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Wednesday, June 29, 2022

What does "the brain finishes developing at 25" really mean?

What does "the brain finishes developing at 25" really mean?

What does "the brain finishes developing at 25" really mean?

Posted: 29 Jun 2022 03:38 AM PDT

This seems to be the latest scientific fact that the general population has latched onto and I get pretty skeptical when that happens. It seems like it could be the new "left-brain, right-brain" or "we only use 10% of our brains" myth.

I don't doubt that there's truth to the statement but what does it actually mean for our development and how impactful is it to our lives? Are we effectively children until then?

submitted by /u/Amazing-Steak
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 29 Jun 2022 07:00 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Why is titanium dioxide used in supplements?

Posted: 29 Jun 2022 04:16 AM PDT

What other purposes would Titanium dioxide serve in a supplement other than colour enhancement/ whitener?

submitted by /u/PrOxyMoron21
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How does calcium overload lead to cell death (e.g. neurons)?

Posted: 29 Jun 2022 03:13 AM PDT

Why do RBC's get bigger or smaller depending on whether Vitamin B12 or Iron is deficient?

Posted: 29 Jun 2022 03:19 AM PDT

I have studied that in Vitamin B12 deficiency, there is macrocytic (big celled) RBC production, whereas when there is a lack of iron, there is a microcytic (small celled) RBC production.

I know that vitamin B12 is required for DNA synthesis, and iron is required as a part of the heme group of hemoglobin, but why do the deficiencies have such different outcomes?

submitted by /u/AadiRimal_5
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Do birds like Flamingos that don't have quill knobs (but still have feathers) have some other structures that indicate the presence of feathers?

Posted: 29 Jun 2022 05:53 AM PDT

If a group of people, who don't know anything about this bird, were to find its bones then how would they determine whether it had feathers or not???

submitted by /u/VoteForGodzilla
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Does air density change based on temperatures?

Posted: 28 Jun 2022 09:27 PM PDT

In Baseball, it is commonly stated that the ball will travel more (distance) once the weather warms up. My curiosity is if that 1. Is actually true 2. Does having an enclosed stadium with a roof and controlled environment change this factor?

submitted by /u/FoFfEvErYoNe
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Is DLCO affected by changes in perfusion?

Posted: 29 Jun 2022 04:58 AM PDT

I am a medical student and I am currently going through pulmonary physiology. I understand the concepts of diffusion and perfusion-limited gases, but there is one point in my physiology textbook which I cannot seem to understand.

When discussing DLCO, the textbook states that CO is a diffusion-limited gas. It then goes on to discuss the effects of changes in flow (Q) on DLCO and how doubling or halving flow does not impact DLCO, supporting that it is a diffusion not perfusion-limited gas. But I do not get why changing Q would not affect DLCO. Here is my take on it: Arterial CO pressure does not equilibrate with alveolar CO pressure by the end of the pulmonary capillary (i.e., diffusion-limited), but it still does rise slightly to some value lower than that of the alveoli. So wouldn't increasing flow decrease contact time and thus cause an even lower arterial CO pressure throughout the pulmonary capillary and thus the gradient for CO diffusion would be greater than at lower flow rates? And therefore, a higher DLCO?

In support of my understanding, increased DLCO can be observed in obesity and is attributed to increased pulmonary blood flow in these patients.

Noteworthy to mention, the textbook does assume that pulmonary capillary dimensions are constant with changing flow. But still, I do not believe this would make the above reasoning false.

Thank you in advance!

submitted by /u/MedSJO
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If a baby was removed with the umbilical cord and placenta intact and somehow kept it from going bad - could the born baby absorb oxygen from water through the placenta - being able to breathe underwater?

Posted: 29 Jun 2022 04:07 AM PDT

Are there any extremophiles that could survive on somewhere like titan?

Posted: 29 Jun 2022 01:09 AM PDT

And if they were to survive given enough time would that lead to the developing of extremely diverse and complex life such as the ones found here on earth?

submitted by /u/Original-Passenger75
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Is creatinine kinase included in total protein levels?

Posted: 28 Jun 2022 09:22 PM PDT

pathology question: I was wondering whether or not high CK would cause a high total protein or if total protein doesn't include CK.

submitted by /u/Careless-Tie-5005
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What is happening is physiologically happening in the brain when a person experiences brain zaps?

Posted: 28 Jun 2022 03:05 PM PDT

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Theoretically, can someone have one healthy lung and one asthmatic lung?

Theoretically, can someone have one healthy lung and one asthmatic lung?

