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Saturday, October 28, 2017

Can there be an orbit around a black hole in which the apoapsis is above the photon sphere, but the periapsis is below the event horizon?

Can there be an orbit around a black hole in which the apoapsis is above the photon sphere, but the periapsis is below the event horizon?


Can there be an orbit around a black hole in which the apoapsis is above the photon sphere, but the periapsis is below the event horizon?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 09:16 AM PDT

Is the Unit Circle and the Complex Plane related at all?

Posted: 28 Oct 2017 06:55 AM PDT

When learning trigonometry, the idea of the unit circle was the main mechanism to describe the effects of angles and the sine and cosine functions. Now that I'm learning about Q.M. and Euler's formula, etc, it's pretty evident that the imaginary plane and trigonometric functions are intertwined. How did these two sort of distinct ways to look at trigonometric functions (I.e the unit circle vs complex plane) come to be? Did one come from the other, or are they related? Is there a reason euler's formula and complex relations baren't taught in tandem with trigonometry? Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/throwaway3141598
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What causes viruses to take different structures? As an example Ebola is a string like structure, where as the flu is spherical.

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 06:34 PM PDT

And does the structure change the effects, like symptoms, transmission,etc.

submitted by /u/z00b_
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Would it be possible to create a cutter out of air by funneling huge amounts of wind through a tiny opening?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 05:50 PM PDT

If the planet was shaped like a donut, how would gravity work in the middle?

Posted: 28 Oct 2017 06:12 AM PDT

Why do we have two sets of teeth in our lifetime?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 03:53 PM PDT

How exactly were the first forged iron tools/weapons made without iron tools like hammers, anvils, tongs, etc.?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 08:07 PM PDT

This question is inspired by the recent primitive technology video showing the building of a natural draft furnace:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7wAJTGl2gc

It got me thinking on a quandary:

you need iron tools to make iron tools (and by this I mean, you need a very good and strong iron hammer to hammer away impurities in molten/hot iron and to shape it you need tongs and an anvil to hammer against.

so how did the first people to break this chicken and egg problem do it? Did they use stone tools?

thanks!

submitted by /u/lingben
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Did scientists in the 19th century really think that the sun and other stars reflected light from another source?

Posted: 28 Oct 2017 06:53 AM PDT

In Thomas Dick's Celestial Scenery (1838 - 1848 editions) he states in the introduction, referring to stars:

Do they shine with borrowed light, or with their own native lustre?

and later in his 1869 edition of The Christian Philosopher he says

The immense distance at which the nearest stars are known to be pplaced proves that they are bodies of a prodigious size, not inferior to our own sun, and that they shine not by reflected rays, but by their own native light.

suggesting that at some point between 1848 and 1869 the idea that the sun and other stars might be reflecting light was shown to be incorrect.

Was this something that scientists in the 1800's thought might be how the sun generated its light or was this an aberration of christian scientists like T. Dick?

submitted by /u/hasbrochem
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If the universe is constantly expanding, then are we and all the other planets also expanding?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 05:21 PM PDT

Similar to putting a drawing on a balloon and blowing it up in size?

submitted by /u/keptsecret1
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Recent advances in Navier-Stokes equations?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 04:20 PM PDT

Hi all,

I'm just wondering if anyone knew of any current research that's looking into exact solutions to the full Navier-Stokes equations?

Also, has any progress been made on solving the full NS equations at all? I know about reducing them to something solvable by considering the Reynolds number, but apart from numerically, it's my understanding that we haven't solved them yet.

submitted by /u/KieranMontgomery
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Would it be possible to make elements such as iron and copper in particle accelerators/colliders?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 06:47 PM PDT

And how much of these elements would you be able to create?

submitted by /u/BHjr132
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Why is it that you cannot feel the inside of your body, yet when you drink a hot or cold drink you can feel it rush through you?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 06:18 PM PDT

Why do we laugh when we get tickled?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 04:28 PM PDT

Why does leaving Earth require an "escape velocity" rather than an "escape force"? What happens that requires the rocket to be moving at a certain speed for a successful launch?

