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Monday, July 18, 2022

Moon craters mostly circular?

Moon craters mostly circular?


Moon craters mostly circular?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 01:11 AM PDT

Hi, on the moon, how come the craters are all circular? Would that mean all the asteroids hit the surface straight on at a perfect angle? Wouldn't some hit on different angles creating more longer scar like damage to the surface? Thanks

submitted by /u/G1rvo
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Why aren't space-based radio telescopes really a thing?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 08:41 AM PDT

So searching for radio telescopes I found that there are almost none currently operating in space and historically very few as well. Most of the big radio dishes in space are turned Earthwards for spying purposes.

As a layperson this strikes me as strange because it seems like a radio telescope would be significantly easier to build and launch than an optical telescope.

A few possible guesses come to mind based on my small amount of astronomy knowledge:

Fewer advantages over land-based observation, relative to an optical scope?

Interferometry using huge numbers of smaller ground based dishes simply more useful?

Some engineering challenge I'm not considering?

submitted by /u/HardlineMike
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Is the Atlantic Ocean mostly dead?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 11:28 AM PDT

This article, citing research from the Global Oceanic Environmental Survey Foundation, claims that the Atlantic Ocean is mostly deprived of life due to plankton population collapse from pollution: https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/humanity-will-not-survive-extinction-of-most-marine-plants-and-animals/?fbclid=IwAR0kid7zbH-urODZNGLfw8sYLEZ0pcT0RiRbrLwyZpfA14IVBmCiC-GchTw

It sounds bad, but it's also from a study that may not be peer reviewed (I can't seem to find methodology, authors, or even the text of the study) by a group I've never heard of and seems focused on activism.

Is there any way to verify if this study is real? And if it's real, is it scientifically sound?

submitted by /u/thenormaldude
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Could we handle nuclear waste by drilling into a subduction zone and let the earth carry the waste into the mantle?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 07:15 AM PDT

Pins & Needles ( what is actually happening ? )

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 06:01 AM PDT

What is actually happening in the body/brain to cause the pins and needles or sharp tingling sensation felt after blood rushes back to a numb body part ?

submitted by /u/4fingerfrank
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Why is the “Buzz” on High Voltage power lines Louder on a cloudy day than on a clear day?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 06:03 AM PDT

When walking in a parking lot that has High Voltage Power lines over it, I noticed that the 'Buzz' was much louder today, a cloudy day, than it is normally on a clear day. What is the reason for this? Is it even louder when it rains?

submitted by /u/MayrutSingh
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In the Warming Stripes, how can the blue stripes be explained?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 04:06 AM PDT

The way I understand the Warming Stripes (the blue/red bar code showing global temperature changes), the reds indicate temperatures warmer than what they're supposed to be, while blue indicates colder than what they're supposed to be.

But the bar starts with a lot of blue until 1980 or so. Why were temperatures lower than they're supposed until from ~1900 to 1980 and how is that determined?

submitted by /u/qkvb
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Does the universe as a whole have an orbit?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 09:38 PM PDT

I know it's expanding- but does it have a rotation? Our planet orbits our sun, which orbits our super massive black hole… it seems like rotation is the standard. So does the universe as whole have a spin? And if not why?

submitted by /u/AnselmFox
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Can you fuse any two pieces of the same material in space just like metal?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 01:00 PM PDT

We know that on earth here when we cut two pieces of metal the freshly cut surface oxidizes preventing the metal from joining back together,

Though in space the metal does not oxidize and is able to fuse back together into a single piece of metal,

My question is, is this the case for all material? For example wood, (I don't know why we can't fuse that back together on earth) if we took a piece of wood to the vacuum of space could we fuse it back together just through pressure?

