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Thursday, December 28, 2017

Why do computers and game consoles need to restart in order to install software updates?

Why do computers and game consoles need to restart in order to install software updates?


Why do computers and game consoles need to restart in order to install software updates?

Posted: 28 Dec 2017 06:46 AM PST

How come we haven't seen CPUs with three or more threads per core?

Posted: 28 Dec 2017 06:38 AM PST

Multi-threading allows higher end CPUs to have each individual core act as two virtual cores which can increase efficiency for certain workloads. Presumably even more virtual cores per CPU could increase this efficiency further.

Is it a technical limitation or are the prospective CPU efficiency gains minimal compared to the RnD effort needed to make it work?

I will admit I do not know the details of how multi-threading works so its near enough a shower thought.

submitted by /u/ABCDOMG
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Why isn't purified ocean water considered a viable resource of drinking water in states or areas like southern California where droughts are a regular occurrence?

Posted: 28 Dec 2017 05:54 AM PST

When metal is hot enough to start emitting light in the visible spectrum, how come it goes from red to white? Why don’t we have green-hot or blue-hot?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 07:31 AM PST

If there's half the solar irridiance on Mars than there is on Earth, are solar panels half as efficient on Mars?

Posted: 28 Dec 2017 06:36 AM PST

So on Mars it's 589,2 W/m2 vs . My guess is that it'll either output half as much energy as on earth, or that it'll output just as much as the efficiency of solar panels is less than 589,2 W/m2.

submitted by /u/jojo_31
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Is there any process that keeps ocean salinity in check? ie a salinity cycle akin to the carbon cycle.

Posted: 28 Dec 2017 05:58 AM PST

Is there any process that removes salt from the ocean.

As rivers run across land to the ocean and dissolve salts along the way, it seems like the oceans are doomed to get saltier and saltier.

I know melting ice due to global warming reduces salinity from releasing lots of fresh water, but that's only recently and I'm guessing will only last so long as there's still ice to melt.

Is there maybe some chemical reaction that is naturally occurring to remove salt from the ocean? Otherwise won't the ocean get forever saltier and eventually intolerable to the organisms that live inside it like the Dead Sea?

submitted by /u/blueshoesrcool
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How is battery capacity calculated?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 11:17 PM PST

Today had a lot to with batteries, and I feel very confused. I was reading about tesla´s new battery in australia that had a capacity of 100MW, bought a new 10800 mAh battery for my phone, and also read about the 44 MAL 740 battery cell that the germans used in WW2. the german battery held 12000 Ah of power. I dont really know how to relate, and I also feel like a modern battery should be able to hold more than 1/12000 of a battery from the 40s. As a basic consumer, how do I figure out how to compare batteries? Especially when they use differing unit types, Wh vs Ah.

submitted by /u/Mrdude000
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Why do white spots form in the tonsils with strep throat?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 08:45 PM PST

I'm getting a masters in biology so I'm not scared of terminology.

Edit: just to be clear I am not asking for medical advice. I'm wondering more if it's the bacteria causing it or if it's a defense mechanism.

submitted by /u/conservio
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If one charge particle attracts another(say A attracts B) and B is displaced then A has done work on B (as there is a force and a displacement).So A has to spend some energy doing this task. Where does this energy come form?

Posted: 28 Dec 2017 06:57 AM PST

I know that work is being by the electric field but like we put fuel in a car to get work done but lose the fuel. What do we lose in this case?

submitted by /u/TheMamoru
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Does the brain react in a certain or special way to the reception of information that undermines/contradicts/proves to be false something we whole-heartedly "know" to be true?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 08:52 AM PST

In any given animal cell, are there multiple endoplasmic reticula or is there only one reticulum?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 11:35 PM PST

I know the endoplasmic reticulum is subdivided into the rough and the smooth, but since they are connected and have no clear boundary between them, I consider that one endoplasmic reticulum. Will there be two or more separate endoplasmic reticulum apparent in the same animal cell, sprouting from the same nucleus at different locations?

submitted by /u/borisowenli
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What is the lowest speed of sound a material may have?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 06:46 PM PST

How Ibuprofen damages the liver?

Posted: 28 Dec 2017 03:49 AM PST

I've always heard chronic use of ibuprofen is bad for the liver, but what is actually happening with chronic use of ibuprofen and similar medications?

submitted by /u/berkalerk23
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Why does popping pimples leave scarring?

