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Wednesday, September 26, 2018

Do (fighter) airplanes really have an onboard system that warns if someone is target locking it, as computer games and movies make us believe? And if so, how does it work?

Do (fighter) airplanes really have an onboard system that warns if someone is target locking it, as computer games and movies make us believe? And if so, how does it work?


Do (fighter) airplanes really have an onboard system that warns if someone is target locking it, as computer games and movies make us believe? And if so, how does it work?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 02:51 PM PDT

Have humans always had an all year round "mating season", or is there any research that suggests we could have been seasonal breeders? If so, what caused the change, or if not, why have we never been seasonal breeders?

Posted: 26 Sep 2018 05:01 AM PDT

On the ISS do they have to adjust for flatulence because of the closed loop environment?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 02:51 PM PDT

How do trees fight off disease?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 05:13 PM PDT

I'm assuming trees don't have an immune system, so do they have any protection against disease?

submitted by /u/SnowedInByEdward
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How do we know a blackhole is spinning?

Posted: 26 Sep 2018 01:12 AM PDT

Iv always been interested in astronomy and physics. But iv been wondering how can you calculate a black hole is spinning or not? Is it by the mass orbeting the black hole? Does a spinning black hole have anything diffrent from a regular non spinning one? Do all black holes spin can a black hole spin at the speed of light would that be possible?

submitted by /u/Redpanda248
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 26 Sep 2018 08:12 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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In Chemometrics, how does the Savitzky-Golag Derivation work? And what is Multiplicative Scatter Correction?

Posted: 26 Sep 2018 04:20 AM PDT

What is it about sour candy that makes it sour, and how come some candies are crazy sour and some are disappointing?

Posted: 26 Sep 2018 06:48 AM PDT

I mean comparing candies like Warheads and Sour Skittles (which are some serious pucker-inducing candies) to things like Sour Gummy Worms that aren't sour at all, just sprinkled with a tangy crystal substance?

submitted by /u/_Not_Bruce_Wayne_
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Is it possible to freeze water while electricity is flowing?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 10:36 PM PDT

When you eat something and get hives, what causes the hives to appear everywhere (even your legs)?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 09:09 PM PDT

Why can't phone chargers/ charging ports have a higher voltage, thus charging faster?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 11:40 PM PDT

How do ramjet and scramjet engines deal with the issue of initial propulsion? Do the crafts equipped with such engines need an auxiliary one?

Posted: 26 Sep 2018 12:11 AM PDT

Basically the title. I understand how ramjet and scramjet engines work, but I didn't find how the crafts equipped with these engines take off, basically.

submitted by /u/m1l4droid
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How do things like squash and pumpkins grow with a hollow cavity inside? What makes up the gas in there and how did it get inside?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 02:23 PM PDT

Let's say I scrape up my hand. How does the skin grow back exactly the same?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 11:46 PM PDT

Why are STI tests more accurate after months have passed, instead of a week, from a sexual encounter?

Posted: 26 Sep 2018 02:44 AM PDT

Would it be possible to have STI tests that give accurate results instantly?

submitted by /u/recyclops-robotheart
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How does light "bounce off" a material?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 01:17 PM PDT

I understand that when light hits a surface, some light is absorbed (by exciting electrons), and other light is reflected, and it's that reflected light that gives objects their colors. What I don't understand is how atoms/molecules actually "reflect" light? If the light cannot interact with a material, I would expect it to pass through, but this only happens with transparent materials. How do photons bounce off an atom, and what determines whether they bounce off or pass through?

submitted by /u/arbitrarycivilian
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Does your body produce insulin in response to consuming Stevia?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 02:14 PM PDT

More generally, is it the taste of something sweet that generates insulin or does a carbohydrate need to be detected before that response initiates?

submitted by /u/MeVer217
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Can binary stars have stable lagrange points? If so, have we ever found a planet in one of those lagrange points?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 09:59 AM PDT

Why are there larger meniscuses in smaller tubes than in larger tubes for water?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 03:32 PM PDT

Why is it that certain metals like zinc and iron are crucial for our body while other metals like lead and murcury are deadly?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 01:41 PM PDT

