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Monday, January 28, 2019

How do marsupials clean their pouches? Do they smell terrible?

How do marsupials clean their pouches? Do they smell terrible?

How do marsupials clean their pouches? Do they smell terrible?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 06:05 PM PST

I was thinking about how disgusting a human pouch would be. Can someone elaborate?

submitted by /u/zimplezample
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How do surgeons and doctors calculate the risk of a surgery?

Posted: 28 Jan 2019 07:14 AM PST

I've been wondering this. For say, a spinal surgery has 40% chance of success, how is it measured or is it more intuition?

submitted by /u/brosteptwinner
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How does sugar contribute to heart disease? Is it the compound itself, or is it the empty calorie idea causing general undernutrition?

Posted: 28 Jan 2019 04:50 AM PST

Does lacking certain nutrients makes you crave specific foods?

Posted: 28 Jan 2019 03:59 AM PST

How much caffeine will it take too be lethal?

Posted: 28 Jan 2019 05:41 AM PST

This is the question that I have been thinking ever since I try to drink coffee (almost) everyday.

I'm just wondering, how many caffeine does it took to be a dangerous chemical?

(Mods: no this is not a personal question/medical advice, It's just what I think when I'm drinking coffee)

submitted by /u/Faiswusuf
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How were diffraction patterns for crystallography resolved before computers?

Posted: 28 Jan 2019 03:33 AM PST

Was it done using pencil and paper calculations that translated into structures or did the patterns more directly correspond to certain structures?

Edit: clarified in post body

submitted by /u/SpaceMonkeyBob
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Can manufacturers use high pressures to melt elements quicker and more cost effectively?

Posted: 28 Jan 2019 12:50 AM PST

Hey all! My understanding of basic chemistry/physics is that at higher pressures, matter is forced closer together, which makes it heat easier because the molecules have less space to move ; I learned the other day that tungsten and platinum have very very high melting points, and wondered about the prospect of a company performing all of their manufacturing inside a pressure chamber to save on gas/electricity costs of running furnaces up to 10,000 Fahrenheit for tungsten and 3000~ for iron and steel.

Is there something I'm missing about this? Surely it would be more cost effective to effectively "lower" the temperature requirements of melting metals by a certain percentage (say, 25%), than it would be to keep a large chamber running at 2,5,10, or 25 times atmospheric pressure.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Sijumah
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Why do some fruits contain high levels of proteolytic enzymes?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 08:41 PM PST

E.g. pineapples with bromelain, papain in papayas, ficain in figs. I have read somewhere that proteases are sometimes required for protein synthesis/activation, but why would some fruits have such high levels compared to others?

submitted by /u/godsisreal
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What biological aspect of insects and arachnids makes them susceptible to the Cordyceps genus of fungi and other "body controlling" organisms?

Posted: 28 Jan 2019 07:03 AM PST

While the cold blood of insects and arachnids makes them more susceptible to fungal infections than warm blooded animals, this does not explain why reptiles and other cold-blooded creatures are not targeted by "body controlling" organisms like the Cordyceps genus of fungi.

submitted by /u/Legendtamer47
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What makes a noble metal noble? I know they are resistant to corrosion and oxidation but why?

Posted: 28 Jan 2019 06:44 AM PST

Since smoke contains carcinogens, is it detrimental to eat smoked meats, and if so, is there a hierarchy of danger between fish, cheese, vegetables, and other other meats based on amount and type of fat?

Posted: 28 Jan 2019 06:26 AM PST

How do they measure the energy of ocean waves?

Posted: 28 Jan 2019 06:18 AM PST

When they say these waves create the same amount of energy as 10000 atomic bombs everyday, how did they get this number?

submitted by /u/Redhotgrinspoon
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How does a potassium chloride injection stop the heart?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 04:26 PM PST

I have very basic knowledge in neuroscience, so an explanation in layman's terms would be great.

submitted by /u/derpinacostco
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How does fat make its way into arteries when it clogs them ?

Posted: 28 Jan 2019 04:04 AM PST

Does the rotation of the earth affect the stremgth of gravity due to the centripetal force it creates?