And if we can't, can someone explain why we can't?

submitted by /u/Ilayeggs121
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Static and dynamic equilibrium?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 06:40 AM PDT

I dont understand the point of static equilibrium? If the forward and backward reaction rate is zero then why is it not just considered as not reacting at all? Why call it static equilibrium? I dint understand the answers on google like the example of diamond and graphite, is there another possible example of a static equilibrium?

submitted by /u/TheGuans
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How did elephants evolution lead to them having a trunk?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 05:50 AM PDT

Before the trunk is fully functional is their an environmental pressure that leads to elongated noses?

submitted by /u/avdolian
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Would a replacement reaction between a metal and a solution of more then one metal salt result in an alloy precipitate?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 04:03 PM PDT

Summary: Large solid chunk of steel submerged in a solution of copper(ii) sulfate and tin(ii) sulfate (estimated ration of 10-1). Left to sit for 24 hours. Reaction expected to produce precipitates of metallic copper and tin and a solution of iron(ii) sulfate.

Question: Would the copper and tin precipitate out as a metallic alloy, or would they come out as separate layers, crystals, etc.. ?

So... I've been messing around with copper(ii) sulfate for the past few days. One of my ongoing experiments started with putting scrap electronics solder in a solution of the stuff. My idea was the tin and lead would replace the copper and leave a solution of pure tin(ii) sulfate and insoluble lead(ii) sulfate and copper metal. The results were promising as I was left with a beautiful turquoise blue solution along with white precipitate of lead(ii) sulfate and copper collecting on the old solder. My only mistake was that I did not have enough solder, and so the resulting solution was still mostly copper(ii) sulfate.

It was this mixture of tin(ii) sulfate and copper(ii) sulfate that I added a slightly rusted steel hammer head to. I honestly didn't have a plan at this point other then a quick google search to see where iron was in terms of reactivity. Success on that: I now have an almost pure solution of iron(ii) sulfate. I will likely continue using sulfate to juggle metal ions with reckless abandon.

It's the hammer head I sacrificed that I'm really curios about. It's completely covered in copper crystals and I'm pretty certain the tin is mixed in as well. I'll link a picture in the comments. I really want to know if I just accidentally made a copper-tin alloy.

submitted by /u/venbrou
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How infectious are you during the inflammatory phase of COVID?

Posted: 18 Jul 2022 01:24 AM PDT

Can we detect the effect of economic recessions, depressions, etc. on the statistical distribution of e.g. height?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 08:58 AM PDT

I figure that (economic) hard times equal, at least for some populations/groups, lower caloric consumption than usual, which could have some consequences for body size, in particular, height.

In particular if it happens to children or young adults still in the progress of growing, which i figure would be more sensitive to changes in intake(?), and therefore prevent them from reaching their full "potential".

Are there any data indicating that, e.g. "population group X experienced economic difficulties in the year Y, which was reflected in a statistically detectable deviation/anomaly in the distribution for height for the group some N years later, compared to how it is normally"

submitted by /u/QQwas
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How strong is the medical scientific case for vitamin C against the common cold?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 11:31 PM PDT

Do all planets receive the same wavelengths of light from their star?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 04:30 AM PDT

We observe our world through the light visible to our eyes, however there are know organisms who see different wavelengths, bees for example can see ultraviolet light. Could there be planets where potential lifeforms might have to evolv to see x-rays or microwaves in order to observe their world?

If some planets received a different composition of light waves than ours I suspect it might be possible but I don't know if that is physically accurate.

I know there are different types of stars and I know that the consensus is that a planet needs to be in the 'goldilocks zone' of a star to support life.

Thought I might ask here and hope it's not a completely stupid question haha thanks.

submitted by /u/ShineOnYouFatOldSun
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[Evolutionary Biology/Botany] Cactaceae is a very young plant family. Is this why they're so promiscuous?