Posted: 28 Dec 2017 03:21 AM PST

Why does popping pimples leave scarring when things like minor cuts/abrasions don't? For instance, I've gotten small cuts on my face before and they heal fine leaving no scar; but I pop one tiny little pimple and I'm left with an eternal reminder.

submitted by /u/magickmanfred
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Can constant use of UV-Blocking contact lenses(or perhaps sunglasses) affect mood?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 07:42 AM PST

Lately I've been feeling much more lethargic, depressed and with a general feeling of asthenia.

I've been a using special brand of contact lenses 24/7 for a while now (they're designed for long-term use and to be replaced with a fresh pair every x amount of weeks).

When I took off the contact lenses and had a normal day without them I felt much more energetic. I wondered why and when I looked at the box for my contacts I noticed that they're "UV-Blocking". I attributed it to perhaps Seasonal Affective Disorder caused by a low level of light.

Is this a simple coincidence or can blocking too much UV light/rays from hitting your eyes affect serotonin levels and cause a significant impact to your mood?

submitted by /u/Reborn_Anew
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Sand shortage. Why can't we use the sand from deserts around the world?

Posted: 28 Dec 2017 02:13 AM PST

I heard on TV news that there's a shortage of sand and it's a global problem. The report lays out the problem, but not the solution.

While I understand that there could be impurities and different types of sand, can't we use the sand from the deserts for construction, or perhaps filter them to be used to manufacture chips?

Are we talking about geological-chemistry factor that makes the sand totally unsuitable for use, or the economics of desert transportation?

submitted by /u/q1029384756
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When a compound shows a spectroscopic absorption peak (e.g. a peak in an IR spectrum), what is the physical significance of that peak and its intensity?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 10:04 PM PST

For instance, carbonyl groups typically have IR peak absorptions between 1650 and 1850 wavenumbers. I know that this wavenumber corresponds to a specific amount of energy (since cm-1 is a unit of energy) that causes the C=O bond to stretch, but why is this particular amount of energy unique? If, say, I see an absorption at 1750 wavenumbers, why doesn't a greater amount of energy (e.g. 2000 wavenumbers) also cause the C=O bond to stretch or cause a peak to appear in the spectrum?

submitted by /u/ANameSoNice
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Are there differences in satsumas, clementines or mandarines?

Posted: 28 Dec 2017 06:48 AM PST

This is a question which has come across my mind multiple times, a rather stupid one now that I think about it. Nonetheless, I need to know, what are the differences in between a satsuma, mandarine and clementine? Are they just named differently due to differences in local regions, or is there a difference in the biological make up of said fruits. For example, is it just a more localized naming issue like how some people call the crawfish that or crawdads or is it more along the lines of how although they have striking similarities fall under the same genus, the honeydew melons and cantaloupes are obviously not the same thing, same question goes for peaches and nectarines. Thank you for anyone who answers, this is something which had boggled my mind a lot in the past.

submitted by /u/distilledthrillermov
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How do high intensity photon emitters protect satellites from electrostatic charging?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 08:26 PM PST

I read here that sodium lights are usually used but a test satellite was launched to test using UV LEDs in satellites. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20150018252.pdf

But I can't seem to find any reasons behind why this works.

submitted by /u/9s_throw_away
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If keratin is “waterproof” why does it take so long for hair to dry?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 08:30 AM PST

Why does quantum teleportation not violate the uncertainty principle?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 01:51 PM PST

I've been reading a few books about quantum mechanics. In one of them the concept of quantum teleportation is explained, in layman terms:

We want to "teleport" the quantum information of particle X from location A to B. We entangle particles Y and Z and send Y to A and Z to B. We subsequently entangle X and Y and measure some quantum state of X which, due to the uncertainty principle leaves us unable to know definitive information about the other quantum state(s). In this process Y's superposition is destroyed and Z is (according to the book) primed with the information we lost due to our measurement of X. The measurement information is than transferred to location B where this information is combined with the information gained from the primed Z particle, enabling us to fully and exactly teleport the quantum state of particle X.

This seems, to me, like cheating our way around the uncertainty principle and as I am 100% that this is impossible, I must have misunderstood certain aspects.

