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Tuesday, July 12, 2022

How are boundaries between colors defined? Are they a cultural/linguistic/anthropological phenomenon stricto sensu, or are there biological/neurological bases behind color definition?

How are boundaries between colors defined? Are they a cultural/linguistic/anthropological phenomenon stricto sensu, or are there biological/neurological bases behind color definition?


How are boundaries between colors defined? Are they a cultural/linguistic/anthropological phenomenon stricto sensu, or are there biological/neurological bases behind color definition?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 11:42 PM PDT

A friend and I were arguing about the color of a car. I said it was pink. He said it was purple. I'm not a native speaker of English, so I wondered if that had perhaps something to do with it - perhaps my mother tongue delimited pink and purple differently than English. But asking some Americans, I found out that actually the jury was split. This got me thinking...

- Are some color boundaries fuzzier / more ambiguous than others? For instance, yellow might not be as contentious a color as others, but that is just my impression.

- If some color boundaries are fuzzier than others, is that consistent across languages? For instance, is the boundary between green and blue always fuzzy?

- Are there any biological bases for color definitions, anchored perhaps in color perception and processing?

I realize that this question straddles many disciplines, so I flaired it with Psychology but it could as well have been linguistic, anthropological etc.

submitted by /u/MoiJaimeLesCrepes
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I know everyone is excited about the Webb telescope, but what is going on with the 6-pointed star artifacts?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 08:47 AM PDT

Follow-up question: why is this artifact not considered a serious issue?

submitted by /u/seeLabmonkey2020
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Why are infrared telescopes like the JWST critical for observing the early universe? If light from far away is being red-shifted, wouldn't the farthest light eventually be shifted into radio wavelengths making radio telescopes more useful?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 06:58 PM PDT

When you "feel" the sun beating down on you, is that some part of your body reacting to radiation rather than the normal sense of warmth carried via conduction or convection?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 06:43 AM PDT

With the JWST newly released images, I noticed that the glare of bright objects tend to have a “cross-stitch” pattern. What is this image artifact caused by?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 08:44 AM PDT

Super excited with these fantastic images! But I am curious about this

submitted by /u/measurethisman
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why do we hardly see dead birds (aside from roadkill) where do birds go to die?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 09:26 PM PDT

What does "Soft Metal" mean in a chemical context?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 08:28 AM PDT

Was looking through some Safety Data sheets of a chemical cleaner, and noticed that it said "Contact with soft metals forms flammable chlorine gas"

Surely "soft" can't be just about it's actual hardness, because gold, for example is very soft, but chemically non-reactive.

So what is "Soft" meaning and what metals are "soft"

submitted by /u/Coolshirt4
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Did I get rid of calcium chloride dessicant properly?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 08:45 AM PDT

I accidentally spilled dessicant over my greens. As it's saturated calcium chloride I thought it'd be good to submerge and thoroughly rinse a couple of times to get rid of it. Now I've ran an ISO extract on it, it isn't fully solidifying like it normally would. Could this be leftover dessicant? Or could it be due to water/ISO that has refused to fully evaporate?

submitted by /u/Pussog
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How dangerous is a dental x-ray?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 08:51 AM PDT

Hey guys, I am 19m. Today I went for a dental check-up. They did 3 dental x-rays on me. 2 on left cheek and 1 on the right. This is my frist time being exposed to a dental x-ray. Previously I have never had it done.

I was wondering as to how dangerous is a dental x-ray and how bad can it's effects be for someone of my age.

submitted by /u/21arkumar
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Car collision physics - are there any differences between heavy trucks (SUVs) and regular ones safety-wise?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 08:41 AM PDT

Assuming there is a frontal collision of 2 cars, are there any differences in safety between heavy trucks and lighter cars?

I mean, there are some claims that due to how rigid the reinforced frame in heavy vehicles is, one is more susceptible to organ damage due to how kinetic energy is transferred.

In case of lighter ones, they are intentionally made in a way that makes the body and chassis "absorb" the energy in order to reduce the damage the crash inflicts on the passengers.

I guess the outcome of a collision could rely on the differences in weight between the participants.

TLDR: would a heavy vehicle be a better option safety wise? Or are there other factors in play?

submitted by /u/chowder-san
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Are smell/taste memories as fallible as memories of feelings and events?