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 08:08 AM PDT

Cactaceae are the only family I know of where almost any species can be successfully grafted to almost any other species. Almost every cactus is capable of producing fertile, hybrids within its genus. Beyond that, it's been found that many cacti are even capable of intergeneric hybridization. Desert cacti are supposed to have diverged and evolved during a worldwide drying event roughly 10-25 mya (I'm assuming the rainforest/vining species evolved at a similar time) This is relatively recent on the scale of plant evolution, is this why they're able to graft and breed so freely? They haven't had enough time to diverge to the point of incompatibility?

submitted by /u/Kittten_Mitttons
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Does geology play a part in showing the average temperature of the Earth in a certain time period, like the chemical makeup of the rocks? Or is there more to it in determining geologically what the climate was like in the past?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 02:09 PM PDT

Had someone mention in another thread that we have historical data on temperatures obtained by geology studies that shows the climate currently doesn't match with the general trend we'd expect to be naturally occurring, so I'm curious as to if there's something geologically that shows the Earth's average climate in comparison to now, and how that shows it's much warmer now than it should be by natural progression.

submitted by /u/QuothTheRaven713
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Do peoole in comas have cycles like sleep/wake for brain activity or is a general muted brain activity the whole time?

Posted: 15 Jul 2022 07:32 PM PDT

Does hot weather bother insects?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 06:41 AM PDT

While I find it too hot to do anything, the insects seem to be busy as always, especially the bees on the lavender. Does the heat have an influence on them?

submitted by /u/klompje
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Elephant tusks are modified upper incisors, Deinotheriidae of the elephant order are modified lower incisors. Is this likely a case of convergent evolution, fulfilling a similar purpose in different way, or a varied expression of a shared genetic change?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 02:20 PM PDT

I'm not entirely sure the best way to word this question. Would the large size of the incisors be because of a shared large incisor set of genetic changes, or rather the large lower incisor developed independently of the large upper one.

submitted by /u/ajifoster321
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Why are planets almost perfectly spherical?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 07:59 AM PDT

Why are there no odd shaped planets, or planets shaped like cubes etc?

submitted by /u/AimForYaBoat
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Is there a reason your own "young" bone marrow couldn't put in storage for an immune system "restoration" when you are older?

Posted: 15 Jul 2022 07:48 AM PDT

It seems a reasonable hypothesis that a portion of the "problems" with an aging immune system come from aging stem cells in your bone marrow.

Obviously bone marrow extraction is very painful, but other than that hurdle, is there some reason I am not seeing that storing your own bone marrow on LN2 for later wouldn't be a way to restore the "youth" of your immune system later on in life?

submitted by /u/Natolx
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How do telescopes, on Earth, take pictures of the space with long exposures?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 09:29 PM PDT

People often say "picture with x hours of exposure" to capture images of the space. Since we are constantly rotating, how do you "fix" the telescope / camera for the long expose to a galaxy, the sun, or whatever is in space?

submitted by /u/Furita
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How single propeller Airplane are compensating the torque of the engine without spinning?

Posted: 15 Jul 2022 03:06 AM PDT

In TV shows, there are occasionally scenes in which a character takes a syringe of “knock-out juice” and jams it into the body of someone they need to render unconscious. That’s not at all how it works in real life, right?

In TV shows, there are occasionally scenes in which a character takes a syringe of “knock-out juice” and jams it into the body of someone they need to render unconscious. That’s not at all how it works in real life, right?


In TV shows, there are occasionally scenes in which a character takes a syringe of “knock-out juice” and jams it into the body of someone they need to render unconscious. That’s not at all how it works in real life, right?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 07:09 PM PDT

I know everyone is excited about the Webb telescope, but what is going on with the 6-pointed star artifacts?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 08:47 AM PDT

Follow-up question: why is this artifact not considered a serious issue?

submitted by /u/seeLabmonkey2020
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Why is most of Earth's land concentrated on one side of the globe?

Posted: 13 Jul 2022 07:21 AM PDT

The Pacific Ocean is so large compared to the Atlantic, so it seems like all of the continents are clustered together more than they should be. Is there any specific reason that they aren't more evenly spread out across the globe? Did some great geological event happen to make it that way, or is it essentially just "how it is"?

submitted by /u/Good_Bumblebee_8042
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When astronomers say that "space is expanding," does that just mean that the things in space are moving away (say, from 3 to 7 cm on a ruler), or does it mean the unit length itself is being distorted (it's still 3 cm, but centimeters themselves are now longer)?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 06:15 PM PDT

How can radiation cause burns?