Posted: 28 Oct 2017 12:48 AM PDT

Can nuclear power still be achievable without uranium?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 02:10 PM PDT

I'm sorry if this is a bad question but I've recently been looking into nuclear power energy and it seems very efficient but the problem is that uranium isn't the safest element of them all. From what I've read, the reason uranium is used is that it's the easiest element to undergo nuclear fission (the splitting of atoms). My question is can we use another element that, like uranium is easy to undergo nuclear fission but unlike uranium is fairly safe (meaning a potential nuclear meltdown that won't spread radiation)? If so, why haven't we tried it?

submitted by /u/Execute-Order-66
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Travel Between Earth and Sun-Earth Lagrange Points 4 and 5: energy requirements?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 11:28 PM PDT

From Wikipedia: Earth trojan

The orbits of any Earth trojans could make them less energetically costly to reach than the Moon, even though they will be hundreds of times more distant.

Can somebody confirm for me whether or not this line from Wikipedia is correct? Also, what would be the most energy-efficient way for a spacecraft to travel from Earth to either of those two locations?

If I remember correctly, there have been some spacecraft sent on heliocentric orbits, but I am not sure if any have gone specifically to Sun-Earth L4/L5.

submitted by /u/DDRussian
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Are reptilian brains significantly different to mammals'? Can reptilians learn, or feel emotions?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 05:14 PM PDT

Why can some animals, like snakes, eat only once and not need to again for months whilst animals like humans need to feed multiple times a day?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 01:14 PM PDT

We say that the Universe is expanding. But what would be the difference in saying that we are actually compressing? Wouldn't that explain a lot of things that expansion does not?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 09:03 PM PDT

I mean, it's a question of relation, isn't it? To me as a layman who loves space and science, it is obvious that somehow, in ways I do not understand or pretend to be able to express, whatever "we" are, fell into a black hole, and that the thing we are experiencing as expansion is in fact our polar perception of things shrinking as we close in on the event horizon.

Wouldn't this explain, well, everything? It would explain heat death pretty neatly, wouldn't it?

submitted by /u/tjackpundarn
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Why don't you sneeze while sleeping?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 01:30 PM PDT

Are sound waves affected by friction?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 10:12 AM PDT

Will a sound that is amplified over a smooth frictionless surface travel further than the same sound traveling over a "rough" surface?

submitted by /u/The-Jolly-Roger
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When a woman is pregnant, does the baby have a sense of direction? (For example, does the baby feel if the mother were to be lying down sideways as opposed to standing up straight)

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 06:08 AM PDT

I was having a conversation last night with my wife (who is 4 and half months pregnant) about baby movements in the stomach. I know that the baby can feel some of her movements and can definitely tell when she's moving around or not. But I was wondering if the baby can feel any sense of direction in the womb (if my wife was upside down vs. standing up straight, would the baby notice a difference?)

submitted by /u/nayan742
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Friday, October 27, 2017

What % of my weight am I actually lifting when doing a push-up?

What % of my weight am I actually lifting when doing a push-up?


What % of my weight am I actually lifting when doing a push-up?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 11:25 AM PDT

Is there a schwarzschild radius for an object to become a star?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 05:10 AM PDT

What is the advantage of having a dog leg transmission. Why do both racing cars and sometimes trucks use that system? What is the common advantage?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 02:57 AM PDT

Why is "maximum torque" a measurement of engines? Can't you get an arbitrary high torque by using a bigger gear difference?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 10:48 PM PDT

By the "lever principle", increasing distance allows the same force to be applied with less power. If you had a really high difference between high and low gears (or use several sets of high/low gears to further multiply the difference), could you apply progressively more power to the wheels, achieving a higher torque (of course, at the price of moving slower)?

submitted by /u/GeneReddit123
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What do atoms really look like?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 01:20 AM PDT