Theoretically, can someone have one healthy lung and one asthmatic lung?

Posted: 28 Jun 2022 06:50 PM PDT

This is a completely hypothetical question with no real world applications, coming from spiraling about donating blood, then plasma, then organs.

If someone with asthma had other underlying health conditions and needed a lung transplant, but only one, and got a healthy lung--- Would they then have one healthy lung and one lung with asthma?

Where does asthma reside in the body? In the lungs themselves or is there a 'control center' somewhere, where the healthy transplanted lung would also 'get' asthma?

If not, how would the lungs function in an asthma attack? Would they breathe differently? Can lungs breathe independently of each other?

submitted by /u/RoseXing1007
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Tuesday, June 28, 2022

Why does a woman’s risk of having a baby with Down Syndrome increase with her age, when women are born with all the eggs they will ever ovulate?

Why does a woman’s risk of having a baby with Down Syndrome increase with her age, when women are born with all the eggs they will ever ovulate?

Why does a woman’s risk of having a baby with Down Syndrome increase with her age, when women are born with all the eggs they will ever ovulate?

Posted: 28 Jun 2022 07:54 AM PDT

I just don't understand why the risk of "producing" an egg - or ovulating an egg - with an extra copy of chromosome 21 increases with age, when the woman has all her fully formed eggs in her ovaries at birth?

Or do the ovaries for some reason start to ovulate more eggs with the extra chromosome 21 as a woman ages?

submitted by /u/heinz_inthecity
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What did the mile-high ice sheet covering North America look like?

Posted: 28 Jun 2022 06:41 AM PDT

I've read lots of references to the Laurentide ice sheet being a mile thick layer of ice covering Canada and part of the US but I'm struggling to visualize what this would look like.

Did it eventually slope down to ground/sea level at its edges? Or could you walk on dry ground next to it with open air on one side and a mile high wall of ice on the other?

What happened when it encountered mountains? Did the ice move like glaciers or did the sheet just add and lose ice at the edges?

How did weather work over the ice sheet if for thousands of miles in any direction, the "ground" was a over 5,000 feet higher than the rest of the continent and surrounding oceans? Did clouds run into it and get stuck? Did they exist over it?

submitted by /u/lightsong1610
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2 years later, do we have any data or suggestion on why people react so wildly differently to COVID?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 03:59 PM PDT

How come most people get mild or no symptoms at all, and other people die? That's quite a range of afflictions. Do we know anymore than 2 years ago?

submitted by /u/sadhukar
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Do viruses have any beneficial function at all for the ecosystem?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 06:58 AM PDT

The Credibility and Ramifications of Ocean Fertilization Reducing Carbon?

Posted: 28 Jun 2022 06:18 AM PDT

The Highly Controversial Plan To Stop Climate Change

I am not an environmental scientist, a climate scientist, nor a resource scientist, but I do have a fairly robust understanding of our current predicament in regards to climate change. The video I've linked presents Russ George, who claims that based upon his research, a planet wide bloom of phytoplankton could absorb a significant percentage of the world's carbon. I have several questions about this.

Based on what I've seen, his message is backed by research. However, I'm unaware whether or not it is peer reviewed, or even seriously considered by others within his field. If it were to be true, then I would imagine climate scientists would be talking about this nonstop, but I've only just heard about it. I can't tell, and any clarity on whether or not his work and claims are credible would be helpful.

If it is credible, then I have several further questions. What would be the ecological ramifications of having a phytoplankton bloom on a global scale? Beyond that, how much time would it buy humanity to switch over to carbon neutral methods of energy production?

Thank you in advance for any insight into this issue.

submitted by /u/unsolicited_decency
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Do animals have episodic memory?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 06:40 AM PDT

I was driving past an equestrian place the other day while there was a show happening. I drove past again the next day and all the horses were back in their fields quietly munching grass, and it got me wondering whether they had any memory of the previous day's events.

We know that animals are able to remember which plants or other animals are good to eat, and which ones are dangerous, but I wouldn't call this episodic memory. We also know that many animals can be trained to perform a certain action which they associate with a reward, but I doubt a dog is remembering what happened in training when told to sit - it's become an instinct. Conversely we know that abused dogs will exhibit fear of humans, of men, or of particular objects because of negative experiences associated with these things, but are the dogs remembering specific times that they were hurt by these things, or is it again just a learned instinct?

