling to hear from so many different sides of the process. :)

submitted by /u/alexnpark
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Can you create DNA in a lab?

Posted: 25 Sep 2020 02:17 AM PDT

With companies such as 23andMe mapping your genes, could someone take that raw data and artificially recreate your dna?

What would be the implications of such a thing?

submitted by /u/KirasStar
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How many bits of data can a neuron or synapse hold?

Posted: 25 Sep 2020 06:35 AM PDT

What's the per-neuron or per-synapse data / memory storage capacity of the human brain (on average)?

I was reading the Wikipedia article on animals by number of neurons. It lists humans as having 86 billion neurons and 150 trillion synapses.

If you can store 1 bit per synapse, that's only 150 terabits, or 18.75 Terabytes. That's not a lot.

I also was reading about Hyperthymesia, a condition where people can remember massive amounts of information. Then, there's individuals with developmental disability like Kim Peek who can read a book, and remember everything he read.

How is this possible? Even with an extremely efficient data compression algorithm, there's a limit to how much you can compress data. How much data is really stored per synapse (or per neuron)?

submitted by /u/arjungmenon
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Why does having a BMI of 40 or over make you eligible for a free flu vaccine (UK)? Is flu more dangerous for obese people?

Posted: 24 Sep 2020 09:41 PM PDT

How do dolphins leap so high out of the water?

Posted: 25 Sep 2020 04:52 AM PDT

They seem extremely capable of jumping great heights too, almost as if there is some evolutionary purpose.

As a bonus question if I may, WHY do they jump out of the water?

submitted by /u/FrozenFlame_
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Why are most beaches sandy?

Posted: 24 Sep 2020 05:38 PM PDT

Let me rephrase it a little better by saying that why are most beaches sandy while some or not. Why is sand the only deposit from the oceans or seas. Should it not be an ever expanding process then? Do sandy beaches also keep expanding like the desert sand does?

submitted by /u/Johnthebabayagawick
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How is the Clever Hans effect accounted for in animal language experiments?

Posted: 25 Sep 2020 04:15 AM PDT

Specifically, I mean projects like Alex the parrot) or various ape language studies. Given the circumstances of those experiments, I would expect that to be a big concern but I've never been able to find any details.

submitted by /u/MemeManagement
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Is it possible to sample COVID-19 or markers from human waste?

Posted: 24 Sep 2020 09:15 AM PDT

Is it possible to sample covid-19 from Human waste

A lot of crazy and less crazy ideas have been tested in the search for a sustainable way to track and sample COVID-19, lately in Denmark COVID-19 tracking dogs have been suggested.

But I have yet to see a solution to sample, measure or track COVID through the sewer system, has it been tested , is it possible and if so what are the problems with upscaling it?

submitted by /u/nicolaizoffmann
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How did salt help preserve meat in the middle ages? And assuming it was a huge amount needed for it not to rot, how was it consumable afterwards?

Posted: 24 Sep 2020 07:12 AM PDT

Title. What exactly did salt do?

submitted by /u/RRPG03
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Why is blood group O considered the universal donor if it has antibodies that can agglutinate with antigens found in other blood groups?

Posted: 24 Sep 2020 06:52 AM PDT

Thursday, September 24, 2020

What organ warms the body? Or just what in general?

What organ warms the body? Or just what in general?


What organ warms the body? Or just what in general?

Posted: 23 Sep 2020 07:35 PM PDT

Up to how many earth years can you theoretically skip through time dilation or other phenomena?

Posted: 24 Sep 2020 03:54 AM PDT

what is the maximum number of years you could skip through current known physics like wormholes etc, a million a century ?

submitted by /u/CCP_agent
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Has the common cold always been common?

Posted: 23 Sep 2020 09:14 PM PDT

Was there a time when getting a cold was a rare disease?

submitted by /u/paul_mccharmley
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How common are petrochemical deposits on other planets?

Posted: 23 Sep 2020 08:35 PM PDT

Does temperature have an effect on radioactivity?

Posted: 23 Sep 2020 10:56 AM PDT

e.g., would nuclear waste stored in, say, Antarctica be less dangerous (give off less radiation) than in a scorching desert? (Not that I'm trying to give anyone ideas ;) )

submitted by /u/BraddlesMcBraddles
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Does marine life affect the cryosphere and/or the lithosphere?