Are there any drugs that have stopped being used because the disease evolved total resistance to it?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 06:20 AM PDT

To which point(s) is the system of latitude and longitude fixed, since the continents are actually constantly moving?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 01:46 PM PDT

Or in other words; how do I make use of the grid system when looking at a map of for example Pangea?

submitted by /u/GregorVogel
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Is body fat percentage correlated with how long someone can endure starvation before death?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 11:06 AM PDT

Let's say two people wash up on a deserted island. One with 7% body fat and one with 32% body fat. They have access to a reliable water source however there is no food on the island. Would the individual with a higher body fat percentage be able to survive through starvation longer than the other? Logically I would assume that because there is more energy stored and available for use they would survive longer, however I've not seen any meaningful data supporting that notion.

submitted by /u/gravyboat15
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Tuesday, September 25, 2018

What could have caused a violent reaction between 2 store-bought pool chlorine brands?

What could have caused a violent reaction between 2 store-bought pool chlorine brands?


What could have caused a violent reaction between 2 store-bought pool chlorine brands?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 04:40 AM PDT

A Tale of Two Chlorines

Can someone please explain why I had a sturdy plastic bucket literally explode into fragments when I mixed 2 different brands of pool chlorine together? I've never seen something explode like that when exposed to open air.

So what I would normally do is mix the chlorine with pool water and then pour everything into the pool, no problem.

One day we switched chlorine brands, so I poured the last little bit of the original chlorine into the bucket (there might have been a little water in the bucket to begin with) and topped up with the new chlorine. I noticed vapor coming off the mixture almost immediately as I started mixing. The reaction started bubbling and boiling and within about 10 seconds, the mixture started putting out a thick yellow cloud. This was when I knew I had to GTFO, mainly to avoid breathing in any of the noxious fumes. I can't quite remember if I was going to call someone or to get water to dilute the mixture.

I turned around and started walking and as I turned a corner about 5 meters away from where the bucket was left standing, I heard an incredibly loud bang and saw pieces of the red bucket fly past me and land in the pool and on the lawn over 10 meters away. There was literally nothing left at ground zero other than a few white stains from the powder. It was a really powerful explosion.

This happened quite some years ago when I used to look after the pool at home, so the details may be a bit sketchy. I've always thought about that incident, what if I hadn't moved away? I could have been permanently blinded, or developed some kind of respiratory issue, possibly even hearing damage?

P.S. the brands were HTH and Clarity in that order (i think)

There was no outside contamination that I know of.

Edit: Thanks for the replies and explanations so far. I'm glad I'm not the only one surprised/confused by this. Just a couple things, This was a long time ago like I said, so it might not have bubbled for 10 seconds, the gas might have been green instead of yellow, etc. All I know for sure is that it was loud, it started raining red plastic bits, there was definitely no lid on the bucket and that there were 2 brands of chlorine in a bucket.

submitted by /u/PixelCortex
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How exactly is unused breast milk absorbed back into the bloodstream?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 05:56 PM PDT

I read somewhere that whatever milk is left in the breast after weaning gets absorbed back into the body. But what exactly is happening there? How is the body able to absorb nutrients without involving the digestive tract?

I hope these are not extraordinarily dumb questions. I only have middle school level background in biology (and most other things).

submitted by /u/Massenstein
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In the quantum chemistry model why don't the negatively charged electrons fly into the positively charged nucleus?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 06:25 AM PDT

In the Bohr-Rutherford model it makes sense why they wouldn't because it's just like why the planets in our solar system don't fly into the sun. But, in quantum chemistry you have stuff like P orbitals which look like 8's in which 1 electron is found in each loop so they dont rotate around the nucleus completely. Why don't they make contact with the nucleus?

submitted by /u/Phobac07
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How do scientists manage to find the exact masses of different atoms when then they were first discovered?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 02:37 AM PDT

What happens when a nebula made of non-simple molecules begins accretion?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 03:50 PM PDT