Posted: 10 Jul 2022 03:17 PM PDT

How is it insects can rub their 'eyes' without injuring them, but mammals/etc touching their eyes is damaging?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 04:01 PM PDT

Is there any notable speciation of pest species that reside in urban environments like pigeons, rats, and cockroaches between major cities, countries, or continents? Or does the movement of people, and the inadvertent transportation of individuals of these species, prevent speciation?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 02:57 PM PDT

Likewise for invasive species like Asian carp, lionfish, and snakeheads, where transportation of these species is strictly controlled to prevent further damage, is there any notable speciation between the original native populations and the individuals that exist in the invasive range?

submitted by /u/SakanaToDoubutsu
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What are the physiological processes in a woman's body responsible for inducing and performing the expulsion of a fetus during a miscarriage?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 05:43 AM PDT

I understand an early miscarriage is often induced by a chromosomal abnormality, but how does the body know there is a chromosomal abnormality? And then how does the body proceed to expel the fetus? Is it just the fetus "falling out" or does the body intentionally and actively push out the fetus? If the latter, what are the physiological processes involved and how do they work?

submitted by /u/EVOSexyBeast
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Why aren't all galaxies randomly spread out and instead are clustered in these weird structures?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 05:28 PM PDT

I just saw new webb space telescope image and have outlined some of the patterns you can see right away.

https://i.ibb.co/dQN1sPD/heic1214a.gif

submitted by /u/ctp_user101
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Does getting tattooed affect your white blood cell count and things like erythrocyte/eosinophil?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 12:57 AM PDT

Why are galaxies galaxy sized?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 04:35 PM PDT

It seems that galaxies have a range of sizes that they come in why the galaxies arranged at that variety of sizes? Why cosmic bodies dont come as an even larger arrengement of matter than galaxies?

submitted by /u/mikom636
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How are Coronavirus classification numbers created, and is there a universal system for all viruses?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 07:38 AM PDT

I see variants of coronavirus with labels like B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron), and then for Omicron there are subvariants like BA.1, BA.2, etc.

Is this classification system unique to SARS-CoV-2? What does B mean? What does each number mean? Do they use this same classification system for other viruses? Is there a database of viruses with their classification numbers somewhere, along with basic factsheet information like R0 value?

submitted by /u/proboardslolv5
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Are there any large terrestrial exoplanets with an accretion disk similar to Saturn's?

Posted: 10 Jul 2022 07:42 AM PDT

If the JWST was pointed at the Sun, would it cook?

Posted: 12 Jul 2022 08:44 AM PDT

If so, how long would the space telescope need to be pointed at the sun before burning up? 1 minute, 1 hour, 1 day?
Maybe this should go to /r/estimation . Thanks!

submitted by /u/speece75
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Why do we get mold in other warm and moist areas but not in our armpits?

Posted: 10 Jul 2022 12:14 PM PDT

I was practicing taekwondo and I suddenly remembered that it's not our sweat that smells but the bacteria that consumes it does and we never have mold grow in our armpits similar to when food gets moldy, why is that? Is it simply because our sweat contains salt and water? Is it a different bacteria? Edit: Guys, I practice good hygiene like any reasonable human would. Quit being rude by telling me to "shower more often" or "clean your pits," I thought about it because of the sweat that was falling on my face and my mind wandered from there.

submitted by /u/6ran9eee
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When physicists or cosmologists say that there may be much more of the universe beyond our "cosmic horizon", how is that possible?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 09:39 AM PDT

If I understand correctly, the further we peer into the cosmos, the further back in time we see. In that case, wouldn't the cosmic microwave background radiation and the first stars and galaxies then infer that the universe we observe is all there is?

I can understand that there could be a causal horizon, given the perceived flatness of our universe. However, I am hoping that someone can help differentiate between the "firewall" of the CMB and the speculative universe beyond what we can see with telescopes.

submitted by /u/theundiscoveredcolor
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Why does the jump in the rate of Uranium enrichment is so much faster going from 20% to 90% vs initially going to 3.5%?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 11:28 AM PDT

How do white blood cells replicate immunity between generations?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 07:10 AM PDT

How does our immune system transfer genetic information about identified viruses and bacteria to future generations of white blood cells and other immune system functions? Does it get transferred, and if so, how can we develop a persistent immunity to something like polio?

How are white blood cells recycled by the body? Does the genetic data coded by these WBCs get lost?

It is my understanding that WBCs encode some of the genetic material it breaks down to help identify future threats, but WBCs don't live forever, so what happens to this captured genetic material?

submitted by /u/General_Elephant
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Is there anywhere in the universe where energy exists without matter?

Posted: 11 Jul 2022 02:27 PM PDT

Or in other words, does all the matter in the universe account for all the energy?

submitted by /u/Jondo_McRondo
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Friday, July 8, 2022

What happens to a virus if the host that it lives in dies? Does it decompose with the body?