Posted: 23 Sep 2020 10:40 AM PDT

I was talking with a friend about the spheres of the earth (don't know how we got there) and now I'm wondering if marine life is affecting the lithospere or the cryosphere because I feel like it does but I can't give any examples. Please help me out so I can sleep well.

submitted by /u/Bamcake
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Can insects “heal” from injury like animals do?

Posted: 22 Sep 2020 11:22 PM PDT

If I try to smush a spider, and mostly miss but still manage to cause a little bit of damage, will the spider be able to heal from said damage? (I'm being ambiguous about what the damage is... I didn't want to restrict what the answers might be!)

submitted by /u/redfieldsratio
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Do bald men have high rates of skin cancer on their head?

Posted: 22 Sep 2020 09:54 PM PDT

How are organs sterilised before surgery/transplantation?

Posted: 23 Sep 2020 12:28 AM PDT

Wednesday, September 23, 2020

How does the Higgs Boson and top quark mass help us infer the stability/metastability of the universe?

How does the Higgs Boson and top quark mass help us infer the stability/metastability of the universe?


How does the Higgs Boson and top quark mass help us infer the stability/metastability of the universe?

Posted: 22 Sep 2020 05:00 PM PDT

I'm just an aficionado so try to keep it dumbed down please!

All articles I've seen state that the mass of the Higgs and the top quark seem to be on the limit between stability and metastability, although it still hasn't been confirmed. My question is not regarding in which state the universe is but why does this measurements relate to it. Why does it mean than if the masses of these particles was different then the universe will be in another estate of stability/instability/metaestability/non-perturbability?

In short, where do the regions of this chart come from and why are they there?

Also, what does the non-perturbability region mean?

Thanks!

EDIT: I see lots of shadow banned people here.

submitted by /u/Maezel
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What propels vomit out of your stomach?

Posted: 23 Sep 2020 05:27 AM PDT

AskScience AMA Series: We're excited to bring you industry experts from the official Peer Review Week 2020 Panel. Join our experts who will be answering all your questions around the theme 'Trust in Peer Review'. Ask us anything! All welcome.

Posted: 23 Sep 2020 04:00 AM PDT

Join our expert panel to discuss this year's #PeerRevWeek20 theme #TrustInPeerReview.

Peer Review Week (PRW) committee is hosting two live sessions on 24th September 2020 to enable our community all over the world to join a session in your timezone and interact with industry experts. Simply reply to this post with your peer review questions following the theme of #TrustInPeerReview before or during the event and we'll answer them live, giving you a diverse range of answers.

LIVE Thursday 24 September 2020

Session 1

Asia Pacific, Middle East, India, Australia, New Zealand time zones - 6am-8am BST/ 10.30am-12.30pm IST/1pm-3pm CST/3pm-5pm AEST/5pm-7pm NZST