Posted: 13 Jul 2022 06:55 AM PDT

I wouldn't guess it transfers much heat so why does it cause skin "burns"?

submitted by /u/allahyokdinyalan
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 13 Jul 2022 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How do astronomers find the oldest sections of the sky to look at?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 08:07 PM PDT

Obviously a lot of space related questions with the JWST doing it's thing, but i wanted to know how they find the ancient sections of space to analyze? Do they scan the entirety of space looking for super redshifted space, or are there areas of the sky that are known to be particularly old?

submitted by /u/Farts_McGee
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Are rapid SARS-COV-2 tests still as reliable with the new lineages BA.4 and BA.5?

Posted: 13 Jul 2022 05:00 AM PDT

And how come the rapid test kits can still detect the antigen even though these new variants shows such affinity for immune evasion?

Will we have to test for another antigen in the near future? Or is the antigen somehow better "protected" against mutations?

submitted by /u/paran0iid
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How are boundaries between colors defined? Are they a cultural/linguistic/anthropological phenomenon stricto sensu, or are there biological/neurological bases behind color definition?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 11:42 PM PDT

A friend and I were arguing about the color of a car. I said it was pink. He said it was purple. I'm not a native speaker of English, so I wondered if that had perhaps something to do with it - perhaps my mother tongue delimited pink and purple differently than English. But asking some Americans, I found out that actually the jury was split. This got me thinking...

- Are some color boundaries fuzzier / more ambiguous than others? For instance, yellow might not be as contentious a color as others, but that is just my impression.

- If some color boundaries are fuzzier than others, is that consistent across languages? For instance, is the boundary between green and blue always fuzzy?

- Are there any biological bases for color definitions, anchored perhaps in color perception and processing?

I realize that this question straddles many disciplines, so I flaired it with Psychology but it could as well have been linguistic, anthropological etc.

submitted by /u/MoiJaimeLesCrepes
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Do we know how long did it take for an Otodus Megalodon to reach its full 20m. size? How does this growth compare to animals today of comparable sizes or to other large, predatory sharks?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 06:59 PM PDT

Botany: What is the difference between elaiosomes and fruit?

Posted: 13 Jul 2022 06:39 AM PDT

Or are elaiosomes considered a type of fruit? And in that case, what defines them? Is it something structural or are they functionally defined by the relationship with ants? I just encountered the word for the first time, and I'm trying to put the information into the proper conceptual slot.

The Wikipedia article is somewhat unclear and could use some revision, or at least more explanation in this regard.

submitted by /u/GreatMotherPeachy
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I need to know does each person's body has their own bioelectricity signature ?

Posted: 13 Jul 2022 05:49 AM PDT

Because each body have the same bioelectricity Or two different for each person like each person has different amount of electricity coursing through their body or or do the human body make different types of higher electricity in each person's body I just thought about it and I just want to see if my theory is true

submitted by /u/Living_Dragonfruit13
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Our planet needs heat from the sun to sustain life. Would it be possible for an exoplanet or a rogue planet to achieve life-sustaining heat exchange through geothermal processes?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 12:46 PM PDT

How dense is a nebula such as the Carina nebula in the JWST photos? What would the sky be likely to look like from a planet in a cloudy nebula?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 05:20 PM PDT

I can't really get my head around the size of nebulas. They look like a cloud from far away but if we were inside one would it be huge distances between lights or particles or whatever is being photographed? Or would it look just like a cloud from inside, too?

submitted by /u/like_big_mutts
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Does the preparation for a colonoscopy have any effect on the health of the gut biome?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 09:36 PM PDT

What is the solution they put biopsy samples in?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 06:48 PM PDT

When they remove a piece of tissue, what is the solution in the specimen container to be sent to the lab? Oral/throat tissue.

submitted by /u/readthat2022
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is there a limit on how far back in time we can see with a telescope?