Thanks in advance, Dagl

submitted by /u/Dagl1
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How are bolt torque values determined?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 10:36 AM PST

Directions for installing various hardware on cars and trucks tell you to tighten to specific torque values--27ft lbs or 58ft lbs, etc. How are these values decided upon?

submitted by /u/reddit_or_idiot
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What is the barrier to entry in natural gas and oil extraction?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 06:50 PM PST

So recently north korea has been hit with a UN sanction where it can't import oil from China legally, now with that being said the oil pipe line that they have from China is crude, and they have two refineries in their boarders. Along with that it has been shown by a {number}(https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/north-korea-has-excellent-oil-and-gas-potential) of geological surveys that it has excellent potential for both drilling on land and out at sea within it's borders. This leads to my question, how hard is it from scratch to assemble oil extraction on a commercial level? What is required for a nation or a corporation to be able to get sufficient oil extraction & fracking starting at ground zero?

TLDR What are the technological requirements & cost associated with developing and deploying fracking and large scale oil drilling?

submitted by /u/end_all_be_all
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How does your body know how to stay breathing and working while asleep?

Posted: 28 Dec 2017 12:20 AM PST

Wednesday, December 27, 2017

What happens to fish that die near the poles?

What happens to fish that die near the poles?


What happens to fish that die near the poles?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 10:50 AM PST

Some fish have to die of natural causes, and since freezing temperatures preserve food, is it possible that there is a massive graveyard of fish that have died and are just sitting on the ocean floor near the land masses frozen in time? Or do they float off into warmer waters, then are eaten?

submitted by /u/Derpherpderpdeederp
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If two identical twins produced an offspring (gross), would the offspring be some kind of genetic clone?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 07:21 AM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 07:06 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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If I have an infinitely large bag containing an infinite amount of blue tokens, and an infinite amount of red tokens, will the odds of drawing a red be 50%?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 04:02 PM PST

How is having two colors depending on the angle possible?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 07:24 AM PST

A friend of mine extracted a substance that is green if you shine light from the bottom and red if you shine light from the side onto it. How does it work?

submitted by /u/shitposter27
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Do all galaxies have the same elements?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 07:07 AM PST

Always wondered if that is true or not, like the composition of the space in this galaxy is different from other.

*sorry for bad english or science things said I'm dumb.

submitted by /u/Ceb0la
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Do mosquitoes have any significant role to play in the ecosystem? In general what living beings have almost no role to play in the ecosystem?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 02:35 PM PST

Also, are all "plants" types important to an ecosystem because they are autotrophs (apart from some archea bacteria)?

The basic ecosystem (for me) is: herbivore, carnivore and omnivore. Mosquitoes - do they help in pollination? (like insects do).

If answer is no then one can also argue that even humans are not required, but I'd say the "brain power" we've got changes the answer to "yes" (imo).

Just a thought, (consider) for female aedes mosquito, the virus apparently lives in her, so in a way the mosquito is helping the virus, does it count as a role? At the same time viruses are neither living nor dead so do they really need a place to "live", also if the mosquitoes suddenly vanish can the virus "live" somewhere else, is there any problem here?

submitted by /u/throw_my_phone
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If Alpha radiation is a helium nucleus (2 protons, 2 neutrons) and Beta radiation is just electrons, shouldn't combining the two just create Helium gas?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 04:53 AM PST

If I come across a strong beta emitter, why couldn't I just use alpha radiation to neutralize it and just create normal Helium gas? It seems like these two radiation sources should de-ionize each other?

submitted by /u/Stuck_In_the_Matrix
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Why doesn't sunrise and sunset turn on the same day during winter solstice?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 09:12 AM PST

I noticed on my weather station at home that around the time of winter solstice, the evenings started getting longer while the sun was still rising later in the day. This is only for a couple of days before the sun starts rising earlier again. I always thought that sunrise and sunset turned simoultaneously, but this appears to not be the case. What is the reason behind this? Does this happen in the summer as well? I live in Norway if that could have anything to do with it.

submitted by /u/861-Sierra
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What would be needed to cause a nuclear reactor to explode?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 03:45 PM PST

I've read that even if you remove cooling and let it overheat, nuclear reactors wouldn't explode, they'd just meltdown and leak radiation. What reasons, if any, would cause it to explode, instead of just melting down?

submitted by /u/Casual--Thinker
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What decides a battery voltage?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 12:58 PM PST

I've got a bunch of Lipo batteries of various sizes. They all have 3.7v per cell. Is there a reason it was standardised to 3.7v?

submitted by /u/DemonEggy
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When an embryo is cryogenically frozen, is it alive or dead?