In school we're always shown the same diagram of the atom with the nucleus in the centre and electrons orbiting around it. From my understanding they don't actually look like this and it's just a simplified representation of what an atom looks like

submitted by /u/taaffe7
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A flat-earth advocating website says the sun is 32 miles in diameter and 3000 miles above the surface. Is it plausible for a 32 mile sphere to generate that much light, and would it be too hot for life on this planet?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 11:16 PM PDT

What is the relationship between information and thermodynamic entropy?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 07:01 PM PDT

I know they are extremely related, but it doesn't make intuitive sense (to me) how. I've also heard somewhere that infinite information is actually complete randomness and therefore infinite entropy, which doesn't make sense to me. Isn't randomness the opposite of information?

submitted by /u/letswritesomeshet
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How much/does the caloric content of food change with cooking?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 10:07 AM PDT

It seems like it should, since heat is involved, even if it might not be an appreciable amount (until you get to mass amounts of food).
Bonus, does the type of cooking matter? Like, scrambled eggs vs hard boiled?

submitted by /u/dragonflytype
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[Math] What is the size of a differential?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 06:21 PM PDT

I've done differential and integral calculus, and the question is bugging me more and more. Something doesn't seem right to me, especially in integral calculus. The width of the Riemann Sums is dx, and dx was taught to me as "infinitely small". And to me, infinitely small is just 0. And summing 0's even for the time left in all universes won't do anything. What is wrong here? Are our minds ( or just mine -.- ) just too stupid to grasp the concept of differentials and infinity? What would be the decimal representation of a dx? Not 1, not 0.1 and clearly not 0. I feel as if I were playing with magic.

Edit: I forgot how to write.

submitted by /u/Zokalyx
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Why are alpha, beta and L and K iron spectral lines so important in understanding black holes? Is there any special information gained from analyzing these lines as opposed to any other?

Posted: 27 Oct 2017 01:20 AM PDT

I'm an undergraduate junior who's planning on pursuing higher level astrophysics research, and I see that nearly all analytical papers looking at black holes use iron spectral data, and just wanted to understand it more thoroughly.

submitted by /u/throwaway3141598
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How could Schrodinger know that he could only predict the probability of where an electron is in 1926 if Heisenberg's uncertainty principle wasn't discovered until 1927?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 02:46 PM PDT

One of my middle schoolers asked me this. I am surprised and I also can't figure it out. I think I am thinking too hard.

submitted by /u/okraebop
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What is the actual theoretical energy output of the ITER?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 11:25 AM PDT

In their website they have mentioned the experimental reactor will produce 10 times the energy it is given. Now the energy given i assume is the energy for heating the plasma. Then what about the whole reactor energy consumption. Considering that, what will be actual output power with respect to the power consumed by the whole reactor.

submitted by /u/ThatOneGuyRedditting
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Does a boat going over and underwater tunnel put more stress on the tunnel?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 03:45 PM PDT

Probably a stupid question. But the more you know ! Right? Got stuck in traffic in an underwater tunnel that large vessels go over regularly. While the vessels obviously don't make contact with the tunnel is there more pressure when they are traveling overhead?

submitted by /u/Pineapllepusher
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Is there any possible relation between the imbalance of matter/anti-matter and cold spots on the cosmic background radiation?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 03:41 PM PDT

This article about matter dominating over anti-matter combined with this article about the possibility of the cold spot being from bumping into another universe got me wondering. Could this "bump" have had some kind of transfer of matter/anti-matter between two or more universes, causing the imbalance? Does/could the universe that got bumped have more anti-matter?

submitted by /u/UCBlack
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Do the molten and aqueous forms of a compound conduct the same amount of electricity or differing amounts?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 07:16 PM PDT

Take for example molten NaCl and aqueous NaCl. Does one conduct more electricity than the other?

submitted by /u/Jchezz
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Why are BRCA1 mutations so highly linked to breast cancer compared to other types of cancers, when BRCA1 is expressed in many different tissues (not just breast tissues)?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 06:15 AM PDT