For example, the area designated W3(OH) is a nebula of primarily methyl alcohol. What happens when angular momentum begins an accretion disk? I thought hydrogen and helium would create a nursery for new stars, but in the case of other molecules does a protostar form, or what happens next?

submitted by /u/obsidianhoax
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If you have a family history of cancer, are you at risk for cancer in general or just the type of cancer(s) your relative(s) had?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 02:58 PM PDT

So for instance, my aunt had breast cancer. As a male, my risk of getting breast cancer is still relatively low. However, does that also mean I am more likely to get any type?

submitted by /u/Boba3964
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When was the last time molten lava was naturally present on the surface in the continental USA?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 11:56 AM PDT

I know the lower 48 states have lots of volcanoes, particularly on the west coast, and there have even been some relatively recent eruptions (most famously Mount St. Helens). But to my knowledge, those recent eruptions have been explosive gas and ash, not lava. The presence of massive ancient lava flows in states like Idaho and New Mexico indicate that volcanoes with lava do exist in these though.

Basically, what I'm wanting to know is when the last time there was a Hawaiian-style eruption with flowing lava, and/or molten lava present on the surface, even if not part of a major eruption -- there's not a place like this in the continental USA currently, right?

submitted by /u/xj20
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Is a sound’s volume tied to its range?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 01:52 PM PDT

In other words could you make something be heard from farther while maintaining the original volume. Also does an increase in volume always mean it will be heard from farther ? And could you make a speaker that is the same volume from every distance ?

submitted by /u/citationcrustacean
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How a Doppler ultrasound works?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 05:58 PM PDT

It's possible to build up a homemade Doppler ultrasound?

submitted by /u/Pkt27
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In a galaxy, how much gas and dust would have to be present to prevent being about to see out of the galaxy in the visible spectrum?

Posted: 25 Sep 2018 01:27 AM PDT

As I understand it, we're unable to see across tongue other side of the Milky Way at least partially because there is too much gas and dust in the way. If the solar system were deeper into the galaxy where there's more dust and gas, or if the galaxy were less flat, could there ever be enough dust and gas to prevent us from seeing out of the galaxy entirely?

submitted by /u/Lindvaettr
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How do various vitamins/minerals actually get used in our body?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 10:31 AM PDT

Like on a physiological level, how does the zinc, vitamin C (or D, B's, etc), or whatever else actually work? How do they get used by our cells? Please drop some knowledge on whichever vitamin/mineral you can shed some light on!

submitted by /u/heterosapient
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What is the difference between radiation that transfers heat and the radiation that we associate with radioactive substances?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 08:11 AM PDT

So I learned in class that radiation is a form of heat transfer. Is this difference than say, the radiation from nuclear explosions?

submitted by /u/Lapoon
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What do we know about ancient gut microbiomes?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 07:47 AM PDT

I know that we are just starting work on understanding the differences between gut microbiomes among modern populations. How much work has been done on sequencing the traces of gut microbiomes in ancient latrines?

Do we know anything at all about the gut microbiomes of Neanderthals?

submitted by /u/Prufrock451
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Would Outer Space be an effective coolant?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 09:20 PM PDT

As opposed to something like nanofluids or liquid nitrogen, or even helium 3/4. I know that outer space is cold. (2.7K) But you also cant pump it around, and sometimes external radiation is a problem. I know the ISS uses radiators to get rid of its waste heat, but it doesn't have large reactor and doesn't use much power, let alone all that it uses. Basically, if you were going to put a ridiculously hot reactor on a giant space ship, would it make more sense to have outer space just cool it off for you than to use something else? What would be the advantage/disadvantages of using space to cool your reactor?

submitted by /u/Poopallah
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Dating in archeology and geology depend largely on the fact that there are layers of earth/ice. Is the earth getting bigger as these layers are added?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 12:19 PM PDT

What gives Polyester it's useful properties?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 01:48 PM PDT

I know that when Polyester is made into fabrics, the stretching forces the molecules into parallel patterns, giving the material more tensile strength, etc. What I want to know specifically: Why is it shatterproof? Why is it hydrophobic?

submitted by /u/EvilsConscience
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Why does red print appear to move on a blue background?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 07:09 AM PDT

Why is smoke seemingly unaffected by gravity?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 11:57 AM PDT

Why is the polio vaccine still needed in the US?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 06:27 AM PDT

Was doing some research and just want to understand. Polio is only transmitted through fecal matter getting into someone else mouth - either infected food, water, etc.