When we as humans recall a memory, we are to all intents and purposes experiencing a dulled down abbreviated version of the original sensory inputs that created it (although obviously the sensory neurons from the body aren't involved this time). We know that it's only a memory, but I'm wondering whether an animal would be able to make this distinction. Perhaps the horses in my introduction would become really confused as to why they were eating grass but at the same time being ridden around, hearing a crowd but at the same time not seeing one, then suddenly seeing a crowd but not hearing any noise, then chewing on grass again but at the same time feeling a bit in their mouths. Do animals possess the intelligence to distinguish memories from live experiences, or is this a reason why they can't possess episodic memory, because it would mess with their heads too much?

submitted by /u/ScrollWithTheTimes
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Is there a difference between electrical impulses sent to the brain by different sensory organs (say, between an impulse sent by the inner ear and one sent by the optic nerve)?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 06:14 AM PDT

Or are they the same type of electrical signal and the brain somehow differentiates between them to create different representations?

submitted by /u/Savinsnsn
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Why isn't everyone O blood type by now?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 09:58 PM PDT

"Two O blood type parents can produce a child with only O blood type. Two parents with A blood type can produce a child with either A or O blood types. Two parents with B blood type can produce a child with either B or O blood type. One parent with A and another with B can produce a child with A, B, AB or O blood types. If one parent has A and another has AB, they can either produce a child with A, B or AB blood types. If one parent has A and another has O, they can either produce a child with A or O blood types."

If most parental combinations can produce an O baby and two O's can only produce O, why isn't everyone O?

submitted by /u/Not_as_witty_as_u
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Is it possible to have solid that absorbs only 1 type of liquid?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 03:58 PM PDT

My friend asked me a question:

I was wondering if we could made a solid that would suck the water but not the other liquids..

Honestly that made me think and I don't have an answer… Is it possible?

submitted by /u/Sain_x
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Would childhood obesity make losing weight as an adult more difficult because of higher fat cell count or anything as as a result of it?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 11:28 AM PDT

(I didn't get any answers on r/loseit and a mod on r/nutrition recommended to post this here)

I'm not going to quote any sources but correct me if I get anything wrong. I did some googling and reading on Reddit, and heard that when you grow up obese, your body makes more fat cells to store fat and that number gets locked in after adolescence, or they won't be made except under extreme circumstances afterwards. Also that generally childhood obesity makes the body have a tendency / more "biologically wired" to store fat or more fat.

Let's say I have person A and person B. A had childhood obesity while B didn't, and both have the same stats that would be put in a TDEE calculator like this one (sex, age, physical activity, etc.) except for weight, but if they enter in the same weight, both would get the same TDEE Result. If they both ate, let's say 2000 calories a day, would person A weight noticeably more, or they weigh about the same (and any difference would just be the result of being 2 different people)?

submitted by /u/TheTwelveYearOld
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Why are clade diagrams structured the way they are?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 03:55 PM PDT

why is it always two divergences between clades? can a three-way divergence (three clades split from one at the same time) be made and what would that look like?

submitted by /u/Catvanbrian
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What is the CMB scattering or reflecting off of for us to see it?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 09:03 AM PDT

When we see a distant star or galaxy, we are seeing light that is coming toward us from a luminous source.

When we see a planet, we are seeing light reflected back at us after scattering on the planet's surface.

But I've never understood how we 'see' the CMB. If it represents the early universe before any luminous structures existed (i.e. "background"), and that early universe is expanding away from us, what surface sent those photons toward us? Are they just flying in every random direction?

I suspect I am just thinking about universal expansion incorrectly, but would love some clarification. Thanks!

submitted by /u/Nemarus
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How does DNA control how an embryo grows?

Posted: 27 Jun 2022 01:25 AM PDT

I googled it and can't figure it out, when a zygote starts developing into an embryo( I think that's how it works) it's one cell that's starts dividing and dividing until you have a whole baby right, how does DNA show the way for all the cells to know how to divide? Develop?

submitted by /u/silver202m
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How do Spacecraft and Satellite Electronics Deal With the Inability to Ground Themselves?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 08:22 PM PDT

I know that electronics can function without grounding, but I am curious how high-reliability electronics are made when grounding isn't an option.

submitted by /u/JOSmith99
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Why do some birth controls stop your period?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 09:08 PM PDT

I was wondering why some birth controls lessen or completely get rid of your period. From what I understand some do this while others don't. What's the biological reason for this and what in birth controls causes it? Sorry is this is a dumb question, thanks a bunch 💜

submitted by /u/obamababe
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vào lúc No comments:

Sunday, June 26, 2022

How does rabies evade the immune system?

How does rabies evade the immune system?

