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Wednesday, June 27, 2018

What is the white stuff inside pimples? What it's made out of, why we have it, and why does it exit in this way?

What is the white stuff inside pimples? What it's made out of, why we have it, and why does it exit in this way?


What is the white stuff inside pimples? What it's made out of, why we have it, and why does it exit in this way?

Posted: 27 Jun 2018 05:30 AM PDT

What is the significance of eigenvalues in physics?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 09:38 AM PDT

Does fire have a ‘standard’ temperature? If not, what materials or substances have give the highest and lowest temperatures?

Posted: 27 Jun 2018 03:54 AM PDT

Do animal mothers show signs of depression if they lose offspring?

Posted: 27 Jun 2018 03:51 AM PDT

Does anything eat thermophiles?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 04:49 PM PDT

I am curious if thermophiles are eaten by anything or give off a waste that is eaten.

submitted by /u/MedgamerTX
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If black holes slowly lose mass from Hawking radiation, why don't they become neutron stars?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 04:59 PM PDT

If my understanding is right, you could take mass out of a neutron star until its gravity can no longer overcome the strong nuclear force at which point it would go back to being a white dwarf. But when black holes lose mass they just become smaller black holes.

submitted by /u/Swingfire
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Is there a concise way of describing the degree to which a material can be "packed down?"

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 05:36 PM PDT

This question came into my head while making a cup of coffee (or 5) this morning. I am used to measuring out whole bean coffee but only had ground available, and wasn't sure how to convert. The obvious non-answer is "it depends on how well the ground coffee is packed," which got me to thinking "why does it seem to not also depend on how well the whole bean coffee is packed?"

Now I find myself wondering if this property has been well studied (it seems like it must be, I'm sure it comes up in things like civil engineering) and if there is a neat way to describe it. It seems like there is a geometric question about the shape of the "particles" for wont of a better word, but maybe also a physical one regarding the size and malleability of the particles. For example it seems at a cursory glance like fine particles may be easier to pack down than coarse ones.

If anyone has come across this idea or has some insight into what properties of a material would affect it, I'd be grateful to hear!

submitted by /u/lemonp-p
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 27 Jun 2018 08:12 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What's the purpose of a neodymium magnet in a water filter?

Posted: 27 Jun 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Some days ago, I found this video https://youtu.be/r1GzOadFYpg where a Japanese guy apparently found a way to create a knife out of a combination of ice and polyester. Before freezing the water, he puts it through a water filter and adds a neodymium magnet. Does this magnet have any real purpose? If so, what does the magnet change?

submitted by /u/thefly1ngshrimp
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Is there more salt in the rain in Florida than rain in say Idaho?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 04:47 PM PDT

Has the amount of people diagnosed with cancer increased since 60s or 70s?

Posted: 27 Jun 2018 04:45 AM PDT

It feels like a lot of people are being diagnosed with cancer, has it always been so?

submitted by /u/theflyingracoon
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Why is Neptunium not as useful as Uranium/Plutonium in reactors/weaponry?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 04:05 PM PDT

How do they test walls and stuff for asbestos?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 05:05 PM PDT

Do they dissolve it in an acid or use some sort of machine to tell you? And if the machine how does the machine work?

submitted by /u/Iphone116
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Sorry for the dumb question! How does feeling a breeze when moving not violate Special Relativity?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 07:31 PM PDT

Sorry if the question seems dumb, but I was doing some reading on Special Relativity and the Principle of Relativity and it got me thinking:

If I were moving at a constant speed in a car, for example, and I stuck my hand out the window, I would feel a breeze. The fact that I feel a breeze tells me I'm moving. Doesn't this violate the Principle of Relativity and how a reference frame at rest should be no different from a frame at constant motion? If I was at rest in the car, I wouldn't feel a breeze but if I'm moving, I would.

