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Tuesday, June 27, 2017

When our brain begins to lose its memory, is it losing the memories themselves or the ability to recall those memories?

When our brain begins to lose its memory, is it losing the memories themselves or the ability to recall those memories?


When our brain begins to lose its memory, is it losing the memories themselves or the ability to recall those memories?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 04:23 PM PDT

If the virtual particles exchanged to create forces don't really exist, then what are forces made of?

Posted: 27 Jun 2017 05:09 AM PDT

Hi, other /r/askscience posts I've read, such as this one, and this comment seem to imply that the virtual particles that are supposedly exchanged are more mathematical abstractions than literal objects. If that is the case, what are forces made of?

submitted by /u/butWhoWasBee
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I know that the sky is blue because our atmosphere scatters higher frequency wavelengths of light, but what happens specifically on a molecular level in the scattering process?

Posted: 27 Jun 2017 06:06 AM PDT

Why is it impossible to get suntan through glass?

Posted: 27 Jun 2017 03:12 AM PDT

What is the highest frequency of light that the human eye can detect/process? What is the lowest?

Posted: 27 Jun 2017 06:17 AM PDT

Where do bugs like Fireflies go during the 9 months of the year that I don't see them?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 07:02 PM PDT

This goes for any seasonal insect, I guess. Are there eggs just sitting around on the ground during fall and winter waiting for spring before hatching? Are there any bugs alive during non-seasonal months? Do they migrate?

submitted by /u/Jonathan_Utah_Esq
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Why is the helium-4 nucleus (an alpha particle) unusually stable among lighter nuclei?

Posted: 27 Jun 2017 07:22 AM PDT

I know it has something to do with "magic numbers", but I don't really understand know about that also.

submitted by /u/fizzyfuzzball
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Does the outer space make a sound?

Posted: 27 Jun 2017 03:22 AM PDT

A cup of hot coffee is placed on a table inside a kitchen, is the temperature of the contents inside the cup ever the same as the cup, the table, and/or the room itself?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 10:20 PM PDT

Is it possible to achieve absolute darkness ?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 11:17 PM PDT

Is it possible to achieve absolute darkness , as in no photons emitted across the whole spectrum of light (not only visible light ) or does that requires absolute zero temperatures due to black body radiation?

submitted by /u/darkfloo16
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Why companies can't chemical ananalyze, for example, Pepsi, and produce identical mixture on their own?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 09:03 AM PDT

I believe some things are patented out - but then are not a secret. For example WD-40 oil is not patented and its recipe is secret, why people just don't analyze it's contents to produce a copy and gain huge cash?

submitted by /u/panoczekkurwa
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When a person is blind from birth, what is their perception of sight and color? Do they have one?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 11:50 PM PDT

If the remote control for one electronic item cannot be used to control another electronic item, how do gadgets such as universal remotes and phones with IR blasters work?

Posted: 27 Jun 2017 05:08 AM PDT

Are there 'superbugs' in animals?

Posted: 27 Jun 2017 05:00 AM PDT

Hi all, I'm just trying to explore how antibiotic resistance can affect the ecosystem. I understand that animals can increase antibiotic resistance by passing on resistant bacteria into human food.

In that case, can animal species have superbugs like humans do? If so, are there animal species that are being ravaged at the moment?

submitted by /u/graveed
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What are the similarities and dissimilarities between sleep and unconsciousness?

Posted: 27 Jun 2017 01:14 AM PDT

Could this "bubble" protect Mars from radiation and solar winds?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 09:08 PM PDT

About the Cognitive Ease Experiment on pg.70 of "Thinking, Fast and Slow", what does Daniel Kahneman mean by "emotional changes are NOT linked causually to the words"?

Posted: 27 Jun 2017 03:59 AM PDT

English is not my first language so please bear with me.

So I have been reading this book for some time now and found a great deal of interesting information about how the mind works. There is this particular section that I am having trouble trying to understand however. The text is as followed:

Cognitive ease and smiling occur together, but do the good feelings actually lead to intuitions of coherence? Yes, they do. The proof comes from a clever experimental approach that has become increasingly popular. Some participants were given a cover story that provided an alternative interpretation for their good feeling: they were told about music played in their earphones that "previous research showed that this music influences the emotional reactions of individuals." This story completely eliminates the intuition of coherence. The finding shows that the brief emotional response that follows the presentation of a triad of words (pleasant if the triad is coherent, unpleasant otherwise) is actually the basis of judgments of coherence. There is nothing here that System 1 cannot do. Emotional changes are expected, and because they are unsurprising they are not linked casually to the words.