Posted: 28 Jan 2019 03:52 AM PST

How do normal bodily functions work in zero gravity?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 04:23 PM PST

E.g. pumping blood, digestion, don't these processes rely on gravity?

submitted by /u/Billybob1138
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What causes the force that results from the Pauli exclusion principle?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 09:43 AM PST

I was reading about white dwarf stars in Stephen Hawking's "Brief History of Time", and he states that the only thing preventing a white dwarf from collapsing into a black hole is the repulsive force provided by the Pauli exclusion principle, but for stars with masses past the Chandrasekhar limit, this force is eventually overcome by gravity. My question is where does this force come from (does it have a force carrier) and can it be explained in terms of the four elementary forces? Also as an aside, how can the exclusion principle be "overcome" by gravity? Does the law simply break down with forces that large?

submitted by /u/BowserJax
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Why does a person’s resting heart rate increase when they over-exercise?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 02:24 PM PST

Women between 65-69 are 5 times more likely to die after a hip fracture. Is it the fracture itself or something else that leads to increased mortality?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 12:34 PM PST
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Sunday, January 27, 2019

When using sunscreen, can our body produce Vitamin D?

When using sunscreen, can our body produce Vitamin D?

When using sunscreen, can our body produce Vitamin D?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 08:55 PM PST

Given that Hawking radiation intensity increases exponentially as the mass of a black hole decreases, how does a black hole "gradually" form out of normal matter collapsing?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 11:00 PM PST

If a neutron star, or equivalent, is collapsing as it has enough mass to overcome the strong nuclear interaction, how would it become a black hole? As soon as some matter from the core collapses within the Schwarzchild radius, wouldn't it evaporate extremely quickly (or explode) due to massive Hawking radiation? For example this calculator (http://xaonon.dyndns.org/hawking/) suggests that the first 1 micro-gram of the black hole will evaporate in less than 1 unit of Plank time. Does the rest of the collapsing matter need to supply the micro black hole with more matter/energy than is lost due the radiation? Is it even relativistically possible for it to collapse fast enough to do that? Even if so, would it be possible for it to fail (due to angular velocity for example), and if it fails would the neutron star potentially blow up instead of collapsing?

submitted by /u/adamantismo
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why DM type 2 affect kidneys and eyes more than other organs and cause diabetic retinopathy , nephropathy?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 06:30 AM PST

Why is urine a steady stream but semen is released in pumps?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 07:07 PM PST

What causes the opposite effects of size<-->speed in gel-electrophoresis and size exclusion chromatography?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 06:52 AM PST

So i tried answering this with a google search but i didn't really find an answer that compares the two methods in regards to the aspect i'm confused by:

So as far as i understand it, both separation methods use a porous gel to separate molecules by their size.

The explanation for the SEC that i found is, that larger molecules cannot fit into as many pores so they barely interact with the gel and pass through it faster through the paths that they can fit through. (So basically there are less "useless detours" that lead in a direction lateral to the traveling direction/ spread out the molecules and increase its interaction with the gel)

The explanation for the gel electrophoresis says, that the larger molecules will have problems traversing through the pores because they won't fit through most of them so it takes them considerably longer to find random paths through the gel. (So there are also fewer "good" paths that allow large molecules to pass through the gel in the intended travelling direction)

Both explanations sounded intuitive until i read them at the same time. Why does the effect that slows down larger molecules during electrophoresis not also affect them during SEC and vice-versa (why don't they pass faster during gel electrophoresis).

I think my problem/misunderstanding is kinda linked to understanding the key difference between what they refer to as "interparticle volume" and the "pores" in the SEC. In the end it sounds to me like you have a gel/solid with tiny "tunnels" inside of them through which the molecules can traverse. Why does it matter if these tunnels are

A) part of the small gel-beads/porous particles themselves

or

B)Between individual beads/porous particles

Also i'm a little bit confused by how some explanations use the word "interaction". Because some of them use it as chemical/electrical interaction and say that "the analyte must not interact with the stationary phase" in the SEC so there is a separation solely by size yet sometimes "interaction" was used in a way that to me sounded more like its ability to diffuse and spread out into the pores.