Posted: 13 Jul 2022 04:26 AM PDT

I've heard about how the JWST allows us to see things that happened close to the start of the universe. I sort of understand how this works, but I was wondering if there is any sort of theoretical limit on how long ago something could have happened that we could see with the telescope? Are there things that are just gone from our ability to observe, or will we be able to see further back by looking in the right places with more and more powerful telescopes?

submitted by /u/DrColossusOfRhodes
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Why are infrared telescopes like the JWST critical for observing the early universe? If light from far away is being red-shifted, wouldn't the farthest light eventually be shifted into radio wavelengths making radio telescopes more useful?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 06:58 PM PDT

What shape do air parcels take below the LCL?

Posted: 13 Jul 2022 07:20 AM PDT

Above the LCL clouds take on very recognizable structures, though their morphology can vary vastly based on their state. Given that, do we know what shapes saturated air parcels take on below the LCL, like at the bottom of a cumulonimbus' anvil?

submitted by /u/lukemia94
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When you "feel" the sun beating down on you, is that some part of your body reacting to radiation rather than the normal sense of warmth carried via conduction or convection?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 06:43 AM PDT

What determines a material's heat capacity? Why is water's so high?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 04:51 PM PDT

This question came to me at 1:30AM in bed thinking about why we actually boil stuff in water: it has high heat capacity so it spreads the heat evenly and stays hot after we turn off the heat (or put out the fire)

But yeah water seems like an unassuming molecule if that makes sense, what makes it able to take in so much energy before changing temperature?

submitted by /u/KrishaCZ
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what does it mean for the universe to have a shape?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 11:35 PM PDT

I've read different articles discussing theories of the shape of the universe but I can't wrap my mind around all of the jargon explaining what that means and why it's important to study. help!

submitted by /u/ForeheadLipo
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Why do we need to send JWST 1.5 million kms out to get images? With how grand the universe is wouldn't the difference in position mean almost nothing compared to how much more time/effort/$$ it cost to send it out that far?

Posted: 13 Jul 2022 05:16 AM PDT

How Common Are New Stars From Stellar Collision In The Late Universe?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 09:11 PM PDT

I have heard that in the late universe (Degenerate Era I believe, but unsure if the technical stellar formation puts it before this) a small number of stars will likely form through stellar collision. I've heard of direct mechanisms for this that are below the Chandrasekhar Limit using carbon or hydrogen black dwarfs and brown dwarfs and some using neutron star collisions releasing "degenerate gas" (I assume this is a form of degenerate matter?). My questions are, How common are these interactions expected to be? Is it likely to happen anywhere in the universe multiple times in sequence? And What are these stars expected to be like?

submitted by /u/Iridium141
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How do "color filters" work with an infrared telescope like JWST?

Posted: 13 Jul 2022 06:07 AM PDT

The James Webb Space Telescope famously records infrared wavelengths to get better images because infrared light can penetrate dust and molecular clouds. The recent images that are released are stunning, but as with many space telescope images, they are false color. This is not a problem; it's still the real image, real data, and really beautiful, but while looking up how they do the false coloring this article references "color filters" that are required for the telescopes operation. Another article mentions blue, green, and red filters (this one is not from NASA, so I cannot verify it's validity). Blue, green, and red are visible wavelengths, so how do these filters work with an infrared camera? Thank you!

submitted by /u/sentirn
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Sunday, July 17, 2022

Pins & Needles ( what is actually happening ? )

Pins & Needles ( what is actually happening ? )


Pins & Needles ( what is actually happening ? )

Posted: 17 Jul 2022 06:01 AM PDT

What is actually happening in the body/brain to cause the pins and needles or sharp tingling sensation felt after blood rushes back to a numb body part ?

submitted by /u/4fingerfrank
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How strong is the medical scientific case for vitamin C against the common cold?

Posted: 16 Jul 2022 11:31 PM PDT