-- page 70, "Thinking, Fast and Slow", Daniel Kahneman

What does he mean in the last sentence?

I understand that the participants were led to think that the music played was the only agent that affected their mood. I also understand that their System 1 was fully engaged because the participants expected some emotional changes along with the music playing to their ears; i.e., they feel safe and their System 2 has no influence here.

What I don't understand however is how their emotional changes are NOT linked casually to the triads of words. Didn't he just say earlier that the triads of words (their coherence) caused pleasant or unpleasant responses on the participants?

submitted by /u/UncleBaldy
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Why do batteries catch fire when you take them apart?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 10:29 PM PDT

I've been watching some electronic hobbyist videos on YouTube and I'm curious as to why batteries seemingly explode when they are opened up.

submitted by /u/HereticalHermit
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What exactly is taking place to allow a substance to exist at the triple point?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 11:19 AM PDT

How are ccv codes on the back of credit cards so secure?

Posted: 27 Jun 2017 01:10 AM PDT

How are those three digits on the back secure enough to prevent fraud using just the front numbers? They're just an algorithm, right? How have people not figured out the algorithms and then used that knowledge to vomit fraud with just the normal cc number, or even more so how have people not created credit card generators that give you a cc number with a matching ccv?

submitted by /u/CommanderClit
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Are there any studies that compare the levels of "death acceptance" between terminal patients with and without descendants?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 08:50 AM PDT

Sorry for possible /r/titlegore.

The commonly-held evolutionary explanation for the desire to have sex and procreate is the need to pass on one's genes. I'm wondering if there's ever been a study that measured how "at peace" terminal patients were with their impending death based on whether not they've already passed on their genes (ie, parents, grandparents etc. are more accepting of their demise than childless patients, because the former group "lives on" through their descendants).

If so, what were the results?

submitted by /u/JamalBruh
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Monday, June 26, 2017

What happens to water when it freezes and can't expand?

What happens to water when it freezes and can't expand?


What happens to water when it freezes and can't expand?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 04:16 AM PDT

What is the reason for our irrational disgust of insects and arachnids? Were humans often poisoned-killed by them while we evolved?

Posted: 25 Jun 2017 07:54 AM PDT

Why is it recommended to eat a lot of fruit, but it is not recommended to eat a lot non-fruit sweet snacks? Is fructose better than other kinds of sugar?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 01:22 AM PDT

Is arcing a more efficient way to transfer electricity versus a conductive wire? Ignoring the obvious safety concerns, could we have arc towers instead of power lines?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 02:13 AM PDT

Why does 100°C water feel so much hotter, more painful, and cause more damage than 177°C air?

Posted: 25 Jun 2017 08:38 PM PDT

For example, submerging your hand in boiling water will cause severe burns, but you can easily put your hand inside a hot oven for much longer than you could in the boiling water.

Also, why does a soft rug at 0°C feel warmer to your bare feet than a concrete floor at the same temperature?

submitted by /u/Sundancelancer
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Does chlorine that settles in to ground when irrigating lawns or draining swimming pools degrade into something else, or remain unchanged?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 07:13 AM PDT

I work in water utilities. 99% of residents in my city irrigate their lawns with city water, and we like chlorine to be 1.8-2.1 in this city. All run off from irrigation and when people drain pools and the like seeps into their lawn, and all water eventually makes it to the lake system. It's common knowledge here that chlorinated water once "filtered" through ones lawn removes nearly all the of the chlorine from the water by the time it makes its way back into our lake system.

So my questions is, does all that chlorine sit in the ground unchanged? Or does it eventually degrade into something else?

submitted by /u/citizensandwich
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What exactly happens in fission and fusion reactions? and how are fission chain reactions sustained?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 04:22 AM PDT

I know the basics of fission and fusion with fission being the splitting of the atom and fusion being atoms combining. But as I am only 14 I don't have a major understanding of this topic but I really love physics and learning more so any answers would be greatly appreciated.

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/TekkasSlovakia
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How does mercury form amalgams?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 06:04 AM PDT

I would like to know more about how they are formed and how this compares to other types of bonding but the wikipedia page only says its an alloy but nothing about the process. My chemistry level is only at A-level.

submitted by /u/megamit
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Where does all the chlorine we have in the HCl acid in our stomachs come from?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 08:58 PM PDT

Why does this problem not intuitively make sense?