Do we not have enough technological advances on food and water cleanliness that the vaccine is merely not needed any more? The only places that seem to still have polio (at a very low rate at that) are places where cleanliness can be hard to come by.

Apparently the vaccine is only 95% effective, and 5% of people it is administered to will not be truly 'safe' from getting Polio, but still there are no reported cases in the Americas since 1991.

Averaging 4 million births a year in the US from 1994 to now is 96 million people, 4.8 of which would not have the vaccine being effective. Still no cases. So why is the vaccine needed?

submitted by /u/Theoneandonlyprizm
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What are the Hessdalen lights?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 01:31 PM PDT

Monday, September 24, 2018

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Alex Marson and I'm an immunologist at UCSF. My lab is building more efficient CRISPR-based gene editing tools to supercharge the human immune system to fight cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmunity. AMA!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Alex Marson and I'm an immunologist at UCSF. My lab is building more efficient CRISPR-based gene editing tools to supercharge the human immune system to fight cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmunity. AMA!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Alex Marson and I'm an immunologist at UCSF. My lab is building more efficient CRISPR-based gene editing tools to supercharge the human immune system to fight cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmunity. AMA!

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Genetic engineering is now cheap, relatively simple, and pretty reliable - at least when done in a lab setting. Using a tool called CRISPR, researchers can access DNA in live cells, target specific strings of the DNA code to slice out, turn gene expression up or down, or even swap in new DNA. This means we can, theoretically, reverse genetic conditions, modify cell behaviors, and perhaps program the cells to better fight against disease.

If you want an overview on CRISPR and how it works, my university created this animated explainer: https://youtu.be/iXgU--ugLqY

My lab is using CRISPR to better understand how the genome controls the functions of human immune cells, in health and disease. We hope to use this research to inform future cell-based therapies to fight cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmunity.

If you're deeply interested in CRISPR, you may have heard of our recent work - we discovered a way to make CRISPR more efficient and flexible in re-writing long DNA sequences in human immune cells, without the use of viruses. There are currently FDA approved gene engineered T cell therapies for certain types of cancer. These cells have been generated by using modified viruses to deliver genes into haphazard sites in the T cell genomes. Improved non-viral CRISPR delivery allows us, effectively, to paste long new stretches of DNA sequences into specific sites in the genome, without having to rely viruses that are costly and laborious to employ. We are working to develop non-viral CRISPR-based genome targeting into broadly useful platforms to make better, faster, cheaper engineered T cells for the next generation of immunotherapies.

You can read my university's story about it here: http://tiny.ucsf.edu/OccPKL

I'm here to talk about all things CRISPR, genetic engineering, immunology, or any other part of my work. I'll start around 2:30pm PT (5:30 PM ET, 22:30 UT), AMA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why are people’s palms never dark?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 08:49 AM PDT

Is there any circumstance in which the coefficient of kinetic friction is greater than the coefficient of static friction?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 06:21 AM PDT

Just a question my ap physics class is wondering

submitted by /u/Tribefan1029
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What was ocean weather like when Pangea was all together?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 01:46 PM PDT

Hearing/reading about the effects of climate change on ocean climate got me thinking about the ocean climate in other geologic period. How would tides have been different? Would they have been bigger? Ocean currents, how would they have been affected with all that open ocean? What about storms like hurricanes? Would they have been super huge? I know that's a lot of separate questions.

submitted by /u/camthomas96
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Can you estimate the temperature at a certain depth as a function of the planet's radius?

Posted: 24 Sep 2018 06:39 AM PDT

On Earth, as you dig deeper and deeper into the ground, the temperature increases.

Let's say we have another, reasonably Earth-like planet. Could we determine the rate of this increase purely based on the planet's radius? Would the temperature rise slower on a larger planet?