I am teaching a biology lab to non-majors and we talking about cancer next, and this is a question that I have wondered about and I want to be able to explain it to my students.

submitted by /u/MarlinsGuy
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Are there any other elements besides carbon capable of forming the bonds needed for complex life?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 10:43 AM PDT

If not, then if we ever came across intelligent life could we safely assume it'll be carbon based and have undergone evolutionary pressures similar to what our ancestors would have faced and be biologically understandable?

submitted by /u/Critwhoris
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How do we perceive objects to have subtly different colors in different lighting (sunlight, fluorescent, etc.)? Is it our eyes that adjust the color or does the lighting determine this?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 08:44 AM PDT

Why do heavier elements need more pressure and temperature to fuse than lighter elements?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 09:23 AM PDT

Edit: fuse as in "undergo fusion"

submitted by /u/Dudeman1000
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Thursday, October 26, 2017

Can satellites be in geostationary orbit at places other than the equator? Assuming it was feasible, could you have a space elevator hovering above NYC?

Can satellites be in geostationary orbit at places other than the equator? Assuming it was feasible, could you have a space elevator hovering above NYC?


Can satellites be in geostationary orbit at places other than the equator? Assuming it was feasible, could you have a space elevator hovering above NYC?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 04:12 PM PDT

'Feasible' meaning the necessary building materials, etc. were available, would the physics work? (I know very little about physics fwiw)

submitted by /u/OpenWaterRescue
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flair:'Neuroscience' If you were to "mentally practice" tennis, would the parts of your brain normally associated with actually playing tennis (especially movement) be activated as a result?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 03:49 PM PDT

If those parts are activated, why are your limbs not actually moving?

EDIT: I accidentally broke my flair first time 'round, sorry.

submitted by /u/TowerDrake
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Why are elements (like gold) found in chunks and concentrated in some locations?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 12:10 PM PDT

Hi everyone,

I'm no astronomy expert at all, therefore sorry if I say something too stupid here. :)

As far as I know the elements are formed in the universe by fusion (up to iron) and other super events (like supernovas) for elements above iron.

My doubt is, if atoms of an element (gold for example) are formed randomly in the universe, how come here on Earth they are always together in chunks (nuggets) and always in some specific locations (where they concentrate the mining)?

I've learned that Star formations produce a gaseous proto-planetary disk around the young star. All this "dust" collide and stick together throughout the years, gradually growing to form planets.

So, if this is the case, how come atoms from the same element come together? Do they attract each other? Is it due to they similar weight?

Thank you all!

submitted by /u/firefss
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Does your DNA alter throughout your lifetime?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 03:07 PM PDT

Does everything you come in contact with in your life alter your DNA chemistry in any way? All of your experiences? All of your emotions? Physical damage? Healthy or poor eating? Hygiene?

UPDATE: All of this is amazing you guys. I appreciate all of the effort you all put in to explaining. It's truly amazing; the human body.

submitted by /u/hordanjoward
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How do ion propulsion systems avoid building up a huge static charge?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 03:37 PM PDT

From what I understand, ion propulsion systems ionize a gas, typically xenon, then shoot it out at extreme speeds.

And from what I understand of static electricity, when you have significantly more or less protons than electrons, you've got a static charge.

If a satellite or space ship uses an ion propulsion system, which is stripping/adding electrons to the propellant as it is used, how are they avoiding an ever-increasing static charge as the vessel uses its engine?

submitted by /u/mouseasw
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Do bigger people have more nerves than smaller people? If they have, do they have more brain capacity to complement it?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 05:39 AM PDT

If people would have the same nerve density regardless of the amount of tissue, that would mean more sensory information from a bigger person's body. Would that at some point affect brain functions of really large people?