Posted: 25 Jun 2017 11:08 PM PDT

So here's a quick question about a fundamental math question I've never truly understood despite being able to work it out... Here it is: Say you have a 100 sided die (yeah, I know it's unrealistic), and you're going to roll this die 'x' amount of times until you roll a 1 (1/100 chance). Now you want to find out how many time you have to roll this to give you a 50% chance of rolling a 1 at any point in those rolls. Well, by doing a little bit of arithmetic, we can find that if you roll that die ~69 times, there's a 50% chance of rolling a 1. My question is what is the logic for this, and why do most people naturally think you'd have to roll it 50 times to get a 50% chance of getting a 1...

We know that's wrong, but why would many intuitively think that is correct? If the question is confusing, please let me know and I'll try to clarify.

submitted by /u/mathnerdm
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If stars in a galaxy increase in velocity the further they are from the center, why do galaxies have spirals? Wouldn't spiral arms indicate slower speeds as you approach the edges of a galaxy?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 07:27 AM PDT

I understand dark matter plays a role here, keeping the galaxy spinning as one like a dinner plate. Does this indicate the spirals form before enough dark matter appears?

submitted by /u/Kythorne
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If I move both my index fingers at once, am I sending one signal to both hands, or am I sending 2 individual signals? Is there a signal queue?

Posted: 25 Jun 2017 10:11 PM PDT

Do any animals show appreciation for music?

Posted: 25 Jun 2017 05:02 PM PDT

If you were able to cool plutonium to 0 kelvin, would it stop emitting alpha radiation?

Posted: 25 Jun 2017 08:18 PM PDT

We have thousand separator for big numbers (eg: 100,000,000) but why is there no separator for very small decimal numbers?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 05:52 AM PDT

I never realized how useful separator is for counting money until I met bitcoin. I can easily read thousands or millions of dollar value, but reading how much bitcoin I have is kinda hard. How much again is one satoshi? is it nine zero or ten zero before comma?

then after looking at this satoshi btc converter site I realized that.. why's there no decimal separator like in thousand ?

Edit : sorry if I put the wrong flair, first time asking here.. hehe

submitted by /u/fugogugo
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Is primitive streak/ primitive node linked in any way to coccyx bone?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 07:52 AM PDT

Hi, I'm debating with muslim student of medicine, and he was telling me about common belief among some muslims that coccyx bone has been described by prophet Muhammad as special in embryo formation and indestructible. He quoted Hans Speman via this article http://www.nicheoftruth.org/pages/the_coccyx_bone.asp

Questions:

1) I assume they are stretching the meaning of primitive streak/node to mean it is the same as coccyx bone, while coccyx is but a product. Could you point to some academic literature that explains why/why not it's a correct assertion?

2) He also claimed coccyx bone doesn't decompose. Is there any truth in it? Is it decomposing slower? Please also point to any literature here.

Thanks

submitted by /u/ScienceThrowAway5423
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Where do river-spawning, migratory fish exist? Are they only in cold climates?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 07:51 AM PDT

I've been reading about Patagonia's efforts to recover river environments, mostly in the US and Canada by lobbying for decommissioning and destruction of dams that affect fish that swim upriver from the ocean, such as salmon.

I was wondering, do any species like these exist in hotter climates? Such as in Mexico or Brazil? My state in Mexico has 11 rivers and I believe 10 of them are dammed.

Is this an issue only for salmon and these more northern and southern latitudes? Do any tropical species migrate like this?

submitted by /u/CrombopulousMichael
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How was velocity and position measured on a continuing basis in Cassini? What were the reference objects and were there several?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 06:50 AM PDT

[Engineering] Tempering is known to increase the toughness of steels, but why does it work? How does it operate on a molecular level?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 12:00 AM PDT

"Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron-based alloys." (from wikipedia). I understand that metallurgists use high temperatures to increase the toughness/reduce fracturing. But why do higher temperatures lead to better elastic materials (like springs) and lower temperatures lead to better toughness (like hammers or screwdrivers).

submitted by /u/DoloPingu
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What is the most populous mammal on Earth?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 05:36 AM PDT

Is it humans? By how much?

submitted by /u/t510385
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Before nuclear fission/fusion was discovered, what did people think powered the sun?

Posted: 25 Jun 2017 10:41 AM PDT

What dinosaur species may have witnessed or been first impacted by the Chicxulub crater?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 05:26 AM PDT

So I am writing some fiction set at the very end of the Cretaceous and in a lot of Media T-rex and triceratops seem to be looking right at the impact but given that it hit near mexico - what poor species would have witnessed the meteor impact?

submitted by /u/damianlz
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MHD. How do current sheets form?

Posted: 26 Jun 2017 05:16 AM PDT

Currently studying magnetic reconnection and my notes say that even in ideal MHD conditions there are current sheets formed between separate plasma region. I'd like to know process, not reconnection mind you, but the formation of the sheet.

submitted by /u/Michkov
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Why are we told to cover our mouth with a wet cloth when there's a lot of smoke?