Obviously, there's a flaw in my logic but I can't figure out where. Thanks for the help!

submitted by /u/Blueking71
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Does distance from the center of a galaxy affect the average make up of stars?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 02:07 PM PDT

For example, do larger stars tend to occur closer to the center and smaller stars further out? I guess a related question would pertain to the average distribution of mass. If there is a correlation between distance from the center and average star make-up, could/do we use this information in our search for possibly habitable planets?

submitted by /u/zared619
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Don't excited electrons give off the same wavelength they absorbed earlier, effectively cancelling out the effect on colour?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 01:50 PM PDT

When white light is shined on a pigment, some electron gets excited on a higher energy level with a certain fixed energy difference which corresponds to a colour. White light minus the absorbed colour is the complementary colour. But when the electron falls back to the lower level if gives off a photon of the same wavelength it absorbed before, so overall the light is white. What am I missing?

submitted by /u/guy99882
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If between the earth and sun it's a vacuum then why does the change in distance of the earth from the sun result in a change in temperature?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 06:00 PM PDT

I read that part of the reason Australia has red, oxidized soil is that it was relatively unaffected by the last ice age. Why?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 02:00 PM PDT

Tuesday, June 26, 2018

If someone gets a blood transfusion, wouldn’t they have a mishmash of genetic material appear in a DNA test?

If someone gets a blood transfusion, wouldn’t they have a mishmash of genetic material appear in a DNA test?


If someone gets a blood transfusion, wouldn’t they have a mishmash of genetic material appear in a DNA test?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 03:24 PM PDT

Does the perception of pitch change as you age?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 08:04 PM PDT

This is kind of getting on the very fringes of medical science as all I could find is a forum post:

https://whomayshebe.livejournal.com/364583.html

But it confirms I'm not going crazy. As I'm getting into my 30's I distinctly know what a note sounds like in my head from childhood and I know that an instrument playing it is quite a bit higher now in my age. For example, using the western scale an E sounds like it's halfway towards being an F now.

This is actually kind of distressing as a musician as I'm starting to get disoriented (it's almost like colors have shifted and you're being asked to paint a scene for everyone else when red is now blue and green is purple for you). There was a UCSF study that acknowledged this phenomenon but didn't address it any further as far as I could find.

Why would this be? Would there be any hope for a cure? Or is it actually the opposite - my childhood self was hearing things lower than they should be and now that I'm an adult my hearing is now accurate?

Lastly can there an objective test for this?

submitted by /u/johndoe42
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Why are potassium supplements so regulated ?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 03:15 AM PDT

So a grown male should get around 4500mg of potassium a day. When I was looking for supplements I noticed that most of them only have around 50-100mg per pill and found out that it is because set regulations from the FDA.

I get that too much potassium can be lethal, but I don't understand where the logic in regulating the supplement is, when you could just eat 200 grams of pistachios and get 40 times the amount of a normal supplement dose. Wouldn't that be equally dangerous ? Could you kill yourself if you eat a lot of spinach, pistachios and avocados for example ?

submitted by /u/Jericoke
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How do birds thermoregulate?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 05:10 AM PDT

Mammals sweat, pant, roll in mud, or just spend time int the water. Birds don't do any of that except staying in water, and that's a minority that have adaptations to keep water away from their skin, but they are still warm blooded! How do they keep from burning up?

submitted by /u/reivaxtl
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In babies and small kids what is the reason of timing vaccines with age? Why can't all vaccines be given at the same age?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 07:26 AM PDT

Do fusion reactions take place in gas giants?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 08:00 AM PDT

I was reading that the composition of Jupiter is 90% hydrogen and 10% helium. Are hydrogen atoms fused together to make helium atoms?

submitted by /u/ComadoreJackSparrow
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Does sleep deprivation effect the brain structurally?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 04:46 AM PDT

I was just wondering if prolonged sleep deprivation has an effect on the shape of brain structures.

submitted by /u/viaovid
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How do paleontologists distinguish between a new species and a rare/unique mutation when discovering remains?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 07:05 PM PDT

Why can’t we use vaccines as treatments?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 08:13 AM PDT

For example, HPV is preventable by vaccination. However it is not indicated for use once someone has the virus. If someone has the virus, their body's immune system is unable to produce the right antibodies to fight off the infection. Wouldn't a vaccine stimulate the immune system to produce an antibody that could then be used in defence against the live virus?

submitted by /u/tphazza
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Do genetics and inherited traits from parents affect what each individual's fingerprints look like?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 05:48 AM PDT

I just read an article a while ago about how there were many different types of fingerprints. Arches, loops, and so on. While reading, it made me think if certain families or groups have similar fingerprints and if your genetics affect the outcome of your unique fingerprint. Like how clans in sweden have dominant trait blondes, or the common "gingers" and "redheads" in scottland.