What happens to a virus if the host that it lives in dies? Does it decompose with the body?


What happens to a virus if the host that it lives in dies? Does it decompose with the body?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 05:32 AM PDT

If you take rabies vaccine right after getting bit by a rabid animal, can the vaccine help?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 05:35 AM PDT

Can insects see very small things like bacteria?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 05:39 AM PDT

Can they see smaller things than us? How small?

submitted by /u/stagistadirepubblica
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May be a dumb question, but do stars of the same mass also have the same volume?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 07:52 AM PDT

Given that stars are mostly made of the same stuff (hydrogen and helium) and gravity is only dependent on mass, I figured equal stellar masses would have similar densities.

submitted by /u/crocnahalf
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Apparently Tsunamis can go up to 800-900 km/h, are there any video of this?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 12:38 AM PDT

Does voluntary exposure to germs increase your immunity against them?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 03:00 AM PDT

So much happens in the body during regular sleep. Is there anything going on during a 20-minute nap?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 03:49 AM PDT

Can a bone marrow transplant transmit leukemia?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 07:50 AM PDT

I understand that a bone marrow transplant is a common treatment for leukemia.

I also understand that there is screening for any issues with the donor tissue.

For the purpose of this question, if a person who is getting a bone marrow transplant for a non-cancer related issue (such as aplastic anemia), could this transmit leukemia from the donor to the recipient?

submitted by /u/inucune
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How do mammals deal with placenta and the umbilical cord?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 05:25 AM PDT

With humans, if the placenta is left in the woman it can cause harm so it is removed. However, animals can't do this.

Similarly, whilst not life-threatening, the umbilical cord can still be a danger if left unattended.

submitted by /u/Finn_Storm
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Are there more extinct species than living species?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 06:02 AM PDT

What about bird species?

submitted by /u/msief
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Can different water types increase how wrinkly your hands get after a bath?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 06:00 AM PDT

Coming for summer break back home, I noticed my hands got super wrinkly after a 20' bath, something that doesn't happen as fast and intense at school. Now I'm guessing water isn't wetter than in the Netherlands, but something surely is different.

Can it be from different substances in the water treatment? If so, which ones? If not, why?

submitted by /u/No-Mango5939
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Radio, X-rays, and visible light are different wavelengths on the same EM spectrum. Could a modified chlorophyll molecule perform photosynthesis from a radio source instead of visible light?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 05:46 AM PDT

Brood parasitism in wasps?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 07:56 AM PDT

There's a ton of brood parasites in solitary bees, it's been estimated to have 15 origins. But in apiod wasps it's only developed twice in the Crabronidae family. Why is there such a huge discrepancy between the two when they are so closely related?

submitted by /u/NickYuk
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What is the difference between the old idea of an electromagnetic ether and the theory of quantum fields?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 07:26 AM PDT

Is the idea of an ether resurgent now that quantum studies argue for quantum fields? Are they at all similar?

submitted by /u/nathan500
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I used to hear more frogs at night. Is the declining population of insects also impacting invertebrate and amphibians?

Posted: 07 Jul 2022 11:45 PM PDT

More so, where are they being affected the most?

submitted by /u/Prudent_Studio_4453
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What is cardiovascular fitness on a physiological level?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 05:39 AM PDT

Or put differently what changes in your body as you get fit?

submitted by /u/grondboontjiebotter
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is nicotine a blood thinner?

Posted: 08 Jul 2022 03:38 AM PDT

Can a dormant herpes virus become active if someone is in contact with cold sores?

Can a dormant herpes virus become active if someone is in contact with cold sores?


Can a dormant herpes virus become active if someone is in contact with cold sores?

Posted: 07 Jul 2022 11:07 PM PDT

I've read that most of the world population already has herpes (something like 80-90%) but only a small minority show symptoms (cold sores). In the case of HSV-1 virus, if someone already has the virus, but is asymptomatic (never had any outbreaks, as seems to be the case with most of the population) and gets into contact with cold sores (from a partner), will that person develop symptoms (cold sores) or will the virus continue to be dormant?

submitted by /u/parkix
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What causes the hours-long delay between a vaccine injection and the onset of immune responses symptoms (chills, etc.)?

Posted: 07 Jul 2022 11:36 PM PDT

I've gotten seven vaccines in the past year or so and it seems that although I feel fine immediately after the injection other than a slightly sore arm at the injection site, after about 9-12 hours the immune symptoms begin to kick in. Chills, fatigue, and generally feeling out of sorts.