Lou Peck (host), Eleanor Colla, Gareth Dyke, Tamika Heiden, Bahar Mehmani

Session 2

Europe and US/Canada time zones - 9am-11am EDT/2pm-4pm BST

Lou Peck (host), Anupama Kapadia, Joris Van Rossum, Michael Willis

Panellist biographies

  • Host - Lou Peck, Founder and Managing Director of The International Bunch
    • Lou Peck has been in the academic publishing industry for 19 years working for organizations such as British Standards Institution, ProQuest, Royal Society of Chemistry, EBL - Ebook Library and Kudos. Since 2016, Lou has been consulting for libraries, publishers and intermediaries when in 2019 she grew her one-man-band consultancy into a specialist marketing and publishing consultancy with a team that spans the globe. Lou has been involved with peer review over the past few years and is this year co-chairing Peer Review Week 2020 with Phil Hurst from the Royal Society. She volunteers time as Vice Chair of CILIP Cymru Wales Committee, Vice Chair of ALPSP Membership and Marketing Committee and a Business Wales mentor. (https://www.reddit.com/user/LouPeckOfficial)
  • Panellist - Eleanor Colla, Research Relationships Manager | Researcher Services Librarian at University of New England
    • Eleanor Colla is the Research Relationships Manager at the University of New England, New South Wales, Australia. In her role, she works closely with the Research Office, Faculties, and librarians to advocate on a number of topics including open scholarship, strategic publishing practices, and ethical use of metrics, as well as implement and improve institution-wide research output, assessment, and reporting. Eleanor also has experience with supporting academics and post-graduate students with their research at any point of need within the research lifecycle. (https://www.reddit.com/user/ecolla)
  • Panellist - Gareth Dyke, Researcher, Author and Head of Training at TopEdit
    • Gareth Dyke is a writer, palaeontologist, researcher, and educator with deep experience at the interface between publishing and academia. He is Head of Training at TopEdit, an international English editing and author services provider. He has authored ca. 280 articles in peer reviewed journals over the last 20 years (including in Nature and Science). He helps authors write, communicate, and publish research effectively in English and has well-developed networks most notably in China and Central Asia (Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan). Extensive experience creating, growing, and managing high impact academic journals working with Taylor & Francis and Eurasia Academic Publishing. (https://www.reddit.com/user/garethdyke)
  • Panellist - Anupama Kapadia, Business Head, Publication Support at Enago
    • Anupama Kapadia has over 11 years of industry experience in various scholarly publishing functions. She has successfully led and supported several organizational initiatives. She is currently investing her time in journal production workflows and metrics related to scholarly publication. (https://www.reddit.com/user/anupama_kapadia)
  • Panellist - Tamika Heiden, Principal at Research Impact Academy and Adjunct Research Fellow at The University of Western Australia
    • Tamika Heiden has a background of research experience and training in knowledge translation. She helps researchers access research funding through a program of innovative workshops, consulting, membership, coaching in knowledge translation, and linking researchers to end-users to ensure research impact. Tamika works with researchers and research organizations to create opportunities for research translation and impact so they can get their greatest work into the world. (https://www.reddit.com/user/impactacademy)
  • Panellist - Bahar Mehmani, Reviewer Experience Lead at RELX Group
    • Bahar Mehmani is an experienced researcher with in-depth knowledge in the peer review process. She is Reviewer Experience Lead in the Global STM journals at Elsevier. She works on several peer review initiatives and projects, all of which are designed to recognize reviewers' contribution to the progress of science. Bahar is Co-chair of Peer Review Week 2020 Events and International Outreach Sub-committee, Vice-chair of the Peer Review Committee and Council Member of the European Association of Science Editors (EASE). She received her PhD in Theoretical Physics from the University of Amsterdam (UvA) in 2010. Before joining Elsevier, she was a postdoc researcher at Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL). (https://www.reddit.com/user/bmehmani)
  • Panellist - Joris Van Rossum, Director at The International Association of STM Publishers
    • Joris Van Rossum is a publishing executive and consultant with broad industry knowledge. He currently leads two projects at STM, the Research Data Year, and creating Standard Taxonomy for Peer Review. Joris worked at Elsevier for almost 15 years, where his last role was sr. director of Publishing Innovation, and has been active as an entrepreneur and consultant. (https://www.reddit.com/user/Joris_Rossum)
  • Panellist - Michael Willis, Senior Manager, Research Advocate at John Wiley & Sons
    • Michael Willis is experienced in editorial and peer review management for academic journals across many disciplines. Michael is supporting and being the voice for researchers in the publishing process, including editors, authors and peer reviewers. (https://www.reddit.com/user/CTYerkes)

What is Peer Review Week?

Peer Review Week (PRW) is an annual weekly celebration of all things 'peer review', covering a specific theme which changes every year. The voluntary Steering Committee is open to anyone involved or interested in peer review from publishers, service providers, libraries, to peer reviewers, and the research and author community. It provides a platform for us all to come together with the common goal of celebrating peer review including the good, the bad and the ugly! (https://peerreviewweek.wordpress.com/get-involved/)

We'll also check back and answer any additional questions that come in. Lou will be online throughout the day and running both PRW sessions.

Make sure you add your questions below!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 23 Sep 2020 08:08 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why can't you see your own eyes move in a mirror?

Posted: 22 Sep 2020 10:00 AM PDT

Why doesn't the immune system reject donated blood if they have different DNA but same blood type?