How does rabies evade the immune system?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 02:32 PM PDT

Could someone explain qualitatively *why* atoms seek to fill their orbitals and become more stable when they do so?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 07:20 PM PDT

For example, in terms of stability, what's stopping a hydrogen atom from filling up its 2s orbital and remaining that way?

submitted by /u/diprosyum
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Are there any retroviruses that infect bacteria?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 06:10 PM PDT

I'm wondering if there are any RNA viruses that infect bacteria. All of the examples I know infect eukaryotes.

submitted by /u/o-rka
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Why is there a window in the absorption spectrum of Earth's atmosphere at a wavelength of 4 μm?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 07:17 PM PDT

Looking at the Wikipedia page for absorption bands, it seems to me that there's a sizable window - i.e. a local minimum - in the graph for electromagnetic radiation absorption, as per this image.

Water vapor, oxygen, ozone, and methane appear to be entirely transparent to radiation of 4 μm wavelength, carbon dioxide only appears to start absorbing it after that point, and even nitrous oxide has a window there. Moreover, Rayleigh scattering is also minimal there.

On top of that, this Earth Science Stack Exchange answer and its source show minimal (sub-0.5%) absorbance of sulfur dioxide at that wavelength. Why is this? It seems like a rather odd coincidence for so many things to be transparent to 4 μm (a specific wavelength of mid-wavelength infrared) EM radiation.

As a coincidence, this is one of many parts why global warming is a thing, IIRC: mid-range infrared comes in through the 4 μm gap, gets soaked up by the Earth, and later gets re-radiated at different wavelengths that do get soaked up by the atmosphere.

I just don't know why there's a 4 μm gap there.

submitted by /u/4thDevilsAdvocate
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Would there be any treatment for radium poisoning if it happened today?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 06:52 PM PDT

Just finished reading Radium Girls which is about girls in the 1920s who painted watch details using radium-laced paint, essentially ate the paint as part of the painting process, and then developed horrific effects in their bones, especially jaws. There was pretty much no treatment at the time, and I know that even in today there aren't many options to treat radiation sickness from like an attack, but would there be anything that could be done for cases like these? They lived in horrific pain for years after they more or less knew what was going on, making multiple women understandably suicidal.

submitted by /u/Gloomy_Astronaut_570
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Why isn't balance a sense like smell or touch?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 01:49 PM PDT

Where did the parietal eye originate?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 07:09 PM PDT

Was there just a third patch if photoreceptive cells on the head of ancestral craniates, or is it more complex? Could this have theoretically evolved into a third "proper" eye?

submitted by /u/Billiam_Ball
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Does an equation or set of equations exist which would predict accurately the position of the sun in the sky at any time for any day of the year, for a given latitude, longitude, and elevation?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 12:46 PM PDT

Solar panel sun tracking is why I ask. There are active trackers which use light sensors to change the angle of solar panels in order to maximize their efficiency. As an alternative if setting up a panel at a particular location, that locations position variables could be set statically and using date and time point the solar panel toward the predicted location of the sun in the sky.

I'm wondering if those functions/equations already exist.

submitted by /u/Flurbybox
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How does a fetus develop stomach bacteria?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 11:42 AM PDT

What is the slowest speed of movement a human eye/brain can perceive?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 03:45 PM PDT

We can see something like a snail move across the sidewalk but don't really notice something like a leaf growing. What is slow but fast enough for us to observe while watching it?

submitted by /u/LunacyNow
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Why is some cheese soft and elastic (like mozzarella), while other is hard and brittle (like parmesan)? What is the difference?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 10:59 AM PDT

Why does taro root turn purple when cooked?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 09:01 PM PDT

At what depth is the water table considered to be “low” or “high”?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 08:55 PM PDT

I recently had a soil scientist test the soil on my new property. His report states that the soil classification is "sandy mixed mesic typic udipsamments." The parent material is "glacial outwash." The depth of the seasonal water table is ~60", depending on the location of the bore sample. It also states that the depth of the dense basal till is >65".

Can someone explain this all to me? Also, do I have a high or low water table, based on this info?

submitted by /u/Brass_Tracker
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How do you determine coefficient of friction in different materials?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 12:36 PM PDT

Generally referencing wheels on cars/things that spin

submitted by /u/aer0_nerd
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What makes light able to pass through solid transparent materials?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 01:28 PM PDT

You could have a foot of solid glass and light will still traverse through it, and yet a thin sheet of paper will block most of it.

submitted by /u/Cocoamix86
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How long does monkeypox last on surfaces?

Posted: 26 Jun 2022 03:10 PM PDT

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