I am specifically interested in the topmost layers of the planet (where one would reasonably dig a mine or drill or such). I'm not asking about the temperature deep in the core. Also, just a good order-of-magnitude estimate is enough, I understand that specific numbers would likely depend on many factors such as the planet's composition and so on.

Thanks for replies!

submitted by /u/Abdiel_Kavash
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Is the Uncertainty Principle due to the fact scientists do not know enough, or is it genuine chaos?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 02:28 PM PDT

We learn in Chem 101 that the electron's location is unpredictable and they define this like a law. I'm wondering if theoretical physics, which dives deeper into subatomic particles, has a better understanding. Or, if new discoveries might be made to give a better understanding?

submitted by /u/band_in_DC
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Why does regular soap make bubbles, but modern detergents don't?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 04:32 PM PDT

I think I've got a good idea how soaps work, and the way they surround oily dirt in a layer of soap molecules to wash it away seems related to how they form double-layers in the wall of a soap bubble. So I'm not surprised that soap cleans and also makes bubbles.

But specially-made detergents for washing machines and dishwashers clean *without* making bubbles. It makes sense that you'd design them that way, if the machine fills up with suds it won't work properly, but chemically, what's the difference between these detergents and regular sudsy soap?

submitted by /u/agate_
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Does Alzheimer‘s affect peoples dreams? How?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 02:24 PM PDT

A loved one of mine would always say he thought he was dreaming even though he was awake. It led me to believe that in his dreams he was able to live normally while in the physical world it was more of a nightmare since he couldn't get a grasp of his surroundings. Could it be possible that people suffering from Alzheimer's are temporarily 'cured' in their sleep and that's why some believe they are asleep while they are awake?

submitted by /u/fluffyllamapajamas
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Since hydrogen and helium have sufficient bouyant force to float above the atmosphere, would a balloon filled with nothing, like all the air sucked out of it like a vacuum, also float or float higher than hydrogen and helium?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 05:01 PM PDT

If yes would it also be able to lift more?

Or is the bouyancy of a balloon depending more on whats inside it instead of it having nothing inside?

submitted by /u/_Xyborg_
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To what degree are increases in cancer and terminal illness related to living longer?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 08:28 AM PDT

Did the Chicxulub asteroid have any impact on Earth's orbit?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 08:25 AM PDT

Is there a difference in the amount of hydration you get from carbonated and non-carbonated water?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 09:42 AM PDT

How accurate is it to say that Carboniferous coal beds formed because “the enzymes hadn’t evolved yet”?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 07:51 AM PDT

Why are curved displays so hard/expensive to make?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 02:50 PM PDT

Since plants have immune systems just like animals, is it possible for them to have allergies?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 07:39 AM PDT

What does killing the host gain parasites like Naegleria folweri?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 02:04 PM PDT

Is this essential for the proliferation of the species, or is this just an unintentional effect of the amoeba on humans?

submitted by /u/pork_king
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Can focusing more light on a photovoltaic cell increase it's energy output?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 11:45 AM PDT

I have seen several systems that claim to collect 5x or 10x the electricity from photovoltaic cells by using lenses to project more light onto the cell.

Is there data that shows this is possible?

Also, the heat should eventually decrease the efficiency of the cell, so at what point does that happen and does it negate the gain (if any) achieved using the focused light?

submitted by /u/CamReadit
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How do you determine the number of bonding orbitals in a single atom?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 03:44 PM PDT

I read that fluorine has a 2s orbital and a 2p orbital available; yet, bromine has only a 4p orbital. Both atoms have the same number of valence electrons. Could it have something to do with the 3d orbital in bromine? thanks.

submitted by /u/BirdAcid
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Why is it not possible for the human body to digest hair?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 05:39 AM PDT

Do other languages use the Oxford comma?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 07:59 AM PDT

And for those that don't, do they face the same problem of occasional ambiguity?

submitted by /u/locojoco
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Marine Biologists, what do we know the intelligence of dolphins (IQ?) and their capabilities? Also, how far away or close are we to understanding their brains?

Posted: 23 Sep 2018 07:40 AM PDT