Posted: 23 Sep 2020 02:40 AM PDT

I do know that there's a term of transplant rejection but why doesn't it apply to blood as well when they have the same blood type?

submitted by /u/NomadicEngi
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Do the flu or any other common diseases ever have long-term complications like what we’re seeing from COVID-19?

Posted: 23 Sep 2020 02:29 AM PDT

I keep on seeing articles about the potential long term effects of COVID-19, ranging from organ damage to neurological conditions. I was wondering if any other common illnesses have comparable long-term effects.

submitted by /u/sunbearimon
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Do conjoined twins' immune systems attack each other? What about chimeric twins?

Posted: 22 Sep 2020 10:40 PM PDT

I know that when blood transfusions and transplants are done, incompatible immune systems can be a huge problem. So how does that work when they're two connected bodies?

submitted by /u/ToiletSpeckles
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Why fever is the most common symptom in infectious diseases?

Posted: 22 Sep 2020 08:04 PM PDT

Are some infinities really bigger than other infinities?

Posted: 23 Sep 2020 07:32 AM PDT

I am really bad at both math and science and therefore have trouble understanding the idea of some infinities being bigger than other infinities.

"There are infinite numbers between 0 and 1. There's .1 and .12 and .112 and an infinite collection of others. Of course, there is a bigger infinite set of numbers between 0 and 2, or between 0 and a million. Some infinities are bigger than other infinities."

I understand the idea and the concept behind it BUT doesn't this involve comparing the two collections of numbers? And isn't that defeating the purpose of infinity as you need a clear start and end to something if you want to compare it? I don't really know how to express this in words, but isn't comparing two collections of numbers that are constantly getting bigger like trying to compare two cars in detail while they drive past you at high speeds? lmao. I don't know.

submitted by /u/Smartanton
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How did Rutherford bombard the atom with alpha particles when discovering the nucleus in the Gold Foil Experiment?

Posted: 22 Sep 2020 08:06 PM PDT

I'm confused of how Rutherford 1. isolated an alpha particle, and 2. How did he even know what an alpha particle was or even measure it?? If they hadn't discovered the nucleus yet how was it possible for him to know to shoot 2 protons and 2 neutrons at the atom? I'd really appreciate if someone could explain this as I haven't found anywhere that explains these details. Thanks for your help!!

submitted by /u/petulantwalrus
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Is there a three-dimensional analogue of complex number plane? If not, then why?

Posted: 22 Sep 2020 01:11 PM PDT

I had an idea whether it is possible to plot the mandelbrot equation in three dimensions, but looking to it more (I am fairly novice on understanding mathematics) it seems there is no three dimensional analogue of complex numbers but instead quaternions. Why is that? Do complex numbers have points in only two dimensions or are there more?

submitted by /u/stumppi
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Tuesday, September 22, 2020

If there is indeed microbial life on Venus producing phosphine gas, is it possible the microbes came from Earth and were introduced at some point during the last 80 years of sending probes?

If there is indeed microbial life on Venus producing phosphine gas, is it possible the microbes came from Earth and were introduced at some point during the last 80 years of sending probes?


If there is indeed microbial life on Venus producing phosphine gas, is it possible the microbes came from Earth and were introduced at some point during the last 80 years of sending probes?

Posted: 21 Sep 2020 03:18 PM PDT

I wonder if a non-sterile probe may have left Earth, have all but the most extremophile / adaptable microbes survive the journey, or microbes capable of desiccating in the vacuum of space and rehydrating once in the Venusian atmosphere, and so already adapted to the life cycles proposed by Seager et al., 2020?

submitted by /u/HerbziKal
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What are the effects of non-specific antibody binding inside the human body?

Posted: 22 Sep 2020 04:06 AM PDT

We use antibodies in research all the time and despite the best efforts to raise them in a way that makes them specific to a particular epitope, we often see some level of non-specific binding.

This got me wondering what the effects would be if this were to occur in a whole organism, presumably antibodies will often bind things that aren't their intended target. Are immune responses mounted as a result?

submitted by /u/RichardsonM24
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Do people infected by asymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV-2 also develop less prominent symptoms?