Do we inherit the fingerprint type from our parents?

Is it completely up to chance and unique?

are some fingerprint types exclusive to a couple of groups in certain areas?

submitted by /u/kmmck
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How do we know from fossils that creatures were mammals?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 11:12 PM PDT

I know that from geological features that hint towards a cooler climate, it would make sense that creatures were insulated, but what about something like small mammals found in the late Cretaceous? Hips say a lot about and animal, and I'm not in the business of paleo reconstruction, but is there a difference between mammals, saurischians and ornithischians? And are there any ice age creatures that weren't mammals but also insulated in some way?

submitted by /u/Perfectclaw
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How do Astronomers keep track of all the objects and systems they've observed, which ones they haven't and where they are located at any time?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 03:17 AM PDT

Is there a global system that keeps a track of this, or some sort of global collaboration with many groups? Trying to understand how they keep track of everything and how they don't get lost with the amount that's out there.

submitted by /u/Sierran7
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I have heard it said that many computerised random number generators are never truly random. Why is that?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 05:43 PM PDT

Have the poles of Earth always been extremely cold? Regardless of climate changes over time, have the poles remained perennially cold?

Posted: 26 Jun 2018 05:04 AM PDT

How and why do faraday cages work?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 05:39 PM PDT

Does light save time by bending towards the normal when entering a slower medium? If so then by how much?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 03:44 PM PDT

Check out this diagram. https://imgur.com/a/xMWXMyS

If light goes from A to B then it will go slower through the glass causing it to bend towards the normal. I noticed that this bent line would be shorter than a line that is drawn straight through the glass with the same angle of entry, and so wouldn't this bent line shorten the trip through the glass? Does this conserve some or maybe all of the total trip time compared to how long it would take light to travel the same distance from A to B without a piece of glass in the way?

submitted by /u/REDDITOR_3333
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How did canines as we know them develop eyesight?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 08:04 PM PDT

Did canines as we know them develop their sense of smell to a point where they didn't need full colour vision or was because of that lack of colour spectrum that they developed their sense of smell?

submitted by /u/fakeheist
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Why do clouds sometimes look pink in the evening?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 03:55 PM PDT

Do solids have a limiting/extreme value of surface tension?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 08:02 PM PDT

Is there a direction in which you can push the surface tension of a liquid far enough that you're basically dealing with a solid (like the way in which infinite viscosity means you're dealing with a solid)? Or, conversely, is there an analogue for surface tension with solids?

submitted by /u/totallynot13
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Monday, June 25, 2018

During a nuclear disaster, is it possible to increase your survival odds by applying sunscreen?

During a nuclear disaster, is it possible to increase your survival odds by applying sunscreen?


During a nuclear disaster, is it possible to increase your survival odds by applying sunscreen?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 12:07 AM PDT

This is about exposure to radiation of course. (Not an atomic explosion) Since some types of sunscreen are capable of blocking uvrays, made me wonder if it would help against other radiation as well.

submitted by /u/waituntilthis
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AskScience AMA Series: I'm Andrew Revkin, the strategic advisor for environmental and science journalism at the National Geographic Society-AMA!

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 04:00 AM PDT

Hi, my name's Andrew Revkin and I've been writing about global environmental change and risk for more than 30 years. I've reported from all kinds of places, including the North Pole, the White House, the Amazon, and the Vatican. Before becoming a strategic advisor at the National Geographic Society, I worked at the nonprofit investigative newsroom ProPublica and the New York Times.