And if you get fat, would that mean more nerves and information with the added skin and tissue? Your brain still stays the same.

submitted by /u/TracesOfGuitar
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Does my current fitness level when conceiving a child affect my child in any way?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 07:04 PM PDT

Like if I'm really fat when we conceive, does that make it more likely my child will be less healthy? Or vice versa if I'm very fit?

I am male, so more focused on that perspective. But answers for either male or female would be appreciated!

submitted by /u/PM_ME_BOYSHORTS
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Is gravity different in certain spots on earth?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 10:48 PM PDT

I keep hearing stuff like "the average gravity on earth is 9.81 m/s/s" but for there to be an average wouldn't there have to multiple amounts?

submitted by /u/CauseImBatman08
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Why does your hearing slightly fade out when you yawn?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 08:48 AM PDT

Are there more poisonous and venomous animals in warmer climates?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 12:44 PM PDT

Is this perception even accurate? If yes, do we know why?

submitted by /u/orbat
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Does the concept of a photon ever break down?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 05:29 PM PDT

Gamma rays can be approximated as particles, but what about radio waves? Microwaves?

submitted by /u/LiveClimbRepeat
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How does the multi factor authentication algorithm work?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 01:54 AM PDT

and more specifically how do the two devices know the correct key while being disconnected from the internet.

submitted by /u/suhdude187
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Is there a fundamental difference between tornadoes and dust devils, or is it *just* a matter of size?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 08:11 AM PDT

Are they formed by similar (yet differently scaled) causes, or are they, at their root, different beasts that merely resemble each other? Does there exist a smooth spectrum (continuum) of possible sizes, or is there a clear jump from dust devils to tornadoes, with nothing in between?

submitted by /u/Fractal_Soul
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Why is c (speed of light) the constant and not time or space?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 08:51 PM PDT

If I orbit earth and fire a beam of light it should travel 300K km/s tangentially off the orbit. But if I take gravity into account then the light should bend to the gravity of the earth just as it does around a black hole. My question is why is it that light is the constant and time/space are the ones that bend. What would the implication be if light ebbed and flowed and time moved at a constant rate?

submitted by /u/TheSirLeAwesome
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If energy can neither be created nor be destroyed where does all the energy in the universe came from?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 05:26 PM PDT

If energy can neither be created nor be destroyed where does all the energy in the universe came from?

submitted by /u/kattappanakaran
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Clarification on Black Body Radiation and Quantas?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 03:41 AM PDT

I'm having trouble understanding the relationship between the radiation absorbed by a black body, its temperature, and the thermal radiation it emits. For example, when looking at the graph of BBR curves, what exactly does it all mean? Also, how does this all tie into the "Ultraviolet Catastrophe" and the adoption of Quantas over Classical Physics?

submitted by /u/mattyboom24
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Do we have any idea what prevents the massive force of repulsion between the protons in the nucleus of the atom?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 07:15 PM PDT

Are there any interesting theories out there? Or are we completely clueless? Also, I would love to see some interesting articles linked here!

submitted by /u/Cellocity23
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In the making of calendars thousands of years ago, how would people nail down that the year was 365 days long? Analemmas, maybe from the shadows of a sort of gnomon at noon?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 10:36 PM PDT

Do Icebreaker ships cause serious environmental damage to the Arctic region?

Posted: 25 Oct 2017 10:32 PM PDT

I'm not sure if this is an appropriate question to ask but I just watched a video about a nuclear powered Icebreaker ship that according to the video was clearing a passage toward the North Pole. Insanely cool and impressive what we have been able to achieve but at the same time it looks like it's causing a lot of disturbance in the areas where it passes through and I was wondering if there are any long term negative repercussions such ships would have in the region?

submitted by /u/NotPlato
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Why does lightning cause things like trees and buildings to explode/disintegrate?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 01:30 AM PDT

As the title suggests, why do lightning strikes cause trees to literally explode like this or like this.

submitted by /u/PbThunder
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Would a skyscraper weigh more lying on its side than it would standing upright?

Posted: 26 Oct 2017 12:34 AM PDT