Thanks in advance for any input that might help understand these processes a little more and have a nice day.

submitted by /u/Madpenguin_CH
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If earth's gravity lessens depending on how far you get from the surface of earth, even though its not by much, would that mean that the closer you get to the core the greater the force of gravity? If so, would that mean it would be theoretically possible to do some Goku/Vegeta gravity training?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 08:16 PM PST

How much do children's foreign language shows like Dora The Explorer actually help a viewer learn another language?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 05:24 AM PST

Do the senses of smell, taste, and touch fade with time like hearing and sight?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 04:50 AM PST

Are monoclonal antibodies more effective than small molecule drugs?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 04:10 AM PST

Why or why not?

submitted by /u/MattyMattsReddit
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Instead of making a particle accelerator longer, why don't we make the particle go around it more?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 08:36 PM PST

Since length is a limiting factor in the amount of energy that can be given to a particle, why can't we send a particle around the LHC until it has enough energy to test what we want?

submitted by /u/eggAMA
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What do we know about mating in non-avian dinosaurs?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 04:05 AM PST

What do we know about non-avian dinosaurs and mating? Do we have fossils of mating dinosaurs? And especially how did sauropods mate and do we see traces on the bones?

submitted by /u/Fancy_lamp
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Is the DNA bomb from Call of Duty theoretically possible?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 12:10 AM PST

Is it theoretically possible to create a bomb or even a pathological agent that targets a specific race of individuals but completely leaves alone anyone else? Are there real life examples of diseases that only affects certain group of communities but is completely harmless in others?

submitted by /u/dEVoRaTriX
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Why are noble gases so stable?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 09:54 PM PST

I've been studying Chemical bonding and understand that most atoms tend to want to get a fully filled valence shell of electrons. What I don't understand is why. How does having a fully filled energy level/shell (even if we're just talking about the main group elements here) give you stability? Does it have to do with something with the Hund's rule and pairing of electron spins? Even if it does, why is it that Beryllium, which has a fully filled 2s orbital, and essentially doesn't even have any p electrons or p orbitals yet, not stable? What makes a fully filled p subshell/orbital so stable?

submitted by /u/RyukSkywalker
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Can kitchen knives with single-bevel designs really achieve stronger, sharper and thinner edges compared to knives with double-bevel designs?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 03:44 AM PST

Note: I'm simplifying.

German and french knives are "flat ground" with a symmetrical double bevel edge, most japanese knives are "chisel ground" with a single bevel edge instead. Visual representation here.

Knife sellers claim that chisel ground knives can achieve sharper, thinner and stronger edges compared to flat ground knives and browsing forums that seems to be the general opinion.

Given the alloy used in the blade is constant, would you say the claim holds?

submitted by /u/Keyvanizator
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Will Saccharomyces Ferment increase the AhR activity of Pityrosporum Folliculitis?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 03:26 AM PST

Galactomyces ferment has shown to increase the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) capacity of Pityrosporum folliculitis aka Malassezia Folliculitis. The afore yeast ferment is also a potent activator of AhR, as it induced the nuclear translocation of AhR and subsequent CYP1A1 upregulation.

However, does the same applies for Saccharomyces ferment and its respective filtrates and subjugated filtrates? Saccaromyces is a different but similar genus of fungi compared to Galactomyces. On the other hand, lactobacillus, bifidobacterium, lactococcus and various other lactic-acid producing bacteria is said to have no effect on the AhR capacity of Pityrosporum folliculitis.

submitted by /u/OrganicAsparagus2
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What happens to the Cochlear fluid of the astronauts?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 08:55 AM PST

Thought about this last night, couldn't find an answer online. So what happens to Cochlear fluid in low-g environments? How do Astronauts not get violently sick all the time?

submitted by /u/Clownsheuz
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What is the maximum temperature you could raise waters boiling point to?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 07:08 PM PST

Since waters boiling point depends on how much pressure it's under, what is the maximum boiling point water can be raised too?

submitted by /u/qowijibo
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How do you differentiate between the histology of pyelonephritis and coagulative necrosis of kidney?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 01:55 AM PST

I always get confused between the histology of pyelonephritis of kidney and coagulative necrosis of kidney in the histology slide.

I realize that pyelonephritis is a form of liquefactive necrosis, but how can you differentiate between the two in the histology slide? They both look extremely similar and they both have neutrophil infiltrate.

submitted by /u/HouhoinKyoma
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Can Ammonia be used to substitute chloride ion ligands in aqueous copper(II) chloride in a ligand substitution?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 01:35 AM PST

Title explain everything. I am planning to do a complexometric titration using EDTA to determine the amount of copper(II) ions in an aqueous solution, and was wondering if the above could happen since the pH of the solution must be alkaline for the titration to occur. Many thanks!

submitted by /u/mysteriousdude2761
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Since our immunity strengthens based on experience, would that mean that an E. Coli infection give you immunity to that certain strain of E. Coli in the future?