Posted: 25 Jun 2017 07:14 PM PDT

Sunday, June 25, 2017

I am cancer researcher Wes Wilson. I study immunotherapies, which use the immune system to treat cancer. AMA!

I am cancer researcher Wes Wilson. I study immunotherapies, which use the immune system to treat cancer. AMA!


I am cancer researcher Wes Wilson. I study immunotherapies, which use the immune system to treat cancer. AMA!

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 08:06 AM PDT

Hi, I'm Wes Wilson (/u/LabcoatNomad), a Canadian cancer researcher currently working in Australia on treating metastatic mesothelioma using combination immunotherapy treatments. I first got started in cancer research in Toronto at Sunnybrook Hospital before moving into research on childhood brain tumours at The Hospital for Sick Children. There I worked on the epigenetics of childhood brain tumour progression in 2010.

In 2013 the journal Science labeled cancer immunotherapy as "the breakthrough of the year" and many cancer patients were given new hope for treatment. But the work and research to identify the best treatments and combinations for the variety of types of cancer is still on going and desperately needed. No one knows why some immunotherapies work for some patients and others they fail. Our work hopes to increase the effectiveness of these new therapies by combining it with adjunct therapies to help the body self-vaccinate against the tumours!

I will be back at 8pm ET to answer your questions. Ask me anything!

(Note from the mods: we cannot comment on specific patients' cases, so please do not post any personal medical information on the subreddit. Thank you!)

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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If left, spilled soda eventually ends up attracting ants. Would diet soda do the same, or do they ignore it because there is no caloric benefit?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 07:13 PM PDT

Why don't you feel an electric shock while touching a 9V battery but feel one with the fake pen and gum toys with button cells?

Posted: 25 Jun 2017 04:02 AM PDT

Is atomic stability of radioactive elements affected when they form a molecule with another element?

Posted: 25 Jun 2017 02:09 AM PDT

For instance say plutonium bonds with some other element. Is it's half life reduced or is it constant regardless?

submitted by /u/Largedump
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Does Jupiter have a solid core of anything or is it truly just a large ball of gas?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 05:25 PM PDT

Why do fishes go belly up?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 07:26 PM PDT

When a fish dies, why do the go upside down?

submitted by /u/Jettward
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Would Earth's magnetic field get weaker as the outer core solidifies?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 09:07 PM PDT

How does staying hydrated help your body fight infections? Is it a matter of just not being dehydrated?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 03:44 PM PDT

Is it possible to burn calories without increasing the heart rate? Also, why does resting heart rate tend to go down the more "in shape" someone gets?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 03:45 PM PDT

How does sunscreen work?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 03:34 PM PDT

Two photons are fired to the same point at the same time from different distances, so one photon reaches the destination first, yet for both of the photons no relative time has passed, yet one arrived first. What did the photon which was more distant "see"?

Posted: 25 Jun 2017 03:54 AM PDT

The question still stands for if the photon that was closer would be fired later, yet arrive first.

submitted by /u/uniklas
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Does electrolysis happen when a current passes through the body?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 09:54 AM PDT

I was thinking that areas of the body with salt and water (a saline solution) should cause electrolysis to happen, making NaOH on/in the body and releasing chlorine gas. However, when I get a current through my body from un-grounded electronics (like my macbook), I don't feel or smell any sodium hydroxide or clorine gas. Why is this? I would really expect NaOH in the eyes to sting.

submitted by /u/Annrothb
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Would sending a Nanobot spacecraft through a black hole using Quantum Communication be the best method for gathering information?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 07:13 PM PDT

Since you probably wouldn't be able to use radio / light communication once you went past the event horizon.

submitted by /u/HeavierMetal89
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Why ∞ x 0 is a indetermination and not 0?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 11:41 AM PDT

How does Missile Approach Warning (MAW) systems work?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 12:21 PM PDT

As title. Detecting a piece of metal flying so fast and knowing where it targets seems to be quite an amazing feat.

submitted by /u/gordandisto
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Why, in a fluid, is pressure the same in all directions?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 11:26 AM PDT

I understand that, with depth, the weight of the fluid in question increases, so that accounts for the downward force, but why do fluid particles exert the same pressure from every other direction?

submitted by /u/samtheman0126
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How much energy would be released from a single atom splitting?

Posted: 24 Jun 2017 04:03 PM PDT

Also, how many atoms were split during the explosions of little boy and fat man? What about the tsar bomb?

Thanks in advance

submitted by /u/Inferno_4
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