Posted: 27 Dec 2017 01:57 AM PST

I guess we'd first have to determine what distinguishes an organism from being alive or dead and the attributes of these states, and then apply that to frozen embryos. But it seems like they'd be considered neither...

submitted by /u/RedditNoob54321
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What effects did the atomic bombs used during WWII have on the rotation or revolution of Earth?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 12:09 PM PST

Are there EM waves (noise) being constantly produced by a DC current on a real conductor?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 10:57 AM PST

In a conductor, the charge carriers move with an average speed in the direction of the flow (drift velocity), however, each carge carrier is not moving at a constant speed - they are propagating randomly through the conductor, colliding with it's structure and moving in many directions that are not solely the direction of the flow.

This means that the charge carriers are not moving with constant speed. If they are suffering deviations in the direction and speed as they move, this means they suffer accellerations through their path, even if the average speed is kept the same in a larger time scale.

So, my question is: Shouldn't they produce EM waves because of that? And of what order would be frequency of those EM waves (the frequency in which they suffer these collisions)?

The agitation of charge carriers by an AC current surely produces EM waves and I know that, but here i'm asking about EM waves being produced not because of an AC current, but due to this erratic movement they follow in a DC flow.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/guferr
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Is there anyway to create low-background steel today?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 03:38 PM PST

I recently learned about low-background steel on a TIL. Low-background steel can't be made because of radionuclides in the air caused by nuclear tests. So I started wondering if there is anyway to create low-background steel now or if there is a risk of running out of low-background steel to use.

submitted by /u/tream2001
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We know neutron stars bulge due to spinning so fast. What would happen if we discovered black holes had bulges?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 07:42 AM PST

There are basically 2 ideas as to what's in a black hole. Either it's a single point with infinite density or it's a bundle of mass that's managed to become smaller than its Scherz child radius. If it turns out they're perfect spheres then we know it's a point of infinite density. If it's shown they aren't perfect spheres then we know it's not a single point. What would either of these discoveries indicate for theoretical physics and physics in general

submitted by /u/wearyguard
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Why does our stomach move in and out when we inhale/exhale if the air is going to our lungs?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 08:51 AM PST

Are more turns and smaller wire diameter better than less turns and larger diameter in an electromagnet?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 04:12 AM PST

I would assume smaller diameter and more turns are better, because I see commercial electronics with them, but I think that is only to save space and material.

After a bit of research, I found out (this was a while so I could be wrong) that: doubling wire diameter doubles the strength of the electromagnetic field, and that doubling the amount of turns also doubles the strength of the electromagnetic field. Therefore, if I double the diameter, the amount of turns would halve, resulting in the same electromagnetic strength (assuming negligible wire insulation).

Do industrial electromagnets have thicker coils? And for what reason would that be?

P.S. While writing this post I realized that thicker wires would be able to carry more current, but I would still like a second opinion. Thanks in advance!

Edit: Thank you for all your answers! I will take it all into consideration.

submitted by /u/evrygddmnusrnmistkn6
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what is a superconductor ring used for?

Posted: 26 Dec 2017 12:10 AM PST

What are the real uses for it

submitted by /u/Hotspot909
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Tuesday, December 26, 2017

If a gamma ray burst were to strike earth, would the distance it originated from change its effects at all? Also, would it be possible for the burst to only effect part of the planet, say, if it struck the northern but not southern hemisphere?

If a gamma ray burst were to strike earth, would the distance it originated from change its effects at all? Also, would it be possible for the burst to only effect part of the planet, say, if it struck the northern but not southern hemisphere?


If a gamma ray burst were to strike earth, would the distance it originated from change its effects at all? Also, would it be possible for the burst to only effect part of the planet, say, if it struck the northern but not southern hemisphere?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 03:17 PM PST

Why is it that all electrons are exactly identical?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 08:19 AM PST

Same goes for protons and neutrons; they're all exact copies of each other, and this is the same throughout the entire Universe (according to our current knowledge).

Don't you guys find it interesting that this is the case? What could be the reason for this?

Thanks for reading and merry christmas :)

submitted by /u/xXReggieXx
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Why is the ratio of the magnitude electric and magnetic field of a photon always equal to the speed of light?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 07:50 PM PST

E/B=C

I was under the impression that E=B based on diagrams like this: Electromagnetic wave

Is this due to how the math works out if you apply a rotational transformation to the magnitude or am I missing something?