Posted: 22 Sep 2020 01:11 AM PDT

I'm wondering if an asymptomatic display of the virus has at least partly something to do with the constitution of the virus itself, and therefore the viruses that will be replicated from it in other hosts. In other words - do asymptomatics spread a slightly different version of the virus?

submitted by /u/Lushah
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How was the formula to graph the trajectory of a projectile derived?

Posted: 22 Sep 2020 04:16 AM PDT

The formula to graph the trajectory of a projectile is

y = x tan θ - (gx2 ) /(2v2 • cos2 (θ)).

θ is the initial angle of the projectile

g is the downwards acceleration due to gravity (9.8 on earth)

v is the initial velocity of the projectile

How this formula was derived?

submitted by /u/RussianPornDirector
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Do animals also get bad eyesight?

Posted: 22 Sep 2020 03:08 AM PDT

When a neutrino oscillates in-flight into another neutrino, how are its energy and momentum conserved? (It seems that no matter how the speed changes, both can't be conserved at the same time if the neutrino it turns into has a different mass?)

Posted: 21 Sep 2020 07:06 PM PDT

How can leukemia cause leukopenia?

Posted: 22 Sep 2020 05:15 AM PDT

though it most commonly cause leukocytosis, I've read it sometimes cause leukopenia. How does that work?

submitted by /u/Alec09_
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Does the size of an initial infectious dose of a disease lead to more severe symptoms? Does this relationship exist with the flu and covid-19?

Posted: 21 Sep 2020 03:05 PM PDT

Why does parkinsonism have both hypokinetic and hyperkinetic features?

Posted: 21 Sep 2020 11:20 PM PDT

I've read it like nigrostriatal pathway has an inhibitory effect on motor activities(dunno If I'm wrong there),so theoretically only hyperkinetic features are expected,right?

submitted by /u/Me_hudon_esist
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Is it possible to make a curve that takes up a full plane?

Posted: 21 Sep 2020 09:19 AM PDT

The larger question I am asking is, could an object in n-2D entirely fill the space of Dimension N?

I smoked a few bowls after a T break and thought about black holes. I thought maybe black holes were so big they couldn't fit in 3 dimensions, and maybe they could fit an infinite amount of mass in one place in three dimensions, and it was curved infinitely over a larger plane in a higher dimension, creating a curved line in 4D and merely a point in 3D.

Then I asked myself if it would be possible to calculate a line within 3D space that had such a steep curve it took up the full entirety of the plane? Since a line and a plane are both infinitely large, and a line is infinitely thin, it would just need to crinkle so randomly that it hit every point and every point between each point or exponentially gradient along itself so no point is ever missed?

I am just high and felt like typing this all out because now I really wanna know the answer. Thank you for Humoring me

submitted by /u/mikeydubbs210
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Why does heat shield is needed only when a space vehicle enters earth's atmosphere? Why is it not needed when the space vehicle is in the earth atmosphere or when leaving it?

Posted: 21 Sep 2020 07:13 AM PDT

Does isodicentric 15 syndrome render a person infertile?

Posted: 21 Sep 2020 09:31 PM PDT

Title. If yes, does every chromosomal disorder render a person infertile?

submitted by /u/inFamous_Cheese
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How does insulin resistance happen?

Posted: 21 Sep 2020 11:28 AM PDT

What changes in the cells where they no longer use/recognize the insulin correctly?

submitted by /u/NogvarotsChampion
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What is the reasoning behind the seemingly arbitrary letters chosen for the Morgan-Keenan stellar classification system?

Posted: 20 Sep 2020 11:32 PM PDT

I've been learning a little about the Morgan-Keenan system for stellar classification. In this system, categories of stars are arranged in order of their temperature and assigned a letter. From hottest to coolest the letters are O, B, A, F, G, K, M. My question is, why these seemingly arbitrary letters that don't obviously map to anything or go in any order? Wouldn't A, B, C, D, E, F, G have made more sense?

submitted by /u/KingSpork
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How did they make screws before precision tools and how did they make precision tools without precision tools?

Posted: 20 Sep 2020 02:24 PM PDT

How do companies manage to make so many unique keys for houses, cars, etc?

Posted: 20 Sep 2020 01:55 PM PDT