What specifically is happening during that interval?

submitted by /u/9183b_34834
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Was junk DNA always junk or is it vestigial?

Posted: 07 Jul 2022 11:56 AM PDT

I know that random mutations will produce "nonsense" and assume that at least some of the "junk DNA" we carry can be attributed to that, but I was wondering if some of it are fragments of vestigial DNA from our distant ancestors?

If it exists, can we tell the difference between those two categories of DNA and has any of that vestigial DNA been traced to its origin? I'm imagining that it's possible that we and chimpanzees share some junk DNA that's been hanging out since our ancestors diverged a relatively short time ago. Is this true?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/LurkerFailsLurking
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How much would a COVID variant have to mutate before current COVID tests wouldn't properly detect it?

Posted: 07 Jul 2022 02:12 PM PDT

Like how the current batch of vaccines didn't protect against infection from the Omicron variants, could a variant sufficiently mutate to not be able to be detected by either a PCR or an antigen test? And if it reached that point, would it still be COVID 19, or instead of evolved to the point where it probably deserves a different name?

submitted by /u/darthjoey91
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Why do some plants bloom for only one night?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 11:44 PM PDT

There are a number of plants that bloom for just one night per year. It seems reasonable to think that a mutated variant blooming for two nights would eventually out-compete the one-nighters, but since that hasn't happened I guess that's not the case. Why?

submitted by /u/PremiumPrimate
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Why are some lakes clear and others murky?

Posted: 07 Jul 2022 01:31 AM PDT

Even if the water is still. Won't all the sediment settle to the bottom eventually and become clear.

submitted by /u/ProtagonistForHire
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Are plastic containers (with or without BPA) relatively safe as long as they're not used to store/heat up food?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 07:04 PM PDT

I'm into organizing, and plastic containers, storage boxes, and trays are the most commonly available items for that. I've recently become aware of the dangers of BPA (Bisphenol A), as well as BPS (Bisphenol S) (which is not flagged equally but considered just as dangerous) as endocrine disruptors and carcinogens. I've learned that it is strongly recommended to replace plastic when it comes to food containers. However, I have a few questions about the use of plastics in every day life that I have found opposing answers for when searching and I'd appreciate your take on:

  1. Are plastic containers relatively safe (with or without BPA) as long as they're not used to heat up food? Is not using them for storing food in the fridge or at room temperature still highly recommended or are the risks exaggerated?
  2. Do plastic containers/trays/storage bins (with or without BPA) for clothes, personal items, and paper pose similar risks? Should plastic be avoided to store and organize items in desks, closets, shelfs, etc, too?
  3. Do the risks of doing 1 and 2 increase for a person with actual hormone problems?
submitted by /u/fullsunset
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Does produce absorb pesticides directly or though water?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 07:59 PM PDT

So eating pesticides isn't good. I wash my stuff in baking soda usually to try to get off what I can.

I'm curious however if plants absorb pesticides directly into their flesh?

For example avocado... can you spray avocados with pesticides all you want and it will be safe to eat because you are removing the thick external cover? Or will the pesticide leach into the water, and then be absorbed by the plant, then eaten by you?

Or does it perhaps get absorbed directly through the skin?

Just curious!

submitted by /u/mikesalami
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Thursday, July 7, 2022

Why do we have kneecaps but no elbow caps?

Why do we have kneecaps but no elbow caps?


Why do we have kneecaps but no elbow caps?

Posted: 07 Jul 2022 03:53 AM PDT

And did we evolve to have kneecaps or did we lose elbow caps somewhere along the way?

submitted by /u/TophsYoutube
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If all precipitation stopped, how long would it take for all the rivers to empty into the oceans?

Posted: 07 Jul 2022 07:24 AM PDT

When was it realized/ proposed that modern birds were actually dinosaurs?

Posted: 07 Jul 2022 09:02 AM PDT

Was there a specific year when it was first theorized that dinosaurs and birds were the same group of animals? Or was there more of a gradual process where bits and pieces of information were gradually added together to come up with a tentative suggestion that there may have been a link between the two groups which has steadily grown over time?

Also, was there anybody in particular who influenced this theory?

submitted by /u/A_HECKIN_DOGGO
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How do Mosquitoes Suck?