.

Edit, title should read: "Why is the ratio of the magnitude of the electric and magnetic field of a photon always equal to the speed of light."

submitted by /u/Radiatin
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What caused my feet to make the sand squeak?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 08:23 PM PST

Hello all,

Here is a video of what I am asking about. I was taking a walk on the beach with my family today. We noticed that our feet and/or shoes were making squeaking sounds on the loose sand. I have been on sand tons of times and I have never noticed this noise before. I was on Bulter Beach in St. Augustine, Florida. I assume the beach location is important is finding of the sand composition.

submitted by /u/najevb2
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How does Kirchhoff's Voltage Law apply to a closed circuit without components?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 01:46 PM PST

Hey all, so I'm trying to teach myself more about electronics for my job. I've run into a bit of a frustrating wall that's Kirchhoff's Voltage Law. I get the basics of it, that when you add the voltage and the voltage drop it equals zero. What I don't understand is why the voltage total returning to the battery must always be zero. (Correcting on my misnomer) To further elaborate I don't understand why they always equal the same and cancel each other out.

If a line is too long and has too much of a voltage drop then there won't be enough voltage to create a closed circuit. That makes sense to me. What doesn't make sense is what happens if there isn't enough voltage drop and whether that is possible due to KVF.

Is this for safety to not overload the circuit? Is this an observation of physics that states by the time the current has reached the end of the circuit there's no more voltage left to push it? I just don't understand why it always equals zero, even on a closed circuit with no components. I get that even the wire itself will have some negligible resistance that creates resistance, but I don't understand why the simple wire would create a voltage drop equal to the voltage.

I've seen lots of math that explains it when there's components in the circuit and it makes sense to me, but I don't understand how it could possibly apply to a short circuit and no components.

I would ask in the electronic subreddits but this seems to be more of a physics/observation question than an actual practical application.

submitted by /u/JamesDelgado
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Why do we measure time by earth specifications instead of a universal constant?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 02:45 PM PST

We use Earth's 1 loop around the sun for a year, but everything is relative including time. Think Interstellar.. Why not use a constant that works everywhere? Radioactive decay maybe?

submitted by /u/popasmurfy
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How will a 'twisted' eyeball affect my vision?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 09:34 AM PST

So,this might be a stupid question,but it has been in my mind for months...

If one of your eyeballs turned upside down 180 degrees,what would your vision be like? Would that eye eventually adjust and have normal sight? Ps: Merry Christmas

submitted by /u/DroppedPotato
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Is there a limit to how many times paper can be recycled before it no longer resembles paper? What is the environmental impact of all the additional resources (e.g. water, transportation to the recycling plant) needed to recycle paper versus making paper from scratch?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 07:43 AM PST

This question came to me while thinking of all the gift wrapping and unwrapping that will take place today. A lot of gift wrap is now made of recycled paper and also encourages you to recycle it once it's served its purpose. But can this paper be recycled and reused indefinitely, or at some point will the original material be so broken down that you can no longer reconstitute paper from it? And even if you're not cutting down trees to make new paper, it still requires resources to recycle. So is recycling really helping the environment?

Thanks and Happy Holidays.

submitted by /u/Girl_with_the_Curl
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What is the difference between a sine wave and trapezoid wave controller for electric motors?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 01:51 PM PST

Some electric motors use different controllers and I would like to know the difference beteeen them. Thanks

submitted by /u/buschbaby69
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Is it possible to disconnect a power source and swap it to another without crashing the computer? How fast will this "swap" have to be?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 10:16 AM PST

Where are all of these Higgs bosons?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 12:27 PM PST

I read that the Higgs boson is responsible for mass. Where are these Higgs bosons? Are they ubiquitous throughout space? Does matter somehow "force" them to come into existence? Is there an understanding of how many there? Is it proportional to the amount of matter?

submitted by /u/mspe1960
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If I inhale different gases, like you do with helium, will my voice change?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 07:30 AM PST

Can you Simplify of a²+b²?

Posted: 25 Dec 2017 10:00 PM PST

I know that you can use the formula to simplify a²-b²= (a-b)(a+b), but is there si formal to a²+b²?

submitted by /u/ekeba8
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