Posted: 27 Jan 2019 01:08 AM PST

How does popcorn 'pop'?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 02:17 PM PST

How do pulsed neutron sources work and when are they utilized?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 02:54 PM PST

I know that the pulsed sources have been used in particle accelerators, but don't most of them use proton beams?

submitted by /u/gracer_5
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Saturday, January 26, 2019

Measles is thought to 'reset' the immune system's memory. Do victims need to re-get childhood vaccinations, e.g. chickenpox? And if we could control it, is there some good purpose to which medical science could put this 'ability' of the measles virus?

Measles is thought to 'reset' the immune system's memory. Do victims need to re-get childhood vaccinations, e.g. chickenpox? And if we could control it, is there some good purpose to which medical science could put this 'ability' of the measles virus?

Measles is thought to 'reset' the immune system's memory. Do victims need to re-get childhood vaccinations, e.g. chickenpox? And if we could control it, is there some good purpose to which medical science could put this 'ability' of the measles virus?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 05:06 AM PST

Measles resets the immune system

Don't bone marrow patients go through chemo to suppress or wipe our their immune system to reduce the chance of rejection of the donor marrow? Seems like a virus that does the same thing, if it could be less . .. virulent, might be a way around that horrible process. Just throwing out ideas.

submitted by /u/roraima_is_very_tall
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Discoveries at the LHC besides the Higgs boson?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 04:12 AM PST

I feel like 10 years ago every scientist said that the LHC would revolutionize our view of the universe, yet the only major discovery in the mainstream news was the Higgs boson.

Are there any more major discoveries that may shape our view of the universe or were the expectations too big and there were no huge, interesting discoveries?

submitted by /u/LexyconG
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In the Electron Transport Chain, do the complexes gain their energy to pump out protons, from the creation of water in the IV-komplex or from the high energy state of the electron in NADH?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 05:15 AM PST

Before fusion was understood, how did astronomers explain how stars worked?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 11:24 AM PST

I am mostly talking about the last few hundred years, once it was accepted fact that the stars weren't just lights on a giant moving sphere.

Were there theories as to what caused the sun and other stars to shine? We now understand that fusion is the primary method of energy production, but it wasn't known until the 20th century.

submitted by /u/Masterjason13
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Are black holes ideal black bodies?

Posted: 26 Jan 2019 03:50 AM PST

A blac body absorbs and emits all radiation or energy incident on it.

A Black hole can absorb everything, but nothing gets emmited out of it, except Hawking Radiation. So can Black holes be termed as ideal black bodies?

submitted by /u/HarshilBhattDaBomb
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In the winter of 1862, the northern lights appeared over the battlefield in Fredericksburg, VA, USA. How rare is this phenomenon? Would it happen now-a-days, or not because of light pollution?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 05:24 PM PST

At what temperature will an object begin to emit UV radiation/waves?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 07:43 PM PST

How is it possible to see light from the beginning of time?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 11:56 AM PST

Light travels at a speed making us see things that are far away back in time. But since no object can travel faster than light, how can earth beats the light to here from the beginning of time for almost 14 billion years?

Here is the article I got this question from.

submitted by /u/LOKSTED
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In the distant future, could the cosmic microwave background be made visible by accelerating an detector to relativistic speeds?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 09:08 AM PST

I have read that the CMB will redshift to invisibility in the distant future. Could the use of near light speed be used to blue shift it back to visibility?

submitted by /u/innocuousremark
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Can You Contain a Anti-proton plasma Using Normal Matter?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 10:07 AM PST

Since anti-protons do not annihilate positrons, could a negatively charged plasma of antiprotons be held inside a container normal matter? The plasma would be repelled by the electron shell of the normal atoms.

Since AM is stored in magnetic penrose traps in the real world, I assume this is incorrect, but why?

submitted by /u/GaraktheTailor
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Why is there an emphasis on a closed loop to Faraday's law?

Posted: 25 Jan 2019 07:29 AM PST

I don't understand why Faraday's law is only valid when there is a loop, a closed one in fact.

I understand it does not matter if the loop consists of a conductor or free space.

submitted by /u/tinkenieer
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