Posted: 07 Jul 2022 08:20 AM PDT

I've briefly read about the 6 needles they use in their proboscis, but I want to know how the blood is moved from the bloodstream to the mosquito and cannot find anything. How similar is it to how we suck through a straw where we create a lower pressure environment in our mouth and the liquid moves to fill a pressure difference? Can a mosquito mouth do what we do?

submitted by /u/SpaceMangos
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How long does California have before it becomes an island or a crunched-up mountain range?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 07:11 PM PDT

I vaguely recall hearing that California is on a different tectonic plate than the rest of the landmass that is currently North America. I don't recall if California's tectonic plate is moving away from or into the rest of North America, but it's only a matter of time before it's no longer part of America as we know it. The question is, how long is it going to be before we have to start building literal bridges between California and the rest of North America?

submitted by /u/Luigifan18
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If the 96.5% carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus was reduced to 20.95% oxygen (i.e. earth equivalent %) and 75.55% carbon dioxide, would the air be breathable?

If the 96.5% carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus was reduced to 20.95% oxygen (i.e. earth equivalent %) and 75.55% carbon dioxide, would the air be breathable?


If the 96.5% carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus was reduced to 20.95% oxygen (i.e. earth equivalent %) and 75.55% carbon dioxide, would the air be breathable?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 11:57 AM PDT

If a fully vaccinated person is unequivocally exposed to covid but never develops symptoms, is their immune response now greater for having fought off the virus, or reduced for having had to wage war on it?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 04:13 PM PDT

As the title states. Trying to discover if there's a boost to the body's immune response or if the immune response is depressed each time it fights off the virus.

submitted by /u/elbeees
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What is the *chemical* structure of depleted uranium?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 11:32 PM PDT

For instance, see this picture of a 30-millimeter depleted uranium armor penetrator, which I shamelessly stole from the Wikipedia page on depleted uranium.

What's the chemical structure of the uranium compound used in that round?

I know depleted uranium has less uranium-235 than natural uranium, since said U-235 has been refined out and used in a nuclear reactor or weapon, but I don't know what all the uranium-238 left over has bonded to. Is it an oxide? A carbide? Pure uranium metal? An alloy of pure uranium metal mixed with something else?

submitted by /u/4thDevilsAdvocate
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Why are virus capsids usually icosahedrons?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 10:05 PM PDT

Does the sun spin around it's own axis like the rest of the planets?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 02:26 PM PDT

Can the rabies vaccine give you rabies?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 11:29 PM PDT

Can a vaccine made from inactivated virus, like the rabies vaccine, accidentally contain active virus?

submitted by /u/chloeackermann
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Are viruses more prevalent in wild animals and how come our hunter gatherer ancestors dont suffer from great plague all the time?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 04:37 PM PDT

Why are "other" intensities so low in compton scattering curve?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 12:17 PM PDT

If we look at the intensity vs wavelength graph in compton scattering experiment...,we see two peaks, one due to scattering from free electrons and the other due to scattering from tightly bound electrons.

But that doesn't make the intensities at other wavelengths zero... They are there, non zero but small... I suspect they appear due to scattering from no so tightly bounded electrons.

But my question is why should they be so low? Like why is the concentration of free electron scattering and tight electron scattering so high compared to the rest(the no so tight electron scattering)...?

submitted by /u/418397
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How were we able to eradicate some diseases, with vaccines, and not others?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 12:20 PM PDT

The way I understand it, vaccines use a dead, or weakened, virus. Some vaccines use only parts of a virus (or bacteria). And in the case of the Covid vaccines, they use mRNA technology.

Now, the way I understand it, once this is introduced into the body, the immune system reacts and neutralizes the antigen. So, when the antigen enters the body a second time, the immune system reacts much quicker. I also understand that microbes can mutate, which has an effect on the vaccine's potency. This is why we have to get a flu shot every year, because the virus mutates.

However, in the cases of Smallpox and Polio, we have managed to eradicate these diseases by way of vaccines. So, my question is it possible that, with vaccines, we were able to eliminate some diseases with vaccines, but not others? Did these other viruses just not have a chance to mutate? How would we get to the point where we don't let the flu or Covid to mutate?

Please no "Big Pharma" conspiracies. I just want to know people's thoughts from a scientific standpoint. Thanks.

submitted by /u/highxv0ltage
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What does Pixel to Pixel rms mean within the context of photometric astronomy?

Posted: 06 Jul 2022 01:54 PM PDT

how do scientists observe what's happening inside the LHC?

Posted: 05 Jul 2022 11:13 PM PDT

With the recent discovery of tetraquarks and pentaquarks at CERN, how are scientists able to "see" what's happening inside the collider? Is it a bunch of data that's analyzed and an inference is made? And what instruments detect what's happening?

submitted by /u/Eazy_MF_E
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