You can read about my long climate journey in this Twitter thread: https://twitter.com/Revkin/status/994752818287439872

And my latest piece for National Geographic Magazine here: https://on.natgeo.com/2IiICR4

Another interesting tidbit, here's an article about the moment in 2009, when Rush Limbaugh suggested I "help the planet by dying" https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=114029917

I'll be on at 12pm EST (17 UT), AMA!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How did we get to the "low serotonin" model of depression, and why is the focus of most depression medications on serotonin first (SSRIs) instead of any of the other major mood related neurotransmitters?

Posted: 24 Jun 2018 02:33 PM PDT

Why do whistles and horns amplify sound?

Posted: 24 Jun 2018 10:58 PM PDT

Does it have something to do with Pascal's Law?

submitted by /u/mikey10006
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What is our solar systems alignment in respect to the Milky Way?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 06:34 AM PDT

Essentially, are the rotational axis' of our solar system and the Milky way parallel on any plane? If not, what are their positions in 3D space in relation to each other?

submitted by /u/deluxeismassive
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Can music cause complex emotional responses in animals other than humans?

Posted: 24 Jun 2018 04:10 PM PDT

How would having an excess of body fat affect the imaging of an MRI scan?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 01:39 AM PDT

Does the refractive index of whole blood yield any clinical information?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 02:52 AM PDT

When cancer cells metastasize, do the tumors form from the new tissue or are they identical to the original one?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 06:40 AM PDT

Is our solar system considered normal? What other variations are there? Stars with rings? Stars as planets? Special orbits?

Posted: 24 Jun 2018 07:13 PM PDT

How do clothing manufacturers permanently crease fabrics? Do they use a hydraulic press or something?

Posted: 24 Jun 2018 01:49 PM PDT

I stopped to marvel about the still-present creases that run down the legs of an old pair of cotton khaki pants. How did they manage to bend those cotton fibers in a way that has lasted so long, even after so many washes and so many wearings?

submitted by /u/meatspaces
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Chemically speaking, what is "Fishiness?"

Posted: 24 Jun 2018 03:57 PM PDT

A lot of fish and other seafood definitely share this trait, sometimes with smell more than flavor. What causes a fish to be "fishy?"

submitted by /u/cduff77
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There's a common theory that eating sugar makes you crave more sugar. Why? How does it work on a brain/neurotransmitter level?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 04:23 AM PDT

It is possible for someone who suffers from DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder), to have a Non-human alter?

Posted: 24 Jun 2018 01:49 PM PDT

Can you develop hay fever over time?

Posted: 24 Jun 2018 03:44 PM PDT

How many other species besides humans have been known to farm other animals?

Posted: 24 Jun 2018 11:45 AM PDT

As we all know humans farm animals such as pigs, chickens and cows, but i was interested when i learned that ants do the same thing to aphids- they farm and protect them from predators and then collect the honeydew that aphids produce.

This had me wondering, apart from the two i have already mentioned, have any other species been documented farming other animals? I have been unable to find much researching online so i thought perhaps somebody could help me

submitted by /u/exhaggerated_imagine
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Why are some anti depressants (like Nortriptyline) prescribed for migraine prevention?

Posted: 24 Jun 2018 09:21 PM PDT

In high school and college I had migraines frequently and was prescribed nortriptyline to prevent them. I was told that the drug is actually an anti depressant, but works for migraines as well. Just curious to know a deeper understanding of how this drug works.

submitted by /u/tweedledoop666
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Can you protect yourself against chili?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 01:04 AM PDT

I was wondering if there are substances or techniques to protect against hot food. Maybe block the heat receptors with something.

submitted by /u/botany4
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Does a pilot hear the sound barrier breaking from the cockpit of the aircraft they are operating?

Posted: 24 Jun 2018 09:07 AM PDT

I am guessing the front half of the aircraft, the portion forward of the engines breaks the sound barrier first, and at that point the plane is traveling faster than sound. So will the pilot actually hear it?

submitted by /u/Glenfiddich_18yr
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What is the best way to measure rate of corrosion?

Posted: 24 Jun 2018 04:26 PM PDT

Why do we have unique finger prints?

Posted: 24 Jun 2018 12:32 PM PDT

Why are weekends hotter than weekdays?

Posted: 25 Jun 2018 07:38 AM PDT